World Small Hydropower Development Report 2016

Transcription

1 World Small Hydropower Development Report 2016

2 2.1 Alberto Sánchez, GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP/GEF/UNDP); Michela Izzo, Guakía Ambiente Introduction to the region The region is bordered by the United States to the north, Mexico and Central America to the west, South America to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The region includes 28 countries and territories. Ten of these will be covered in this report: Cuba, Dominica,, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Saint Lucia. The climate of the region can vary from arid (less than 400 mm of annual rainfall) to extremely humid (more than 7,000 mm); the highest humidity is seen in areas exposed to the trade winds. The Antilles shows a very complex topography, highly influenced by the active regional tectonics. For this reason, altimetry is significantly variable, ranging from less than 40 m to more than 3,000 m above sea level. The Greater Antilles (Cuba,, Jamaica and Puerto Rico) is home to the largest rivers and hydropower potential. According to country-specific data, the region s total installed capacity is 17.1 GW, of which less than 5 per cent (844 MW) is from small hydropower (SHP) (Table 1). An overview of the countries in the is presented in Table 1. Country electricity access normally exceeds 90 per cent, with three countries (Guadeloupe, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Puerto Rico) providing their population with electricity. The only exception in the region is Haiti, where economic and institutional conditions are highly critical and only 30 per cent of the population has access to electricity, even then it is not continuously provided. Other countries where a significant percentage of the population (five per cent) lack electricity, especially in rural areas, are Dominica and the. Despite attempts by both countries to improve the percentage of their respective populations covered by the electricity grids, significant challenges remain, especially for the most vulnerable and isolated communities. The countries with the highest percentages of people without access to electricity are also the ones that show the biggest problems, such as poor efficiency and high losses. The region is characterized by high domestic electricity rates, which exceed US$0.30/kWh in Dominica (US$0.36/ kwh) and Saint Lucia (US$0.33/kWh). Cuba has the lowest rate (US$0.09/kWh) for consumption less than 100 kwh. The average value in the region is US$0.23/kWh. All the countries in the region depend highly on imported fossil fuels for electric generation. In the majority of these countries, electricity (generation, transmission, distribution and commercialisation) is monopolistically managed, even though some changes have occurred TABLE 1 Overview of countries in (+ % change from 2013) Country Total population (million) Rural population (%) Electricity access (%) Electrical capacity Electricity generation (GWh/year) Hydropower capacity Hydropower generation (GWh/year) Cuba 11.4 (+1.3%) 23 ( 2pp) 97 (0pp) 6,033 ( 3.3%) 19,000 (+9.3 %) 62 ( 3.1%) (+59 %) Dominica 0.07 (0%) 29 ( 4 pp) 95 (0pp) 27 (0%) 103 (+15.7%) 6.6 (+3%) 25 ( 22%) 9.4 ( 5.0%) 24 ( 7pp) 98 ( ) 3,238 ( 4.6%) 13,850 ( 5.0%) 603 (+12%) 1,800 (+30%) World Small Hydropower Development Report 2016 Grenada 0.1 ( 5.4%) 64 (+3pp) 99.5 ( ) 48.6 ( 0.8%) 197 ( 12.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Guadeloupe 0.4 ( 20%) 1 (0pp) N/A 509 ( ) 1,729 ( ) 8.7 ( 8.4%) 19 ( 9.5%) Haiti 10.4 (+4.1%) 43 ( 5pp) 37.9 ( 1 pp) 400 (+50%) 1,105 (+61%) 62 ( 1.6%) 141 ( 53%) Jamaica 3.0 (+2.1%) 41 ( 7pp) 98 (0pp) (+3.5%) 4,112 ( 18%) 30.1 (+36.8%) 136 ( 11%) Puerto Rico 3.6 (0%) 6 (+5pp) 100 (0pp) 5,839 (0%) 20,500 ( 9.1%) 100 (0%) 56 ( 58%) St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.1 (0%) 53 (+2pp) 73 ( ) 58.3 (+19 %) (+1.2%) 5.6 (0%) 31 (+82%) Saint Lucia 0.18 (0%) 91 (+19pp) 98 (0pp) 88.4 (+16 %) (+11 %) 0.24 (0%) N/A Total ( 0.3%) 17,144 (+2%) 61,116 (+0.2%) (+22%) 2,335.3 (+10%) Sources: Various 1,2,3,4,5,6 Note: The comparison is between data from WSHPDR 2013 and WSHPDR

3 2.1 in recent years to bring about the entrance of other stakeholders into the market. Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba account for less than 70 per cent of the regional share of installed SHP (Figure 1). Between the World Small Hydropower Development Report (WSHPDR) 2013 and WSHPDR 2016, installed SHP capacity has increased by almost 40 per cent from 124 MW to 171 MW, largely due to development in (Figure 2). FIGURE 1 Share of regional installed capacity of SHP by country Saint Vincent & Grenadines 3% Puerto Rico 24% Jamaica 18% Haiti 4% Source: WSHPDR St Lucia 0% Cuba 11% 31% Guandeloupe 5% FIGURE 2 Dominica 4% Granada 0% Net change in SHP from 2013 to 2016 for the Cuba Dominica Grenada Guandeloupe Sources: WSHPDR 2013, 6 WSHPDR Note: The comparison is between data from WSHPDR 2013 and WSHPDR A negative net change can be due to closures or rehabilitation of SHP sites, and/or due to access to more accurate data for previous reporting. Small hydropower definition Countries that have an official definition of SHP typically define it to be up to 10 MW installed capacity. Jamaica is an exception to this, defining SHP as 1 MW to 10 MW (Table 2). Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Saint Vincent & Geradines St Lucia Country* TABLE 2 Classification of SHP in Small Mini Micro (kw) Pico (kw) Cuba Dominica Up to 10 Up to 10 Grenada Guadeloupe Up to 10 Haiti ,000 Up to 100 Jamaica 1-10 Puerto Rico Up to 10 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Up to 10 Saint Lucia Sources: WSHPDR 2013, 6 WSHPDR Regional SHP overview and renewable energy policy All countries in the region are dealing with high costs and environmental problems linked to fossil fuels, with electric generation being one of the most impacted sectors. For this reason, all the countries have begun to promote the use of renewable sources, which are specifically mentioned in National Energy Policies and Energy Action Plans. Some countries (Grenada, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, ) have established specific goals in terms of changes of national energy matrices: Guadeloupe has the highest target, since it is aiming for complete energy autonomy by Among the countries, Haiti shows a poor legal and institutional framework with regard to the electricity sector. Most countries need to make more effort in obtaining ratification from their national parliaments, including mechanisms of support and specific regulations. Among renewable energy sources, SHP systems constitute a feasible and attractive solution only in some of the countries in the region. In some cases, countries aim to continue to develop hydropower generation, also at a regional scale. One example is Dominica, which is focused on the development of common projects with Martinique and Guadeloupe. Due to site-specific conditions, other countries are focused on other renewable sources, especially solar and geothermal. 239

4 World Small Hydropower Development Report 2016 TABLE 3 SHP up to 10 MW in (+ % change from 2013) Country Potential Planned Installed capacity Annual generation (GWh) Cuba 135 (118%) ( 13%) 95 (-) Dominica 6.64 ( ) 6.64 (4%) 52.5 ( ) 52.5 (+241%) Grenada 7 (0%) 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Guadeloupe 13.7 ( 70%) (0%) 27(+80%) Haiti 20.9 ( 58%) 6.95 Jamaica 59 ( 6%) (+25%) 153 (+0.7%) Puerto Rico 44.9 (+0.2%) 41.8 (0%) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7.4 (0%) ( 1%) Saint Lucia 2.3 (+475 %) (0%) Total (+38%) (+38%) Sources: WSHPDR 2016, 5 WSHPDR Note: The comparison is between data from WSHPDR 2013 and WSHPDR SHP installed capacity and potential for Jamaica includes the Maggoty plant (13.5 MW). Considering that the region is exposed to extreme weather and climatic events, special care must be taken to develop projects based on climate change adaptation strategies. 7,8 Droughts, especially associated to El Niño episodes, have caused huge impacts during the recent years and are projected to severely affect the region in the future. For this reason, specific solutions must be implemented to reduce the risk of lack of production for SHP systems. Another aspect that must be considered is the competing use of water sources, in an environment where they are increasingly limited. This will require appropriate planning. Barriers to small hydropower development The main barriers of SHP development in the region are as follows: } Lack of feed-in tariffs and other incentive and/or supporting mechanisms; } High project development costs; } Difficulties in land acquisition; } Environmental constraints; } Excess of bureaucracy; } Energy generation monopoly; } Absence of appropriate protocols to facilitate contracts; } Lack of appropriate data, which limits estimation and planning. References 1. World Bank (2014). Rural population (data from 2014). Available from SP.RUR.TOTL. 2. World Bank (2012). Access to electricity (data from 2012). Available from indicator/eg.elc.accs.zs. 3. World Bank (2014). Population, total. Available from 4. The International Journal on Hydropower & Dams (IJHD) (2015). World Atlas & Industry Guide, Aqua- Media International, Wallington, UK. Available from www. hydropower-dams.com. 5. World Small Hydropower Development Report Detailed data for specific countries is presented in the respective Country Reports. 6. Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from 7. IPCC (2014)Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S.,mm Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 240

5 IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessmment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., Field, C.B., Dokken, D.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Eby, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C.,Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., White, L.L. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 241