Professor Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., FASHRAE Society President International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy Technical

Transcription

1 Professor Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., FASHRAE Society President International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy Technical University of Denmark

2 COMFORT-PRODUCTIVITY Building costs People 100 Maintenance 10 Financing 10 Energy 1 This clearly show that buildings are for people not for saving energy

3 INTAKE FOR A PERSON PER DAY 1 kg FOOD 2 kg LIQUID 15 kg AIR

4 Achieving Excellence in Indoor Environmental Quality Physical factors Thermal Comfort Air quality (ventilation) Noise-Acoustic Illumination Exposure time Personal factors Activity Clothing Adaptation Expectation

5 Health Global impact on people In developing regions 5000 persons die per day due to poor IAQ In developed countries increase in asthma and allergy

6 COMFORT Large individual differences between people Hans Christian Andersen: The Princess on the Pea

7 Asthma and Allergy In several industrial countries 50% of school children is suffering from Asthma or Allergy. This number has doubled within the last 20 years

8 Importance of IEQ - asthma According to US CDC based on data collected in 2007, 2008, % of population/26 million people affected 10.5 million missed school days 14.2 million missed work days 475,000 hospital stays 3,447 deaths Asthma triggers (CDC) ETS Dust mites Outdoor air pollution Cockroach allergens Pets Mold Wood smoke Respiratory infections

9 Odds Rstio for "cases" Odds ratio for being a case, i.e. children with at least two symptoms of possible three (wheezing, rhinitis, eczema) as a function of ventilation rates, in single family houses. (Bornehag et al., 2003). 0 n= 0.17 n= 0.29 n= 0.38 n= 0.62 Mean values for ventilation rates

10 Plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride in dwellings increase the risk of asthma among children. Each column represents about 90 dwellings. DEHP: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

11 Air change in 500 Danish homes 40% In more than half of the 35% homesventilation was insufficient 30% Requirement in building code 25% % of dwellings 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% >1.75 Air change(h -1 )

12 20 Sensory pollution load (olf) Ozone Limonene Ozone + Limonene The sensory pollution load in an office where either ozone (15 ppb) or limonene (83 ppb) were present separately or both ozone and limonene (15 ppb+83 ppb respectively) were mixed in the office air (Tamás et al., 2005); the increased sensory pollution load is due to the presence of reaction products in the office air.

13 STANDARDS ISO EN Ergonomics of the thermal environment Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort effects. ASHRAE Thermal environment conditions for human occupancy ASHRAE 62.1 and Ventilation and indoor air quality EN15251 Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustic EN Ventilation for non-residential buildings - performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems

14 PMV-values Relative Performance composite weighted sample size weighted unweighted Temperature (C) from Seppänen and Fisk 2005a

15 Thermal discomfort and estimated performance of office work Lan, Wargocki & Lian, 2010

16 Thermal discomfort and estimated performance of office work, Roelofsen (2001) Loss of productivity (%) Productivity loss PMV Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) (%)

17 CRITERIA FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY ~VENTILATION RATES COMFORT (Perceived Air Quality) HEALTH PRODUCTIVITY ENERGY

18 Ventilation rates too low? SBS Symptoms Source: W. Fisk, A Mirer, M. Mendell Quantitative relationship of sick building syndrome symptoms with ventilation rates. Indoor Air

19 Ventilation rates too low? Productivity Source: Seppänen, O. and W. Fisk Some Quantitative Relations between Indoor Environmental Quality and Work Performance or Health. HVAC&R Research.

20 Sun, et al. (2011)

21 Productivity

22 The results of these 3 studies were confirmed in actual workplace: a call-centre

23 Performance measure Average talk time = Talk time Number of calls

24 Average talk-time with HIGH OUTDOOR AIR RATE Average talk-time (s) (P<0.01) 9% lower 40 Used filter New filter

25 Ventilation vs performance % 100 Performance (R 2 =0.777; P=0.009) Ventilation rate (L/s per olf) International Centre for Indoor Environment And Energy

26 The effect of the indoor environment on student performance

27 ASHRAE Research Project- Learning efficiency. Intervention study 300 pupils, years old Interventions: Temperature control and increased ventilation

28 Installation of cooling

29 Increased ventilationen

30 Classroom Temperature Bako-Biro et al., 2012

31 Effect of decreased room temperature % 120 R 2 =0.46, P<0.001 Præstation o C Temperatur 1 o C lower mindre temperatur 2-4% higher performance

32 Performance of schoolwork as a function of classroom ventilation 1,4 Performance 1,2 1 0,8 R 2 = , Ventilation (L/sp) Doubling ventilation rate ~14.5% higher performance

33 National standard educational tests (math, language-based,science (chemistry/physics, geography, biology), foreign language ) (P<0.008) Adjusted national test result (%) Indblæsning og udsugning Mechanical (n=81) balanced 0.6 Kun udsugning (n=31) Exhaust -0.2 Naturlig ventilation (n=146) Natural (airing by windows) Uldahl Kjeldsen et al., 2013

34 Two large studies performed to investigate IAQ in schools Spot measurements in classrooms in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. (More than 1000 classroms) Continuous measurements in 87 schools

35 Indoor Environment in Schools

36 Ventilation principles 100% 90% n=15 n=16 n=27 80% 70% 60% 50% n=380 n=23 Natural Exhaust 40% n=132 n=195 Balanced 30% n=84 20% 10% n=223 0% Denmark Sweden Norway

37 Q&A Bjarne W. Olesen