Solar Energy Technologies and Applications

Transcription

1 Solar Energy Technologies and Applications Tallinn March 2011 Slide: 1

2 Solar Energy Technologies and Applications The aim of the seminar Overview of possibilities of solar energy use for small and medium-sized enterprises through the implementation of solar thermal systems and solar power systems Focus areas - Why should solar energy be used? - Solar energy supply - Possibilities of using solar energy - Examples of technologies and applications - Costs/funding and benefits - Customer service Slide: 2

3 Solar Energy Technologies and Applications Contents - Overview First day (09:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.) - Why should solar energy be used? - Implementation possibilities of solar energy - Construction and functions of solar thermal systems - Planning and design - Installation, commissioning and maintenance - Costs and benefits, economic efficiency Slide: 3

4 Solar Energy Technologies and Applications Contents - Overview Second day (9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) - Large solar thermal systems - Photovoltaic market situation - Structure and functions of solar power systems - Costs and benefits - Economic efficiency - Customer service Third day (9:00 a.m.- 1:30 p.m.) - optional - Excursion to a solar installation Slide: 4

5 Why should solar energy be used? - Rising energy prices - Scarce resources of fossil energy - Risk of energy: nuclear power (radiation, waste) - Competitiveness - Compliance with stricter regulations, legislation - Active against global warming, climate change - Company image Slide: 5

6 Why should solar energy be used? Threatened area in the case of Greenland ice melting (Increase by 6-7m; all glaciers +Antarctic: by 60-70m) Slide: 6

7 Why should solar energy be used? Rising global carbon dioxide emissions Slide: 7

8 Source: tecson, u.a. Why should solar energy be used? about 7.5% / a ($150 in August 2008) Durchschnittliche Energiepreissteigerung ca. 7% per anno about 4.5% / a ($45 February 2009) Slide: 8

9 Why should solar energy be used? Energy costs today - Energy costs tomorrow Energy costs increased by 4,7,10, or 15% Slide: 9

10 Why should solar energy be used? Renewable energies: potentials Slide: 10

11 Solar Energy Supply Solar energy use Solar energy supply astronomically and meteorologically conditioned variations Slide: 11

12 Solar Energy Supply Solar energy Solar energy supply in Europe: Geographical distribution of annual totals (kwh/m 2 per annum) Slide: 12

13 Solar Energy Supply Solar energy Solar energy supply in Estonia: Geographical distribution of annual totals (kwh/m 2 per annum) 1,000 kwh/m 2 correspond to about 100 liter heating oil Slide: 13

14 Solar Energy Supply Solar energy supply in Estonia (global radiation) Tallinn Tartu Vilsandi 960 kwh/m 2 per annum 969 kwh/m 2 per annum kwh/m 2 per annum Slide: 14

15 Possibilities of Using Solar Energy Solar energy use - Solar thermal systems (solar thermal installations) Conversion of sunlight into heat (hot water, heating) -Solar power systems (photovoltaic installations) Conversion of sunlight into electricity (own consumption and / or Power supply) Slide: 15

16 Solar Heating Structure and Function Slide: 16

17 Solar Heating - Components Collector designs Slide: 17

18 Solar Heating - Components Flat collectors Slide: 18

19 Solar Heating - Components Vaccuum tube collectors Slide: 19

20 Solar Heating - Components Tank Slide: 20

21 Solar Heating - Assembly (Wagner & Co., Cölbe) Slide: 21

22 Solar Heating - Assembly (Wagner & Co., Cölbe) Slide: 22

23 Solar Heating - Assembly (Wagner & Co., Cölbe) Slide: 23

24 Solar Heating Example of Small Installations Slide: 24

25 Solar Heating Example of Medium-Sized Installations Slide: 25

26 Solar Heating Flat or tube collector? Flat collector: + good value for money + recommended in the case of favourable framework conditions Tube collector: + 30% less space required + flat roof: horizontal mounting possible + unfavourable orientation (rotation possible) + high temperatures Slide: 26

27 Solar Heating - Controlling Slide: 27

28 Solar Heating - Balance Slide: 28

29 Solar Heat - Dimensioning Solar Thermal Systems - Planning and interpretation Interpretation: 60 liter (60 C) of hot water per m² of collector surface Tank: 60 liter per m² of collector surface Slide: 29

30 Solar Heat - Dimensioning Solar hot water preparation: - Collector surface: about m² per person 1) - Storage capacity: about 80 liter per person 1) 1m 2 for vacuum tube collectors, 1,5m 2 for flat collectors Slide: 30

31 Solar Heat - Dimensioning Solar heating support: - Collector surface about 2-3 m² per person 1) - Storage capacity: about 50 liter of storage capacity per m² of collector surface 2) 1) 2m 2 for vacuum tube collectors 3m 2 for flat collectors 2) 60 L for flat collectors 80 L for vaccum tube collectors Slide: 31

32 Solar Heating - Applications Large solar thermal systems - Residential buildings - Nursing homes - Hospitals - Accommodation facilities (hotels, guest houses) - Camps - Laundries - Car washes - Breweries - Sport facilities -... Systems with high hot water consumption throughout the year (at least in the summer season) Slide: 32

33 Solar Heating Example of Large Systems Slide: 33

34 Solar Heating Example of Large Systems Slide: 34

35 Solar Heating Example of Large Systems Slide: 35

36 Solar Heating Large Systems Tank discharge principle in the post-heating storage with an additional pre-heating storage Slide: 36

37 Solar Heating - Dimensioning Solar circle yield [kwh/m²a] 500 Empfehlung: Recommendation: Load Auslastung of [Liter 55 (60 C) /m²] [Liter (60 C) /m²] Load [L[Liter/m²] BSR BSR QUICK QUICK Solarenergie Energy Techniken Technologies und Anwendungen and Applications Seite: Slide: 37

38 Solar Heating Costs and Benefits Costs and benefits Specific investment costs depending on the installation size about / square meter of collector surface (Estonia: about 1,500 / per square meter of collector surface) Specific solar circle yield kwh/m 2 Jahr Energy savings in the total heat demand depending on installation size and concept about % In solar houses up to 100 % Slide: 38

39 Solar Power Structure and function Slide: 39

40 Solar Power Basics Structure and function of a solar cell Charge separation Recombination Unused photon energy Reflection and shadowing through front contacts Slide: 40

41 Solar Power Basics Slide: 41

42 Solar Power Basics Comparison with thin layer crystalline cells Slide: 42

43 Solar Power Installation Engineering Slide: 43

44 Solar Power Off-Grid Systems Slide: 44

45 Solar Power Grid-connected Installations PV generator: in series and parallelconnected PV-modules with a mounting frame (1) Generator junction box (with protective equipment) (2) DC wiring (3) DC main switch (4) Inverter (5) AC wiring (6) Meter box with circuit distribution, input and output meter and service lines Slide: 45

46 Solar Power - Components Modular structure Slide: 46

47 Solar Power - Components Inverter Solar panel Slide: 47

48 Solar Power - Assembly Slide: 48

49 Solarstrom Space requirements Cell material Monocrystalline Panel efficiency Required panel surface for 1 kw p Polycrystalline (EFG) Polycrystalline Thin layer: copper-indiumdiselenide (CIS) Thin layer: amorphous Slide: 49

50 Solar Power - Examples Slide: 50

51 Solar Power - Examples Slide: 51

52 Solar Power - Examples Slide: 52

53 Solar Power Dimensioning 1 kw p brequires approximately 10m 2 of space 1 kw p produces about 800 kwh/year Requirements: - lack of shade - azimuth between Southeast and Southwest Slide: 53

54 Solar Power Costs 1 kw p costs about 2,500 3,500 1 kw p produces about 800 kwh/year In the case of power consumption coverage > 30% In the case of power supply compensation (EEG) Estonia: tax reliefs, loans, green certificates Slide: 54

55 Solar Power Development of costs Solar power in Germany Slide: 55

56 Good Examples: Solar Thermal Example 1 CAMPING SITE Places: 400 Collector surface: 30m² Storage size: 1800 L Measured savings: 70% Slide: 56

57 Good Examples: Solar Thermal Example 2 HOTEL In the course of a complete renovation of the hotel solar thermal installation was installed to heat water. 51 m 2 of flat collectors heat the total of 4,500 liters of buffer store. Thus the energy saving of 70% is achieved annually. With investment costs of 37,000 and funding of , the installation amortized within 8 years. Slide: 57

58 Good Examples: Solar Thermal Example 3 MACHINES AND STEEL COMPANY Wood chip heating: 100 kw Solar installations for water heating and heating support, Collector surface: 80 m 2 Average solar circle yield: 381 kwh / m 2 per annum Buffer storage: 5,900 l Thus potential CO 2 -reduction: kg / year Slide: 58

59 Good Examples: Solar Thermal Example 4 HOUSING ECONOMICS 'The Settlement Garden City of Farmsen' was converted into a 'solar village'. By the end of 2009 approximately 1,100 homes received support for renewable heating and hot water. From approximately 1,200 m² of collector surface produces annually approximately 500,000 kwh of energy. Objective: the development of solar energy by the year 2014, approximately 2,000 square meters of collector surface for 1,825 houses (71.5% of housing stock). Slide: 59

60 Good Examples: Solar Power Example 5 Photovoltaics - INDUSTRY Fronius deals since 1992 with solar electronics, in particular with the Development and production of photovoltaic inverters for grid coupled and autonomous power supply sources. Currently the largest photovoltaic solar power plant in Austria was built on top of the Fronius company building in Sattledt / Austria: capacity 604 kwp Slide: 60

61 Good Examples: Solar Power Beispiel 6 Photovoltaics - WORKSHOPS ROST Workshops offer services in the area of printing, advertising and fairs. PV panels on the shed roof - Installation size: 101 kwp - Electricity production: kwh/year Slide: 61

62 Good Examples: Solar Power Example 7 Photovoltaik - AGRICULTURE In total 109 kwp of photovoltaic installations were assembled on the livestock buildings of the farm. This installation produces about 92,000 kwh of solar power annually. With investment costs of about 200,000 the investment will be refinanced within 10 years through the feed-in compensation (EEG). Slide: 62

63 Solar Energy - Market Solar heating and solar power in Estonia Oil shale is the most important energy source in Estonia. The share of renewable energy in overall energy consumption in 2008 was 13.5% in Estonia. The organic and wind energy are the primary types here. Solar energy is used in Estonia to a small extent. The first solar projects (e.g. solar thermal systems for the hospital in Vändra, SOS Children's Village in Keila) are implemented for solar heat production. Under the electricity market law the solar power costs are reimbursed (Elektrituruseadus) since 1 July 2010 at the level of 5,37 Cent/kWh. Slide: 63

64 Solar Energy - Promotion EU Guidelines and support programs Regulations/decisions: Renewable energies: Directive 2009/28/EC Objective: Increasing the total number of renewable energies till 2020 to 20%. Incl. National Action Plans (Estonia: from 18 % in 2005 to 25% in 2020 of final energy consumption share). Slide: 64

65 Solar Energy - Promotion EU Funding (direct/indirect) Applying for a direct EU funding requires significant amount of time and bureaucracy! This applies to direct EU funding programs such as LIFE III, Intelligent energy for Europe, Marco Polo, Leonardo da Vinci. These projects are created on European added value (a consortium with other partners) More advantageous are the programs in which national/regional EU funds are available indirectly from the Structural and Cohesion Fund. This framework is suitable for SME projects in particular from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Example in Poland: the Sectoral Operational Programme for increasing the competitiveness of companies (7 billion for ) Slide: 65

66 Solar Energy Customer Service Various phases of consultations 1. Becoming acquainted building bridges 2. Questions identifying the needs 3. Offering solutions consolidating and negotiating 4. Achieving results completion Slide: 66

67 Solar Energy Technologies and Applications Conclusion Summary - Facts - Important websites Feedback - Content? - Presentation? - Have the goals been achieved? - Use for own applications? - What is missing? - Improvement proposals Slide: 67