C. A. S. Hall (College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA)

Transcription

1 ( B ) 30 2 SCIENCE IN CHINA ( Series B ) : (The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA) C A S Hall (College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA) (Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA) Hall CO ; 70,, 35 ; [1], CO 2 [2], [3] CO 2 ( Beta ) [2], CO 2 [3,4] [5] Hall [6] CO 2 CO 2 CO 2, CO 2 CO 2 CO 2,, CO 2 Hall

2 Pearman Hyson [7] Cleveland [8] [9] Bacastow Keeling [10] Hall CO 2, CO 2, Hall ; 1 CO 2 CO 2 C D Keeling 3 Mauna Loa Point Barrow Mauna Loa 35 ( ) Point Barrow 20 ( ) 18 ( ), 70% 80%, 3 CO 2 [11] CO 2 3 CO 2 CO 2, CO 2 CO 2 [12] [13,14] 2 Hall ( ) ( ) [15] 1) 2 21 CO 2 ( 1(a)) ( 1(b)) CO 2 CO 2, ( 1(d)) : ) Tian H Metabolism of the Biosphere in Changing Global Environments Ph D Dissertation SUNY, Syracuse, USA, 1996

3 176 ( B ) 30 1 Mauna Loa CO 2 (a) CO 2 (b) CO 2 CO 2 (GtC/a); (c) CO 2 ; (d) CO 2 (e) 1958 CO 2, CO 2 ppm (a) (c) Hall 1973 ( 2) 1

4 a b c ; d e (f) 22 Point Barrow CO 2 Point Barrow Mauna Loa, , 3 CO 2 4 Point Barrow Mauna Loa Point Barrow Mauna Loa 4 ( ) Point Barrow Mauna Loa 3 (0044 4) Point Barrow Point Barrow

5 178 ( B ) 30 Point Barrow CO 2 23, CO 2 CO 2 (a) (e) 1 1) 175 1)

6 179 4 CO 2 3 (a) (e) 1 70

7 180 ( B ) 30,,, MLO 1 (b) t- a) b t t 005 (2), 12 b t t 005 (2),18 (P) (13) b) (R) b) P/R PBW (P) b) (R) b) P / R SPO (P) (15) (R) (15) P / R (15) a) MLO: Mauna Loa, PBW: Point Barrow, SPO: b) p < [16 17] [18,19] 5 (a) 1 3 (b) Jones [3,20] CO 2 [5] [20, 21] [22,23]

8 181, Scripps C D Keeling 1 Vitousek P M, Mooney H A, Lubchenco J, et al Human domination of Earth s ecosystems Science, 1997, 277: 494~499 2 Keeling C D, Bacastow R B, Carter A F, et al A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO 2 transport based on observed winds 1 Analysis of observational data Geophysical Monograph, 1989, 55: 165~236 3 Melillo J M, Prentice I C, Farquhar G D, et al Terrestrial biotic responses to environmental change and feedbacks to climate In: Houghton J T, Meira Filho L G, Callander B A, et al, eds Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ~481 4 Tian H, Hall C A S, Qi Y Modeling primary productivity of the terrestrial biosphere in changing environments: Toward a dynamic biosphere model Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 1998, 17: 541~557 5 Tian H, Melillo J M, Kicklighter D W, et al Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems Nature, 1998, 396: 664~667 6 Hall C A S, Ekdahl C A, Wartenberg D E A 15 year record of the biotic metabolism in the Northern Hemisphere Nature, 1975, 255: 136~138 7 Pearman G I, Hyson P The annual variation of atmospheric CO 2 concentration observed in the Northern Hemisphere J Geophys Res, 1981, 86: 9 837~ Cleveland W S, Freey A E, Graedel T E The seasonal component of atmospheric CO 2 : information from new approaches to the decomposition of seasonal time series J Geophys Res, 1983, 88: ~ Bacastow R B, Keeling C D, Whorf T P Seasonal amplitude increase in atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, J Geophys Res, 1985, 90: ~ Keeling C D, Whorf T P, Wahlen M, et al Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980 Nature, 1995, 375: 666~ Fung I Y Analysis of the seasonal and geographical patterns of atmospheric CO 2 distributions with a three-dimensional tracer model In: Trabalka J R, Reichle D E, eds The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis New Yrok: Springer-Verlag, New Yrok Inc, ~ Hall C A S, Moll R Methods of assessing aquatic primary productivity In: Lieth H, Whittaker R H, eds Primary Productivity of the Biosphere New York: Springer-Verlag, New York Inc, ~53 13 Botkin D B, Woodwell G M, Tempel N Forest productivity estimated from carbon dioxide uptake Ecology, 1970, 51: 1 057~ Houghton R A Biotic change consistent with the increased seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations J Geophys Res, 1987, 2D4: 4 223~ Hall C A S, Tian H, Qi Y Responses of the biosphere to changing global environments: Evidence from the historic record of global biotic metabolism World Resource Rev, 1993, 5: Myneni R B, Keeling C D, Tucker C J, et al Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991 Nature, 1997, 386: Qi Y The effect of climate changes on vegetation at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere: a functional analysis Ecologica Sinica, 1999, 19: Shaver G R, Billings W D, Chapin F S, et al Global change and the carbon balance of arctic ecosystems Bioscience, 1992, 42:

9 182 ( B ) Tian H, Mellilo J M, Kicklighter D W, et al The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability in the United States Tellus, 1999, 51B: 414~ Houghton R A Terrestrial sources and sinks of carbon inferred from terrestrial data Tellus, 1996, 48B: Hall C A S, Uhlig J Refining estimates of carbon release from tropical land use change Can J For Res, 1991, 21: Kurz W A, Apps M J Contribution of northern forests to the global carbon cycle: Canada as a case study Water Air and Soil Pollut, 1993, 70: Tian H, Xu H, Hall C A S Pattern and change of a boreal forest landscape in the northeastern China Water Air and Soil Pollut, 1995, 82: 465~476