The Integrated Project SOFC600

Transcription

1 The Integrated Project SOFC600 Low-Temperature SOFC development Bert Rietveld Energy Research centre of the Netherlands (ECN) General Assembly FCH-JU, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009

2 Project data FW6 Integrated Project SES Priority 6.1 Sustainable Energy Systems (SUSTDEV-1) Research activities medium and long-term (SUSTDEV-1.2) Fuel cells and their applications (SUSTDEV-1.2.1) Duration 1 st March February participants Research and development project with emphasis on development of novel materials, (near-nano) nano) microstructures and manufacturing processes Relatively high level of basic R&D, less application targeted (generic) FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

3 EU SOFC600 Project Consortium 7 Universities Basic research 11 R&D organisations Basic research + development 3 Industrial companies, all SMEs Development + implementation ECN HTceramix CEA EMPA FZJ Imperial College Netherlands Switzerland France Switzerland Germany United Kingdom Uni Karlsruhe Uni St.Andrews Uni Oxford Uni Leoben CNRS Bordeaux TOFC Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom Austria France Denmark AECA (NTDA-SOFC) Spain NRC DICP IPMS SJTU BIC PMI VTT DTU Canada China Ukraine China Russia Belarus Finland Denmark FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

4 Project objectives and scope Specification of stack components for operation at 600 o C aiming for endurance and cost Anodes, cathodes and electrolytes Interconnect materials Contact and barrier/protective coatings Seals Components are demonstrated by integration in the current cell and a stack technology of the developers The development and delivery of full cells and stacks itself is outside the scope of the project Non technical objectives (WP6) Dissemination and communication project achievements Project website Workshops (internal and external) Initiate and contribute to European HFP-SOFCnet FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

5 Motivation for LT-SOFC = FCH-JU relevant topics Lifetime/degradation Reduced degradation rate of thermally activated cell degradation mechanisms Reduced corrosion rate of preferably cheap steels for interconnects cts Metal, metal-ceramic (compressible) seals and non crystallizing glass Stability of contact coatings Lower sensitivity for combined thermal-redox redox cycles Costs Lifetime Cheap interconnect steels and BOP materials Industrial, cost effective manufacturing processes Fuel flexibility and high efficiency H 2 and reformates Internal reforming of NG (simplest and most efficient system) - Low catalytic activity for C deposition FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

6 Project targets SOFC cell at 600 o C Area Specific Resistance (ASR) below 0,5 Ω.cm 2 Degradation rate below 1.5 mω.cmm 2.khr -1 (0.05 %V.khr - 1 ) For ISR at S/C = 2: 0.8 Ω.cm 2 and 3 mω.cmm 2.khr -1 Robustness: 5 ppm S, 100 redox cycles, internal reforming capability, reduced coke formation activity Single repeating unit (cell + coatings + interconnect) ASR below 0.7 Ω.cm 2 Degradation rate below 3 mω.cmm 2.khr -1 For ISR at S/C = 2: 1.0 Ω.cm 2 and 5 mω.cmm 2.khr -1 Gas tightness seals External leakage below 0.5% of fuel/oxidant flow at P P = 20 mbar Internal leakage below 0.5% at P P = 20 mbar Main precondition: projected stack costs < 2500 Euro/kW e Developments based on cost-effective materials and manufacturing FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

7 Phases and time schedule Evaluation State-of of-the-art components Identification of most critical components Reference for monitoring progress Basic components Easy fuels like H 2 and reformate Focus is performance and endurance; sub-focus thermal and redox cycling Advanced components Components for internal reforming of natural gas Focus is reforming catalysis; sub-focus S tolerance and low catalytic activity for C deposition 1. Evaluation SoA 2. Basic components for 600 o C, H 2 and NG reformate 3. Internal reforming Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

8 Cell development lines High(est) ) performance and endurance at stationary operating conditions Large scale stationary systems ASC: Ni based anode SZ electrolyte Sr containing cathodes High robustness cell Redox, Sulphur and Chromium tolerance, reduced C depostion For cycling and off-spec operating conditions Small scale stationary & transport applications ASC: titanate anode SZ electrolyte nickelate cathode ESC: Ni based anode 10Sc1CeSZ electrolyte nickelate cathode Performance and robustness evaluated/demonstrated with H 2 (reformate) Internal Steam Reforming of NG FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

9 Main Achievements - High Performance Cell T 600 o C, Fuel 60 H 2 40 H 2 0 FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

10 Cell optimisations / alternatives 1200 PVD-GCO by FZJ RSDT-GCO by NRC MgO doped AFL by DICP ASC*-GCO(PVD)-LSC 1100 ASC-GCO(PVD)-LSC ASC-GCO(RSDT)-LSC 1000 ASC(impregnated Ni-8YSZ)-GCO(SP)-LSC ASC(MgO-doped Ni-8YSZ)-GCO(SP)-LSC 900 ASC-GCO(SP)-LSC Voltage (mv) Ωcm Ωcm Ωcm Ωcm * improved tortuosity substrate 0.49 Ωcm J (ma/cm 2 ) FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

11 Performance with ISR operation at 600 o C ASC-CGO(new, SP)-LSC ASC-CGO(RSDT, NRC)-LSC ASC-5%MgO_Ni/YSZ anode-8ysz-cgo(new, SP)-LSC 800 Voltage (mv Ω.cm cm cm Ω.cm S/C = cm Ω.cm J (ma/cm 2 ) Performance target (0.8 Ω.cm 2 ) amply met Further activities will focus degradation at ISR conditions First short-term term results show values similar to H 2 operation FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

12 Performance and Endurance at ISR operation H 2 /H 2 O 60/40 U f 20% ASC - MgO-doped Ni/YSZ)/CGO(SP)/LSC ISR at S/C = 2, U f = 20% V(mV) T( C) J(mA/cm²) V(mV; T( C); J(mA/cm 2 ) mω.cm 2 /khr 20 mω.cmm /khr 46 mω.cmm /khr power failures U f = 20% FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 Time (hrs) SES

13 Combined thermal and redox cycle State-of-the-Art ASC with LSC cathode V(mV) T( C) J(mA/cm²) V (mv); T ( C); J (ma/cm 2 ) Time (hours) FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

14 Steel and contact coating 0,40 0,36 Typical behaviour of these coatings ET ,32 LSC 800 R (ohm.cm²) 0,28 0,24 0,20 0,16 0,12 0,08 temperature LSMC LSCF temperature ( C) 0,04 LNF 100 0, time (hours) 0 Steels: , Crofer22APU, , , , , Contact coatings: LSC, LSCF, LSMC, LNF, Pr 2 NiO 4+ 4+δ FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

15 SRU Performance & Endurance 1 0,9 0,8 Crofer22APU/LNF/ASC: 3.2 V%/khr ASR (ohm.cm 2 ) 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 5.5 mω.cm 2 /khr; 0.2V%/khr 4.7 mω.cm 2 /khr; 0.2V%/khr Crofer22APU/Cr-barrier layer/lnf/asc: 11 mω.cm 2.khr -1, 0.5 V%/khr (3100 hrs) Cell = ASC/CGO(SP)/LSC T = 600 o C Fuel 60 H 2-40 H 2 0 U f = 20% J = 0.4 A.cm Time (hours) Targets: ASR 0.7 Ω.cm 2 ASR 3.0 mω.cmm 2.khr -1 equivalent to 0.15 V%/khr FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

16 HTceramix stack with SOF600 cells V_STACK 5000 J(mA/cm²) T_fuel in ( C) V_stack (mv) hrs - H 2 1.2V%/khr; 732 hrs ISR 1.2V%/khr 2000 hrs ISR 1.0V%/khr 1 st power failure J (ma/cm 2 ); T ( C) 2nd power failure Time (hours) FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

17 Seals Untreated steel Pre-oxidised Filler BS BMS glass matrix Bi elem. Glas seals that settle at low temperatures Crofer22APU Mica seals cause corrosion of Crofer; pre-oxidation seems to prevent this Metal + mica seal for HTceramix stack FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

18 Powder manufacturing Advantages synthesis of nanopowders - high temperature & quenching rate ( K/s) - one-step synthesis no after treatment high production rates (400 g.h - 1 ) Flame Spray Synthesis Powders manufactured Cathode and contact coating materials - LSC, LSCF, LNF - Pr 2 NiO 4, NiNd 2 O 4, NiPr 2 O 4 Electrolyte materials - Ce Y Sc Zr 3.17 O 7.5 Anode materials - La La 0.7 Sr 0.2 Ti 1.0 O 3 FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

19 Conclusions Cells and cell components Intermediate and final performance targets achieved Degradation targets achieved, but further research required to explain e scatter Robust components identified Interconnects and coatings Resistivity and corrosion targets met based on 1000 hours tests Development low-temperature seal options on schedule Powder manufacturing fully operational and fulfilling project needs eds Independent EWGS established Workshop in Sofia on Development needs for SOFC Possible solution for Luzern SOFC conference created: Swiss AG supported s by SOFC stakeholders FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

20 Good practices: targeted development approach Figure Phasing and time schedule of the project with superimposed overall project milestones. FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

21 Good practices: targeted development approach Breakdown of overall target and time schedule towards final targets Regular critical assessments based on achieved results (go/no-go) go) FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

22 Project flow sheet and go / no-go WP4 Powders Critical assessment go / no-go WP1 Cell components T1 Anode T2 Cathode T3 Electrolyt T4 Cells SRU Reference cells and shorts stacks WP2 IC & Coatings WP3 Seals Short stack WP5 Testing FCTESTqa procedure FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES

23 Good practices Targeted development approach Regular/frequent meetings of all consortium partners 4 times per year, plus some ad hoc meetings on specific topics Critical assessments at each meeting - Insufficient perspective -> > stop - Sufficient perspective -> > continue development - Target achieved -> > integration next phase: cell, SRU, stack Internal and public workshops, in conjunction with progress meetings Degradation (2x) Internal reforming Methods for determining performance of cell components EU-ASIA workshop in China Intensive and telephone contacts of coordinator to partners Particular on critical and complex issues Exchange of staff between organisations if there is a strong interdependency To keep partners involved and active Not for all of them the project is core business FCH-JU General Assembly, Brussels, 26/27 October 2009 SES