Clean Cooling. [Heat to cold harnessing solar thermal and waste heat to drive cooling] 9-10 April 2018 Dubai - UAE

Transcription

1 Clean Cooling the new Frontier Market for UAE & the GCC region 9-10 April 2018 Dubai - UAE [Heat to cold harnessing solar thermal and waste heat to drive cooling] [Dr. Raya AL-Dadah] [Senior Lecturer] [University of Birmingham] The Network is funded by

2 Overview Growth in Cooling Capacity in GCC Current Cooling Technologies in UAE Solar Radiation and Waste Heat at UAE Solar and Heat Driven Cooling Technologies Potential Market for Solar Cooling Technologies Performance of Solar/Heat Driven Cooling technologies in the Middle East Adsorption versus Absorption Cooling Systems High Performance Adsorption Technologies Using Advanced MOF Materials at UoB Metal Organic Framework Materials Prototype of MOF Adsorption Technology at UoB Ongoing Research on MOF Adsorption Technologies at UoB Conclusions

3 Cooling Capacity Growth in The GCC Today cooling capacity in the GCC has: Costed US$50 billion to install. 50% of annual electricity consumption, $20 billion yearly fuel cost. 70% peak-period electricity consumption By 2030, cooling demand in the GCC is expected to: Nearly triple Costing $100 billion for new cooling capacity and over $120 billion for new power capacity Account for 60 percent of additional power generation Fuel consumption of 1.5 million barrels of oil per day. GCC Peak Cooling Demand (millions of RT) [1]

4 Current Cooling Technologies used at UAE Cooling at UAE rely on electrically driven vapour compression through [2]: Central Cooling - Water Cooled Central Cooling - Air Cooled Variable Refrigerant Flow Ducted Split /Packaged Units Split Units/Window AC The number of split-type air-conditioners sold worldwide is approx. 100 Million per year.

5 Solar Radiation and Waste Heat at UAE Global radiation at UAE exceeds 800W/m2 from beginning of March to End of September. Ambient temperature exceeds 35C during the same period. Solar energy is available when Cooling is needed Also, there is huge amount of waste heat produced in the UAE from various process industries including Cement, Aluminium, Steel and Petrol and Gas industry. Hourly solar radiation, temperature and humidity at SOLAB of CSEM in Ras Al Khaimah-UAE [3]

6 Solar Radiation to Cooling Technologies Solar Radiation Electrical Energy Photovoltaic Panels Thermal Energy Solar Thermal Collectors Mechanical Vapour Compression Cooling Technology Heat Transformation Process Sorption Technology Thermomechanical Process Liquid Sorption Absorption Solid Sorption Adsorption Rankine Power Cycle/ Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology Water/Lithium Bromide Ammonia/Water Water / Silica gel Water/Zeolite Ammonia / Activated carbon

7 Market Development of Solar Cooling Current deployment of solar cooling is low [4] but the potential is huge [5]

8 Heat Powered Absorption Cooling Technologies Uses Liquid Chemical with high affinity to the refrigerant. Commercially available absorption systems are based on Lithium Bromide / water and Ammonia / Water working pairs. Commercially available absorption chillers [6]. Left: Air cooled 4.5kW using H2O-LiBr (Rotartica, Spanish) Middle: 12kW NH3-H2O (Pink, Austrian) Right: 35kW H2O-LiBr (Yazaki, Japan)

9 Current application of Absorption Technologies in Middle East 10TR Single Stage LiBr/Water Absorption system manufactured by YAZAKI was tested at Solar Outdoor Laboratory Lab (SOLAB) at CSEM-UAE in Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) showing COP ranging from 0.46 to 0.67 [3]

10 Current application of Sorption Technologies in Middle East Dubai aluminium company Dubal has run a successful pilot for over a year to convert process waste heat into onsite cooling using absorption chillers. This installation is the UAE s first ever absorption chiller using waste heat, and is the first such application in a power plant. This absorption chiller reduced DUBAL s energy consumption by approximately 626,800 kwh per year, equating to a reduction in CO2 generation by about 350 tonnes per year [7]. Dubai Aluminium Company - Dubal

11 Heat Powered Adsorption Cooling Technologies Utilise solid adsorbent materials like silica gel/ water, zeolite / water and activated carbon/ammonia. Commercially available Adsorption cooling systems; Left: H2O-Silica gel with 7.5kW capacity (ACS08 from SorTech AG, Germany); Middle H2O-Silica Gel with 15kW capacity (ACS15, SorTech); Right: H2O Zeolite with 9kW capacity (LTC09, Invensor, Germany) [6]

12 Current Application of Adsorption Cooling Technologies SoreTech Adsorption System with nominal cooling load of 7.5kW was installed by Fraunhofer, Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Germany at Assiut University, Egypt powered by CPC vacuum tube solar collectors [8]. COP ranged between 0.42 and 0.65

13 Current Application of Adsorption Cooling Technologies Weatherite Air Conditioning Ltd a leading manufacturer of adsorption chillers in UK supplied such system for major supermarkets (TESCO, MARKS & SPENSER), Hospitals in England and museums either part of Trigeneration system to provide heating, cooling & power or Stand alone for Air conditioning. Adsorption chiller produced by Weatherite kw

14 Comparison of Adsorption Versus Absorption Chillers FACTORS ADSORPTION CHILLERS ABSORPTION CHILLERS Corrosion Protection Not Required High Corrosion Protection Required Crystallization No Crystallization Very High Life Expectancy Greater than 30 Years 7 to 9 Years Complexity Simple, Easy Mechanical Operation Complex, Chemical Operation Replacement Requirements Not Required Absorbent Replacement Required Capital Cost Comparable to Absorption USD/kW c based on Yazaki Absorption Chillers Prices Operation Cost Low High Chilled Water Output 4-12 o C 9 o C or More

15 Solar Thermal Absorption Cooling Versus PV powered vapor Compression Based on a study titled Assessment on the Commercial Viability of Solar Cooling Technologies and Applications in the Arab Region sponsored by UNEP and Arab League [4]. Twenty Arab countries were investigated including GCC countries where two solar cooling technologies were assessed against the commonly used vapour compression cooling system powered by the grid for cooling outputs of 100kW and 1MW, these are: a) Double-effect absorption chiller and concentrating collectors b) Vapour compression scroll chiller and photovoltaic modules.

16 Capital Cost per 1 kw (USD) Capital Cost per 1 kw (USD) Solar Thermal Absorption Cooling Versus PV powered vapor Compression [4] For a 100 kwc in the UAE, solar thermal cooling system requires investment of around 4500 USD/kWc compared to 3900USD/kW and 3800 for PV& Compression and the reference case respectively Capital Cost for a 100 kw c system Solar thermal & Absorption PV& Compression Reference Compression Kuwait Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates For 1MWc in the UAE, solar thermal cooling system requires around 2050 USD/kWc compared to 1,800 USD/kWc and 2500 USD/kWc for the for PV& Compression and the reference case respectively Capital Cost for a 1MW c system Solar thermal & Absorption PV& Compression Reference Compression Kuwait Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates

17 Solar Thermal Absorption Cooling Versus PV powered vapor Compression [4] Conclusions for the UAE 1. For the 100kW cooling, the reference case and the PV vapour compression have similar cost which is around 15% less than the solar thermal cooling. 2. For the 1MW cooling, solar PV/Thermal cooling have 25% lower cost than the reference case. 3. Introducing subsidies to the solar cooling can make both cooling technologies cheaper than the reference one. 4. For the 1MW cooling, generally the cost of solar thermal cooling and solar PV cooling are close (around 1900USD/kWc), however, in urban areas where available space is limited to settle solar collector fields, solar thermal cooling technology would be preferred.

18 High Performance Adsorption Technology Using Advanced MOF Materials at UoB This work outperforms current commercially available sorption technologies by a factor of 2-3.

19 Metal Organic Framework Adsorbent Materials (MOFs) New Class of Microporous Material with Superior Adsorption Properties Inorganic building block High surface area up to 5000m2/g High thermal and chemical stability. Organic ligand High pore volume.

20 MOF Materials Investigated at UoB for Adsorption Technologies CPO-27(Ni) pore surface area of 470m 2 /g Nickel nodes (Inorganic SBU) Aluminium Fumarate pore surface area of 894m 2 /g 2,5 Dihydroxyter ephthalic acid (Organic SBU ) MIL101(Cr) - high pore surface area up to 3834 m 2 /g Chromium nodes (Inorganic building unit) Terephthalic acid (Organic linker)

21 MOFs Water Uptake Compared to Conventional Adsorbents Al-Fumarate is produced commercially by MOF Technology Ltd, Belfast. CPO-27Ni is produced commercially by Johnson Matthey Plc, UK. MIL101Cr is synthesised and characterised at UoB and research work for mass production is currently carried out. Water uptake of various adsorbent materials

22 Prototype of MOF Adsorption Cooling System at UoB (TRL = 5) Automated ball valve 1 st Adsorber bed 2 nd Adsorber bed Evaporator Condenser

23 Specific Cooling Power For MOF Based Adsorption System Tested at UoB CPO-27Ni Aluminium Fumarate

24 Specific Daily Water Production For MOF Based Adsorption System Tested at UoB An advantage of MOF/Water Adsorption is the potential of application for water desalination / treatment. Aluminium Fumarate CPO-27Ni

25 Overall Coefficient of Performance For MOF Based Adsorption System Tested at UoB COP overall COP overall CPO-27Ni Aluminium Fumarate

26 SCP (W/kg) SDWP (L/kg. day) Cooling and Water Production for MOF Materials & Silica-gel 250 Cooling Production Evaporator Temp. of 10C 8 Water Production CPO-27Ni Aluminuim Fumarate Silica-gel CPO-27Ni Aluminuim Fumarate Silica-gel Tested MOF adsorption systems can produce double the outputs of Silica gel [9]

27 Water vapour uptake (g/g) Water vapour uptake (g/g) Thermal conductivity (W/(m.K)) Ongoing Research Work on MOF Adsorption Technologies 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 ENHANCING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MIL101CR USING GRAPHENE OXIDE 0,05 0 Neat 2%GrO_synthesis 5%GrO_physical Temperature ( o C) ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF MIL101CR WATER UPTAKE ISOTHERM USING CACL 2 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, ,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Neat MIL-101(Cr)_Adsorption 30% CaCl2 _Adsorption 40% CaCl2_Adsorption 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,45 Relative pressure (-) Neat MIL-101(Cr)_Adsorption 30% CaCl2 _Adsorption 40% CaCl2_Adsorption 50%CaCl2_Adsorption 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 Relative pressure (-)

28 Conclusions 1. Adsorption systems have the advantages of longer life (30 compared to 10 years), less maintenance, no corrosion, less noise compared to Absorption systems. They can use solar thermal and waste heat to produce cooling. 2. MOF materials are new class of microporous adsorbent materials that outperform currently available adsorbents by a factor of 2-5 times in water uptake that of silica gel. 3. MOF based Adsorption systems produce cooling and water desalination simultaneously with overall COP reaching 2 (Potentially higher with higher uptake MOFs). 4. Developed MOF adsorption heat pump at UoB outperforms current commercially available Adsorption technologies by a factor of 2-3.

29 References [1] Walid Fayad, George Sarraf, Tarek El Sayed and Simon Monette Unlocking the potential of district cooling, The need for GCC governments to take action, Strategy & Formerly Booz & Company, Published by Booz & Company in [2] RSB For Electricity and Water, Cooling in Dubai: A market Share and Efficiency Study [3] Martin Ssembatya, Manoj K. Rokhrel, Rajesh Reddy, Simulation Studies on Performance of Solar Cooling System in UAE Conditions, SHC 2013, International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry, September 23-25, 2013, Freiburg, Germany. [4] Daniel Mugnier (TESCOL, SA), Uli Jakob (SOLEM Consulting) and Paul Kohlenbach (SOLEM Consulting, Berlin), Assessment on the Commercial Viability of Solar Cooling Technologies and Applications in the Arab Region under the supervisoin of Amr Abdelhai, Programme Officer, UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics and Ashraf Kraidy, Senior Advisor to the Energy Department - League of Arab States [5] Daniel Mugnier, Solar Cooling Potential in the MENA Region, Solar Heating and Cooling programme, International Energy Agency, Keynote. [6] Abdul Ghafoor, Anjum Munir, Worldwide overview of Solar Thermal Cooling Technologies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 43, PP , [7] State of Energy Report, Dubai 2014, An Initiative by Supreme Council of Energy. [8] Peter Schwerdt and Ahmed Hamza H. Ali, German/ Egyptian demonstration project on solar cooling in a hot arid climate, SHC 2013, International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry, September 23-25, 2013, Freiburg, Germany. [9] K. C. Ng, K. Thu, A. Chakraborty, B. B. Saha, W. G. Chun. Solar-assisted dual-effect adsorption cycle for the production of cooling effect and potable water. 531 International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. 2009;4:61-7.