Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water and Waste Water taken from Different Blocks of Mungeli District (C.G.)

Transcription

1 31 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water and Waste Water taken from Different Blocks of Mungeli District (C.G.) S. K.Tiwari, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University Raipur (C.G.), India Manju Dhruw, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University Raipur (C.G.), India Renu Patel, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University Raipur (C.G.), India Sandhya Khare, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University Raipur (C.G.), India Smita Jaiswal, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University Raipur (C.G.), India ABSTRACT The ground water and waste water quality is determined in four different blocks in all direction (Raipur road, Bilaspur road, Kawardha road and Lormi road blocks) of Mungeli District of Chhattisgarh, where from each block three ground water and three waste water samples have been under studied for Physico-chemical status of ground water and waste water. In Physico-chemical analysis, various quality parameter are measured including ph, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Total alkalinity (TA), dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) present in ground water as well as waste water and we were also compared all the parameters with ICMR standards of water quality. In present research paper we have been also compared all the studied parameter for all four different studied block. The quality of water in the Mungeli District is to be studied due to the continuous discharge of sewage, chemical used in Agriculture (such as fertilizers, insecticides etc) and industrial effluents into the ground water and waste water, without any treatment. Due to the percolation, the ground water and waste water seep in to nearby water sources like well and other sources are completely polluted. Keywords: Ground water, waste water, physico-chemical analysis 1. INTRODUCTION Water plays an essential role in human life. Although statistics, the WHO reports that approximately 36% of urban and 65% of rural Indian were without access to safe drinking water [1]. Fresh water is one of the most important resources crucial for the survival of all the living beings. It is even more important for the human being as they depend upon it for food production, industrial and waste disposal, as well as cultural requirement [2]. Human and ecological use of ground water depends upon ambient water quality. Human alteration of the landscape has an extensive influence on watershed hydrology [3]. Ground water plugs a vital role in human life.the consequences of urbanization and industrialization leads to spoil the water for agricultural purposes ground water is explored in rural especially in those areas where other sources of water like dam and river or a canal is not considerable. During last decade, this is observed that ground water get polluted drastically because of increased human activities. Consequently number of cases of water borne diseases has been seen which a cause of health hazards. An understanding of water chemistry is the bases of the knowledge of the multidimensional aspect of aquatic environmental chemistry which involves the source, composition, reactions and transportation of water. The quality of water is of vital concern for the mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare.it is a matter of history that facial pollution of drinking water caused water-borne diseases which wiped out entire population of the studied area [4-5]. The present work is an attempt to measure the ground water and waste water quality of various water sources of four blocks of Mungeli District, Chhattisgarh, India 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have collected three samples of each ground water as well as waste water, from different blocks in all direction of Mungeli district such as:- Raipur Road block, Bilaspur Road block, Lormi Road block and Kawardha Road block. After collection of water samples sticks the of water samples on each bottle carefully and then it preserve in Engineering Chemistry laboratory at BRSM CAET and RS Mungeli for further analysis. 2.1 Other Chemicals We have purchases the chemicals from kasliwal brother Raipur such as EDTA, Buffer solution ph-10 (NH 4 Cl + NH 4 Cl), Eriochrome Black- T, Sodium hydroxide, Phenolphthalein indicator, Methyl orange indicator,

2 32 Standard sodium thio-sulphate solution(0.01n), Potassium dichromate(0.01n), Alkaline potassium iodide 10%, Mangnous sulphate, Freshly prepared starch solution, Dilute and concentrated sulphuric acid, Standard potassium dichromate, H g SO4 and A g SO4 crystals, Ferroin indicator, Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate, Phosphate buffer,magnesium sulphate, Calcium chloride, Ferric chloride, Sodium sulphite solution(0.025n). 2.2 Methods used for water quality analysis: Determination of ph:- The ph is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in ground water and waste water. ph = -log 10 [H + ] Test method for the determination of ph value of water by using ph Meter Determination of Turbidity:- Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO):- Dissolved Oxygen refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water and is particularly important for aquatic life. The amount of dissolved oxygen often determines the number and types of organisms living in that body of water. The amount of oxygen water can hold depends up on temperature and pressure. Method used to determine dissolved oxygen by Winkler s method. Procedure: Burette is filled with sodium thiosulphate. 20 ml. of standard K 2 Cr 2 O 7 is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. To this 10 ml. of sulphuric acid and 10ml. of 5 % Potassium Iodide are added. This is titrated against sodium thiosulphate solution. When the solution becomes straw yellow colour, starch indicator is added and then titration is continued. The end point is the colour change from blue to light green color. The titration is repeated to get concordant value. Now at second titration, 250ml iodine flask is filled with tap water upto the neck. Add 2 ml of alkali iodide (NaOH & KI) and 2 ml. of manganous sulphate solution are added and stopper. Iodine flask is shaken and kept for about 20 minutes for setting the precipitate. Then few ml of conc. H 2 SO 4 are added to get a clear yellow solution due to iodine liberation. 100 ml of this solution is measured in a measuring jar and transferred to a conical flask. This is titrated with sodium thio-sulphate in the burette. Starch is added nearing the end point. End point is the disappearance of blue colour. Titre value is noted. The following reaction occurs: Mn 2+ +2OH - Mn (OH) 2 (White ppt) Mn(OH) O 2 MnO(OH) 2 Dissolved Oxygen in water in utilized for the second reaction. After some time conc. H 2 SO 4 and KI are added and the reaction is MnO(OH) 2 + 2I + 4H + I 2 +Mn 2+ + H 2 O The known value of this solution is titrated with Na 2 S 2 O 3 Solution 2S 2 O I 2 S 4 O I - Freshly prepared starch solution is added to the conical flask when it is nearing the end point. The end point is the disappearance of blue colour.sodium thio-sulphate can be standardized using potassium dichromate liberates I 2 from KI in acidic medium the reaction is Cr 2 O H + + 6I - 2Cr H 2 O + 3I 2 Orange Pale green The liberated iodine is titrated against thio-sulphate. Starch is added near the end point, reason is Iodine release is difficult. The end point is disappearance of blue colour leaving pale green colour Determination of Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):- Bio- Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the measure of the degradable organic material present in water sample and can be defined as the amount of oxygen required by the micro-organisms in stabilizing the biologically degradable organic matter under aerobic conditions. The principal of the method involves measuring the difference of the oxygen concentration between the sample and after incubating it for 5 days at 20 0 c. Calculation: BOD (mg/lit) = (D 0 D 5 ) x dilution factor Where D 0 = Initial D.O. in the sample D 5 = D.O. after 5 days Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):- Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the ability of chemical reactions to oxidize matter in an aqueous system. The major advantage of the COD test is the short time required Procedure: Place a pinch of mercuric sulphate in the flask of reflux unit and take 20 ml of the sample using pipette into the flask. Add 10 ml of 0.25N K2Cr2O7 through pipette.

3 33 Add a pinch of silver sulphate followed by 30 ml of concentrated H2SO4. Attach liebig condenser to the mouth of flask and heat the flask on a hot water bath or heating mantle for at least 2 hours to reflux the contents. Cool the flask, detach from unit and dilute the contents to about 150 ml by adding distilled water. Add 2-3 drops of ferroin indicator and titrate the contents of the flask with 0. 1N ferrous ammonium sulphate solution till bluish green colour changes to reddish brown. Run simultaneously a blank without sample, with distilled water in a similar manner Determination of Hardness:- Hardness of water can be defined as the soap consuming capacity of water resulting in the formation of white curd ppt due to the presence of salts of Ca and Mg salts.(m=ca/mg) Chemical reaction:- Ca/Mg + (C 17 H 35 COONa) Ca (C 17 H 35 COO) 2 /Mg(C 17 H 35 COO) 2 Salts Soap Calcium/ Magnesium stearate (curd) M 2+ + HIn 2- MIn - + H+ Metal ion Indicator Metal Indicator complex (Wine red colour) MIn - + H 2 Y 4- MY 2- + HIn H + Ionic Complex EDTA Metal ion EDTA, free Indicator (Blue colour) EDTA is ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. Since pure EDTA is not dissolved in water. Disodium salt of EDTA is taken for this experiment. It is complexing agent. Actually structure of EDTA hard water contains Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ ions, during this experiment. EBT is added to hard water Determination of Alkalinity:- Alkalinity of water is attributed to the presence of the: (a) Caustic alkalinity (due to OH, CO 32 ) (b) Temporary hardness (due to HCO 3 ) The above alkalinities can be determined volumetrically by titrating water sample against standard acid using methyl orange and phenolphthalein indicators. Procedure Pipette out 20 ml of filtered water sample in a conical flask & add 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to it. If the solution turns pink then titrate it with HCl until colourless. Let this burette reading be V 1. To the same solution, which remains colorless even after adding phenolphthalein indicator, add about 4 drops of methyl orange indicator? If the solution becomes yellow then continue titration till orange pink colour is obtained at the end point. Let this burette reading be V 2 from the beginning. This is called methyl orange end point. Repeat the titration for 2 more times & find out the constant burette reading Determination of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS):- Total dissolved solids is concentration of dissolved chemicals in a sample of water. Method used is gravimetric method for determining TDS. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Ground Water and Waste Water Quality analysis of Raipur road block We have analyzed the ground water and waste water quality of water samples which have taken from Raipur Road block is shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 respectively. From the result it is found that the ground water is slightly acidic. The ph values of ground water and waste water for different samples are 6.3, 6.2, 6.2 and 7.5, 7.4, 7.8, turbidity is 6, 7.1, 7 NTU and 8.5, 8.8, 8.3, Dissolved oxygen values is 5.5, 5.5, 5.4 mg/l and 4.2, 3.9, 4.5 mg/l, Biochemical Oxygen Demand values of ground water and waste water is 6.8, 6.6, 6.9 mg/l and 8.5, 8.8, 8.3 mg/l, Chemical Oxygen Demand values of ground water and waste water is 7.5, 7.2, 7.3 mg/l and 9.6, 9.8, 9.5 mg/l, Total Hardness values of ground water and waste water is 260, 262, 265ppm and 340, 348, 352 ppm, Total Alkalinity values of ground water and waste water is 180, 170, 181 ppm and 250, 248, 255 ppm respectively. Table:-3.1 Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of Raipur road block RRG RRG RRG

4 34 Table:-3.2 Physico-chemical analysis of waste water of Raipur road block RRW RRW RRW *RRG= Ground Water of Raipur road block, * RRW = Waste water of Raipur road block 3.2 Ground Water and Waste Water Quality analysis of Bilaspur road block The ground water and waste water quality analysis of water samples which is taken from Bilaspur Road block is shown in Table 3.3 and Table 3.4 respectively. From the result it is found that the ph values of ground water and waste water for different samples are 7.1,7.8,7.0 and 8.2,8.5,8.1, turbidity values are 9, 8.5, 8.8 and 10.2, 10.5, 10.5NTU, D.O value is 4.2, 4.5, 4.1mg/l and 3.9, 2.8, 2.5mg/l, BOD value is 9.9, 9.2, 9.8 mg/l and 10.5, 10.8, 10.4mg/l, COD value is 10.6, 10.5, 10.5 mg/l and11.5, 11.4,11.8 mg/l, hardness 290, 289, 280 ppm and 400, 407, 405 ppm, Alkalinity value is 192, 197, 191ppm and 308, 307, 305 ppm and TDS value is 504, 508, 510 ppm and 570, 572, 577 ppm of ground water and waste water respectively. Table:-3.3 Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of Bilaspur road block BRG BRG BRG Table:-3.4 Physico-chemical analysis of waste water of Bilaspur road block Sample ph Turbidity DO BOD COD Hardness Alkalinity TDS BRW BRW BRW *BRG = Ground Water of Bilaspur road block* BRW = Waste water of Bilaspur road block 3.3 Ground Water and Waste Water Quality analysis of Kawardha road block The ground water and waste water quality analysis of water samples which is taken from Kawardha Road block is shown in Table 3.5 and 3.6 respectively. From the result it is found that the ph values of ground water and waste water for different areas are 6.6, 6.5, 6.4 and 7.5, 6.8, 6.7, turbidity values are 9.2, 9.5, 9.0 NTU and 8.6, 8.6, 8.5 NTU, DO value is 5.5, 5.2, 5.3 mg/l and 5.1, 5.8, 5.2 mg/l, BOD value 6.8, 6.5, 6.4 mg/l and 8.8, 8.5, 8.6 mg/l, COD value is 7.5, 7.6, 7.4 mg/l and 9.2, 9.4, 9.5 mg/l, hardness 270, 272, 278 ppm and 328, 335, 325 ppm, Alkalinity value is 175, 175, 170 ppm and 240, 242, 245 ppm and TDS value are 395, 398, 392 ppm and 480, 430, 435 ppm of ground water and waste water respectively. Table:-3.5 Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of Kawardha road block Sample ph Turbidity DO BOD COD Hardness Alkalinity TDS KRG KRG KRG Table:-3.6 Physico-chemical analysis of waste water of Kawardha road block KRW KRW KRW *KRG = Ground water of Kawardha block,* KRG = Waste Water of Kawardha road block

5 Ground Water and Waste Water Quality analysis of Lormi road block The ground water and waste water quality analysis of water samples which is taken from Lormi Road block is shown in Table 3.7 and Table 3.8 respectively. From the results it is found that the ph values of ground water and waste water of different samples are 7.2, 7.2, 7.1 and 8.5, 8.3, 8.5, turbidity values are 9.2, 9.5, 9.0 and 10.5, 10.4, 10.3NTU, DO value is 2.9, 2.6, 2.8 mg/l and 1.8, 1.7, 1.6 mg/l, BOD value are 11.5, 11.8, 11.3 mg/l and 12.5, 12.5, 12.6 mg/l, COD value is 14.8, 14.5, 14.6 mg/l and 15.3, 15.8, 15.5 mg/l, hardness 305, 308, 310 ppm and 440, 448, 445 ppm, Alkalinity value is 210, 200, 208 ppm and 320, 320,318 ppm and TDS value are 520, 535, 515 ppm and 527, 520, 525 ppm of ground water and waste water respectively. Table:-3.7 Physico-chemical analysis of ground water of Lormi road block. LRG LRG LRG Table:-3.8 Physico-chemical analysis of Waste water of Lormi road block. LRW LRW LRW *LRG = Ground Water of Lormi road block, *LRG = waste water of Lormi road block 3.5 Comparative study of Ground Water and Waste Water Quality analysis in different blocks After analysis of ground water and waste water quality separately, of different samples for different areas we have compared all the studied parameter, which is shown in Table 3.9 and 3.10 respectively. Table:-3.9 Comparisons of ground water quality parameter of different areas of Mungeli block Parameter Raipur road Bilaspur road Kawardha road Lormi road Standerd area(mean) area(mean) area(mean) area(mean) (ICMAR) ph Turbidity NTU DO mg/l BOD COD Hardness ppm Alkalinity ppm TDS ppm Table:-3.10 Comparisons of waste water quality parameter of different areas of Mungeli block. parameter Raipur road Bilaspur road Kawardha road Lormi road Standerd area(mean) area(mean) area(mean) area(mean) (ICMAR) ph Turbidity NTU DO mg/l BOD COD Hardness ppm Alkalinity ppm TDS ppm

6 36 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS After the quality analysis of the ground water and waste water samples of different areas such as (Raipur road, Bilaspur road, Kawardha road and Lormi road blocks) it conclude that: The ph value of ground water for Raipur road block is lower than other areas and the ph value of Lormi road block is high. As per standard specification ph value should be ( ). The Lormi road block ground water found not suitable for drinking because it has higher range. But the waste water has high value of ph in all block. The Lormi road block waste water is not suitable for drinking because it is acidic Lormi road block ground water has high turbidity as compare to other block and Raipur road block ground water has lower value and same trend has been also observed in case of waste water. In both cases turbidity has higher value than standard specification The Raipur road block ground water has higher value of DO as compare to other areas and Lormi road block water has lower value. The DO value of RRG, BRG, KRG has standard value but LRG has very low value and it is not suitable for drinking and aquatic life. But in case of waste water the Kawardha road block has higher value of DO and Lormi road area water has very low value. It is observed that Raipur road block ground water has lower BOD as compare to other block and and Lormi road block has higher value and similar trend has been observed in case of waste water. It is also conclude that Lormi road block ground water has higher COD value as compare to other areas but in case of waste water Bilaspur road block has higher COD value The lormi road block ground water is hard as compare to other areas and it is not suitable for drinking purpose without removal of hardness and same trend has been observed in case of waste water It is also observed that Loarmi road block ground water is more alkaline (above the standard specification) as compare to other areas and also same trend has been observed in case of waste water. The ground water of Lormi road block has higher value of TDS and BRG and LRG has higher value of TDS as compare to standard specification. But in case of waste water Bilaspur road areas has high TDS value as compare to others area. These results of the chemical analyses of ground water and waste water show that area to area considerable variation of different parameter. Most of the water samples do not follow ICMR standards for drinking purpose. Especially the Lormi road block ground water cannot use directly for drinking purpose. And Bilaspur road and Lormi road block waste water is not suitable for aquatic life. But water is suitable for irrigation. REFERENCES [1] Nidhi Sexenal, S.N. Mishra, J.Chem.Pharma.Res., 2011, 3(2), [2] A. Agarwal, C. Sharma, State India Freshwater, A Citizen Report centre for science and Environment, New Delhi, [3] L. Claessens, C. Hopkinson, N. Rastetter., J. Vallino, Water Resources Research, 2006, 42, [4] S.S. Yadav, Rajesh Kumar, Rasayan J.Chem., 2010, 3(3), [5] Neerja Kalra, Rajesh Kumar, S. S. Yadav and R. T. Singh, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(3),