Advancing Resource Recovery The Next Generation of

Transcription

1 Texas Association of Clean Water Agencies October 30, 2015 Radisson Love Field, Dallas Texas Advancing Resource Recovery The Next Generation of Technologies Rod Reardon Carollo Engineers

2 Acknowledgments and Source Source Chapter 9, The Next Generation of Resource Recovery Technologies. In: Moving Towards Resource Recovery. Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA Co-authors Dr. Tania Datta Tennessee Tech University Chris Stacklin Orange County Sanitation Districts 2

3 Outline Current State-of-the-Art Nutrients, energy and water Other Resource Recovery Opportunities Bioplastics Paper Metals Building materials Summary 3

4 Current Recovery Efforts Emphasize Nutrients, Energy, and Water (NEW) 4

5 A Large Majority of Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) are Small 300 r of POT TWs than 5 mgd) Numbe (greater Size Total > ,665 < 1 13,057 Total POTWs 16, Bins for Capacity of POTWs greater than 5 MGD 5

6 Percent with Gas Utilization Current Costs Favor Energy Recovery from Biogas for Only a Few Plants 64% 63% 27% 35% 29% 14% 17% 0% Total No. Plants % w/ Gas Utilization % 60% 40% 20% 0% 6 > > > 5 > 10 > 15 > > 500 Number of Treatment Plants Treatment Plant Capacity; greater than 5 MGD

7 What Else is in Your Sewer? 7

8 Bioplastics 8

9 Benjamin: I'm just... Mr. Braddock:...worried? Benjamin: Well... Mr. Braddock: About what? Benjamin: I guess about my future. Mr. Braddock: What about it? Benjamin: I don't know. I want it to be... Mr. Braddock:...to be what? Benjamin:...Different. Mr. McGuire: I want to say one word to you. Just one word Benjamin: Yes, sir. Mr. McGuire: Are you listening? Benjamin: Yes, I am. Mr. McGuire: PLASTICS. Benjamin: Exactly how do you mean? Mr. McGuire: There's a great future in plastics. Think about it. Will you think about it? 9

10 What are Bioplastics? Bioplastics Plastics derived from biological sources (as opposed to petroleum) Many Organic Materials can be: Fermented Used by microbes as substrate to create internal storage products (polymers) in large quantities The Polymers can be Recovered, Purified, and Used to Create Plastics. 10

11 Process Flow Diagram for Manufacture of Bioplastics from Wastewater 11

12 Why Recover Plastics from Wastewater? Large and Growing Market for Plastics 300 million tonnes produced d in 2010 Demand projected to grow to 500 million tonnes by 2020 Attractive Properties Lightweight Strong Durable Thermoplastic 12

13 Why Recover Plastics from Wastewater? Plastics are used as the Raw Material for the Manufacture of a Wide Range of Products: Building and construction Consumer Furniture Electrical l and electronics Packaging 13

14 Who Has Not Heard of Beach Plastics, the Trash Vortex, or Ocean Trash Gyres? Discarded plastics foul beaches at both large and small scale, and accumulate in large masses in the open oceans Entangle, maim, and kill marine life Leach persistent organic pollutants Accumulate as litter on the the sea floor 14

15 Why Use Bioplastics in Place of Petroleum-Based Plastics? Biodegradable to CO 2 (non-fossil) aerobically to CH 4 anaerobically Minimize accumulation in the aquatic environment Save Fossil Fuels Readily Recycled Can be burned to recover heat energy Can be converted to biofuels and chemicals Can be converted to PHAs creating a closed cycle 15

16 Challenges to Recovery of Plastics from Wastewater Market for bioplastic is only a small fraction of the total Essentially no current production of bioplastics from wastewater sources Costs are not competitive with petroleum based plastics High costs result from the fermentation and extraction/ purification components of the recovery process 18

17 Cellulose Fibers (Paper) 19

18 Domestic WW Contains a Variety of Solid Materials Sewer Solids have a Wide Range of Sources, Sizes, and Characteristics Solid Materials include: Vegetative materials (leaves, tree branches, food wastes, etc.) Hair Soil materials (rocks, sand and grit), and Post-consumer waste products (paper, plastics, textiles, cigarette filters, etc.) 20

19 Of the Particulate Matter, Fibers are of Particular Interest Cellulose Fibers have Excellent Properties for Paper and Textiles Energy Content can be Partially Recovered Anaerobic digestion Incineration Hydrolysis, fermentation, and conversion to biofuels Studies Characterizing the Fiber Content are Limited, but Suggest that Cellulose Content of Sludge Ranges from 20 35% 21

20 Estimated Per Capita Use of Toilet Tissue Region 2007 Sales of Tissue Products (1,000 metric tonnes) 2007 Population with Improved Sanitation ti Per Capita Use (x 1,000) (kg/capita) North America 8, , Latin America 2, , Africa , Near & Middle East , Western Europe 6, , Asia Far East 1,481 2,080,

21 23

22 Effect of Tissue Use on Suspended Solids Concentration Can Be Significant Parameter Value Units Total sewered population p in US (2004) million Per capita tissue use 23 kg/yr Total mass of tissue to sewers 5.2 million tons/yr Per capita water use 0.38 m 3 /d TSS attributed to tissue use 166 mg/l 24

23 Schematic of Paper Manufacturing and Recycle * Joint Implementation Network,

24 Separation and Capture of Specific Materials Presents Challenges 27

25 Technologies to Recover Fibers Exist, Others are Being Developed But Experience is Limited Will require use of screens, fine-sieves and washing Fine sieve technology, originally developed in Scandinavian countries Aperture openings of about 350 μm reported to capture cellulose fibers, while allowing other materials to pass 28

26 Challenges to the Recovery of Fibers from Wastewater Scarcity of information on characteristics and quantities of fibers in wastewater No proven technologies available for recovery of high-purity fibers paper is being made from animal waste (for example, POOPOOPAPER) processes have been patented Recycling both shortens and weakens cellulose fibers 29

27 Building Materials 30

28 Building Materials That Can Be Recovered from Wastewater Bricks Ceramics Aggregate Concrete 31

29 North Shore Sanitary District Sludge Recycling Facility Glass Aggregate Facility Process Flow Diagram * Minergy,

30 Biosolids Use in Cement Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram * Cement Industry Federation,

31 Challenges to Recovery of Building Materials from Wastewater Conversion to bricks, ceramics, aggregate, g and concrete adds low value Cost for manufacture of some building materials, for example glass aggregate, is not cost competitive with current sources Metals content t of cement product can be a controlling factor 34

32 Metals 35

33 What are the sources of metals in municipal wastewater Background in potable supply ppy Consumer products Medical facilities Industrial facilities 36

34 Implementation of Industrial Pretreatment Programs Resulted in the Development of Recovery Technologies Ion exchange Electro-coagulation coagulation Chemical precipitation Electro-precipitation Electroplating Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis 37

35 World Metals Recovery Opportunity Estimated to be US $585 billion in 2010 Sodium 0.2% Vanadium 0.3% Tin 0.7% Thallium 1.0% Titanium 9.9% Yttrium 0.3% Zinc 1.6% Arsenic Beryllium Antimony 0.3% Aluminum 6.6% 0.3% Boron 0.3% Lead 0.3% Cadmium 0.3% Chromium 1.6% Copper 3.3% Cobolt 1.6% Iron 3.3% Silver 53% Magnesium 13.1% Manganese 0.3% Molybdenum 0.3% Mercury 0.3% Selenium 0.3% Nickel 1.0% 38

36 United States Resource Opportunity Forecast $100,000 $80,000 US $ Thousand ds $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $

37 Estimated Worldwide Value of Recoverable Constituents in 2010 Energy 20,017 Nutrients 10,430 US $ Thousands Water 504,800 Metals 584,882 40

38 Challenges to the Recovery of Metals from Wastewater Lack of good information on the concentrations of metals in wastewaters Relatively low concentrations of metals Economic viability based on up-scaling the metal removal technology Selectively recovering the most valuable metals to optimize return on investment Speculative nature of the market for some metals would result in large swings in value of recovered metal 41

39 Summary 42

40 Summary Current water resource recovery efforts focused on nutrients, energy, and water Next generation technologies advance the opportunities for the recovery of additional resources from wastewater including plastics, paper, building materials, and metals.. Many of the technologies are embryonic More research and development is needed Success of these technologies will depend on cost relative to traditional sources 43

41 What Else is in Your Sewer? 44