Odense Pilot River Basin

Transcription

1 Fyn County Pilot River Basin Provisional Article 5 Report pursuant to the Water Framework Directive

2 Title: Internet version: Publisher: Pilot River Basin, Provisional Article 5 Report pursuant to the Water Framework Directive 132 pages. A pdf file of the report is available on the Pilot River Basin website: Fyn County Nature Management and Water Environment Division Environmental and Land Use Management Division DK-Ørbækvej SØ Telephone: Telefax: Website: Editors: havland@anv.fyns-amt.dk (project) and (Fyn County) Harley Bundgaard Madsen, Stig Eggert Pedersen and Nanna Rask Other authors: Jørgen Windolf Henrik Tornbjerg Ole Jørgensen Heidi Clausen Rikke Clausen Annette Sode Søren Larsen Kjeld Sandby Hansen Elsebeth Glob Karin Skovhus Lotte Knudsen Lene Juncher Lind Mikael Hjorth Jensen Peter Østergaard Svend Petersen Morten Sørensen Peter Hyldegaard Jakob Q. Christensen Ann Fuglsang Sune Hald Lars Gjøde Bangsgaard Dirk-Ingmar Müller-Wohlfeil Erik Vinther Michael Munk Sørensen (COWI) Kirsten Muus Translation: David I. Barry Layout: Birte Vindt Flemming Nørgaard Inge Møllegaard Susanne Roed Marianne Hegelund Inga Housted Holm National Scientific Advisory Board: Regional Political Advisory Board: Please quote: Maps: See See Fyns Amt (2003). Pilot River Basin. Provisional Article 5 Report pursuant to the Water Framework Directive. Fyn County, 132 pp. Copyright KMS National Survey and Cadastre 1992/KC Impression: 200 Year of publication: November 2003 Printed by: MOURET AD & DESIGN, telephone ISBN: Pilot River Basin

3 Table of contents Foreword...5 Summary and conclusions Characterization of surface waters, wetlands and groundwater River basin Landscape and soil types Land use, population and wastewater Agricultural conditions Climatic conditions The water cycle Watercourses Location, size and density Typology Delineation of watercourse reaches Physical modification Reference conditions Provisional establishment of objectives Lakes Location of the lakes Physical modification Typology Reference conditions Provisional establishment of objectives Wetlands Location Typology Physical modification Reference conditions Provisional establishment of objectives Groundwater Initial characterization Further characterization Provisional establishment of objectives Transitional waters and coastal waters Fjord Typology Delineation of water bodies Physical modification Reference conditions Provisional establishment of objectives Register of protected areas Pollutant loading Households and industry Waterborne pollution Airborne pollution Agriculture Background loading Loading estimates for selected areas Groundwater Watercourses Lakes and fjords Nutrient budgets Nitrogen budget Pilot River Basin 3

4 Table of contents 3.6 Hazardous substances and heavy metals Airborne pollution Waterborne pollution Impact of human activities on water status Groundwater Abstraction of groundwater Groundwater chemical status Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance Watercourses Physical pressures Impact of pollutant loading Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance Lakes Physical pressures Impact of pollutant loading Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance Wetlands Physical pressures Impact of pollutant loading Coastal waters Physical pressures Impact of pollutant loading Objective compliance and risk of future lack of compliance Economic analysis Aim of the economic part of the Article 5 characterization and analysis Assessment of the economic significance of water use Trend in water demand Economic significance of the commercial sectors Households Industry/services Agriculture/market gardens The public sector Cost-effectiveness Trends in water use Trend in water consumption Trend for households Trend for industry/services Trend for agriculture/market gardens Other trends Cost recovery Assessment of the degree of cost recovery Incentive structure in the price-setting mechanism of the current tariffs Environment-related subsidies References Annexes Annex 0.1 Guidance Documents pursuant to the Common Implementation Strategy Annex 0.2 Borders of river basin districts in Denmark Annex 1.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for various variables Annex 2.1 Basis for the selection of the EC Habitat Sites in River Basin (habitats and species) Annex 2.2 EC Bird Protection Sites in River Basin Pilot River Basin

5 Foreword Foreword The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) entered into force on 22 December Three years later, i.e. 22 December 2003, Member States have to have implemented the WFD in their national legislation. The purpose of the WFD is among other things to: Establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, wetlands, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater. Prevent further deterioration and protect and enhance the status of aquatic ecosystems. Enhance protection and improvement of the aquatic environment through progressive reduction of discharges and losses of priority substances or the phase-out of these. Ensure the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater and prevent its further pollution. Adoption of the EU WFD in 2000 considerably strengthens coherent management of the aquatic environment. The WFD is thus a framework Directive that integrates a number of previously adopted Directives pertaining to specific sources of pollution (e.g. the Wastewater Directive and the Nitrates Directive) or protection of specific areas (e.g. the Bathing Water Directive and the Shellfish Directive), and which collates the measures in these Directives into a coherent approach. Implementation of the WFD entails a coordinated effort to protect the environment leading to an overall management plan for a river basin a River Basin Management Plan. In order to promote this ambitious, holistic reorganization of EU water policy, the EU water directors have decided upon a coordinated strategy for implementation of the WFD the so-called Common Implementation Strategy (CIS). An important element of this strategy is the establishment of interdisciplinary working groups and the preparation of European guidance documents to facilitate implementation of the various elements of the WFD in the individual Member States. In order to test the applicability of these guidance documents in practice, and to develop and test an optimal procedure for designing a River Basin Management Plan, it was decided to carry out pilot projects in a number of selected European river basins during the period The work was previously organized through Working Group 4.1: Integrated Testing in Pilot River Basins. Following restructuring, the work is now organized through EU Working Group 2B Integrated River Basin Management. Fjord and the associated catchment herein collectively referred to as River Basin has been selected for inclusion in this pilot project in line with a number of other European river basins. Fyn County is responsible for carrying out the project under the supervision of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, and hence for reporting the project s results and products to the EU. The purpose of the pilot project in River Basin can be summarized as follows: To test EU guidance documents (Guidance Documents, see Annex 0) on implementation of the WFD. The guidance documents are tested through the preparation of firstly, a provisional Article 5 report to the EU and secondly, a provisional River Basin Management Plan for the surface waters and groundwater in River Basin that has to be completed by the end of The first part of the project is subdivided in such a way that a report on the testing of the relevant guidance documents has to be submitted to EU by 30 September 2003, while a Danish language and English language report containing the characterization and analysis of River Basin and the associated aquatic systems pursuant to Article 5 of the WFD has to be submitted by the beginning of November The Pilot River Basin project is organized around a Steering Group, two external Advisory Boards and a number of scientific Working Groups. A number of external scientific experts are associated with the working groups. On 30 September 2003, Fyn County submitted a report to the EU answering specific questions on the guidance documents concerning the provisional Article 5 characterization and analysis. According to the WFD timetable, the Article 5 report for each river basin district has to be completed by the end of This report concerns the provisional Article 5 characterization and analysis of River Basin encompassing Fjord and associated catchment area, including inland surface waters, wetlands and groundwater. The main elements of the Article 5 characterization and analysis are: Pilot River Basin 5

6 Foreword Characterization of surface waters and groundwater Differentiation according to type and delineation of water bodies/groundwater bodies Reference conditions (excl. groundwater) Provisional objectives Identification of pressures Impact of human activity on the status of surface waters and on groundwater Assessment of the likelihood of failing to meet environmental objectives Economic analysis of water use. In addition, the report contains an overview of international and national protected areas. The sections in the report concerning the setting of provisional environmental objectives and the assessment of the likelihood of failing to meet these objectives refer to the WFD objective that all water bodies and all groundwater bodies should achieve at least good status by the year 2015 at the latest. In this connection it is worth emphasizing that the provisional environmental objectives set for the water bodies in this Article 5 report and the assessment of the likelihood that these objectives will not be met with the measures hitherto implemented are based on registration of the actual conditions and transcription of the current national/regional and international objectives without any form of scientific, economic or political evaluation of the consequences. The same also applies with regard to the identification of water bodies considered to be heavily modified. Committee proceedings under the Danish Environmental Protection Agency are currently paving the way for the preparation of Statutory Orders and guidelines that will serve as the legislative and scientific foundation for defining the tasks of the coming river basin districts in relation to the WFD. As this work had not been completed at the time this report was prepared, the analyses must be considered preliminary, and it must be expected that they will need adjusting to some extent once the central authorities have prepared a foundation that is equally applicable to all river basin districts. Furthermore, the report is incomplete in certain aspects as time has only permitted the provision of illustrative examples of characterization and analyses. It is the hope of Fyn County, though, that the report can be of inspiration to the State in connection with preparation of the above-mentioned material, as well as to the other Danish Counties, who will have to initiate a corresponding analysis of the remaining river basin districts in Denmark at the beginning of Moreover, Fyn County hopes that this report and the realistic testing of the EU guidance documents will also provide inspiration to the EU and river basin districts in EU Member States for the comprehensive planning work that awaits them. Fyn County would like to take this opportunity to thank the two external Advisory Boards as well as the scientific experts for their great interest in the project and for an inspiring cooperation during preparation of the report. Fyn County, October 2003 The fifteen Pilot River Basins: Scheldt (Belgium, France, The Netherlands) (Denmark) Oulujoki (Finland) Moselle-Sarre (France, Germany, Luxembourg) Marne (France) Neisse (Germany, Poland, Czech Republic) Pinios ( Greece) Shannon (Ireland) Ribble (UK, England) Cecina (Italy) Tevere (Italy) Suldalvassdraget (Norway) Guadiana (Portugal) Somes (Romania, Hungary) Júcar (Spain) 6 Pilot River Basin

7 Summary and conclusions Summary and conclusions The Pilot River Basin project comprises Denmark s contribution to the testing of a number of EU guidance documents relating to implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The project is designed as a realistic test of the guidance documents in that a provisional River Basin Management plan containing a programme of measures will be prepared for River Basin by the end of As a foundation for planning the programme of measures for River Basin, the present provisional characterization and analysis has been performed for surface waters, wetlands and groundwater in the basin. All EU Member States have to carry out such a characterization and analysis in the same systematic manner. The characterization and analysis has been carried out pursuant to the provisions of Article 5 of the WFD, and contains: An analysis of the river basin district s characteristics. Identification of pressures and a review of the impact of human activity on the status of surface waters, wetlands and the groundwater. An economic analysis of water use. A register of international and national protected areas pursuant to Article 6 of the WFD. The aim of the characterization and analysis is: Identification of water bodies/groundwater bodies at risk of failing to meet the WFD s objective that they should achieve at least good status by the year 2015 at the latest with the environmental measures hitherto adopted. Identification of the need for further characterization, including environmental monitoring, as a basis for planning the programme of measures. Establishment of the economic background for planning the programme of measures. To the extent permitted by scientific considerations and time, the present provisional characterization and analysis has differentiated surface waters (watercourses, lakes and coastal waters) and wetlands according to type, partly in accordance with Danish typology guidelines and partly on the basis of own judgement. These types of waters are in turn subdivided into discrete water bodies. Each water body has thereafter been assessed to determine whether it has been subjected to such great physical modification that it can be characterized as heavily modified. Finally, an attempt has been made to define provisional reference conditions that the water body would hold were it undisturbed by human activity. The reference conditions for each water body, together with previous quality objectives for the water bodies stipulated in the Regional Plan and in certain cases as internationally protected areas, served as the basis for establishing the provisional future environmental objectives for the water bodies. It should be noted that the identification of heavily modified water bodies and the establishment of provisional environmental objectives for the water bodies are based on registration of the actual conditions and transcription of the current national/regional and international objectives without any form of scientific, economic or political evaluation of the conse quences. For example, watercourse reaches assigned a low quality objective in the current Regional Plan have been assigned the objective good ecological status in the present Article 5 characterization and analysis, in accordance with the provision of the WFD that all water bodies shall achieve at least good status by 2015 at the latest. As regards the groundwater, initial identification and delineation of the aquifers have been performed. Only the aquifers from which public waterworks abstract groundwater for the drinking water supply have been identified. In connection with the further characterization, a single aquifer has been differentiated into groundwater bodies on the basis of groundwater chemistry data such that the chemical status of the water in each groundwater body can be described. The groundwater bodies have been delineated on the basis of groundwater level and flow lines. Thereafter the hydrological characteristics and extent of groundwater abstraction have been described for each individual groundwater body. Based on the results of the County s long-standing monitoring of the water bodies and groundwater and of the pollution pressure to which they are exposed, and in certain cases in combination with mathematical modelling, an assessment has been made of the likelihood that surface waters and groundwater will fail to meet the WFD s environmental quality objective of achieving at least good status by 2015 at the latest. These assessments assume implementation of the action Pilot River Basin 7

8 Summary and conclusions plans hitherto adopted. First and foremost, this entails realization of the reduction targets for nitrogen and phosphorus loading stipulated in Action Plan on the Aquatic Environment I+II, as well as the municipal wastewater plans that comply with surface water and groundwater protection guidelines specified in the Regional Plan. The economic analyses of water use in the basin have been made for the household, industrial, agricultural and public service sectors. In the WFD, water use is understood to mean water services together with all activities in the basin having a significant impact on the status of the water bodies. Calculations have thus been made of the costs associated with water use in its widest sense, and the degree of cost recovery for water use has been assessed. Finally, the expected future trend in water use has been estimated. The Article 5 economic analysis shall serve as the basis for assessing the economic aspects of the future programme of measures for the river basin district, including an assessment of which measures are most cost-effective, and an assessment of to what extent such measures might be economically disproportionate. From the provisional analysis and assessments carried out it can be concluded that by far the majority of the surface water and much of the groundwater will fail to meet the WFD s objective of achieving at least good status by 2015 at the latest with the measures hitherto adopted to reduce pollution and physical pressure on the surface waters and groundwater. However, the work already initiated to intensively map the groundwater and the ensuing elaboration of groundwater protection plans are expected to solve many of the problems relating to the groundwater used for the drinking water supply. The protection measures initiated in this context will not solve the problem of contaminated groundwater seeping to the surface water from upper aquifers, though. It can also be concluded that the data material presently available is often inadequate to permit detailed characterization of River Basin and its water bodies and groundwater. This is especially the case for the minor watercourses, lakes and enclosed marine waters, as well as for some of the groundwater bodies, for which monitoring data are not available. For many lakes and enclosed marine waters, moreover, the data material for calculating loading with nutrients and hazardous substances is inadequate. The data material should be improved through enhanced monitoring, including the development and use of operational mathematical models that are calibrated and validated against monitoring data for the area. These models should describe both the pressure on the water bodies as a function of the activities in the basin and the ecological status of the water bodies as a function of the pressure. With respect to description of the pollution pressure on the water bodies in the basin, the availability of statistical data for the basin needs to be improved, including data on production conditions in enterprises and data on production conditions etc. on the individual holdings. With regard to the Article 5 economic analysis, detailed statistical information is available for describing water use as far as concerns water supply and wastewater. Information concerning water use in relation to agriculture, for example drainage measures (drainage, watercourse maintenance and regulation, reclamation of wetlands, etc.) is difficult to obtain, however, and this aspect of the present analysis is therefore less adequate. To summarize, the provisional Article 5 characterization and analysis leads to the following conclusions: Over the past decades, considerable effort and expense have been devoted to reducing environmental pressure on the surface water bodies and on groundwater. Thus wastewater loadings from households and industry have been reduced considerably, and loading from the agricultural sector has also been reduced. Monitoring results show, though, that the loadings must be reduced further if the water bodies are to be able to meet the politically adopted quality objectives, including the internationally adopted objectives. Among other things, there remains a need to reduce loading from the agricultural holdings, as well as discharges from sparsely built-up areas. Discharges of hazardous substances must also be reduced. The provisional environmental objectives established for the surface- and groundwater in this Article 5 report together with the assessment of whether these objectives will be met with the measures hitherto implemented, are based on registration of the actual conditions and transcription of current national/ regional and international objectives without any form of scientific, economic or political evaluation of the consequences. The same also applies with regard to the identification of water bodies considered to be heavily modified. 8 Pilot River Basin

9 Summary and conclusions The methodology in the WFD seems to be utilizable, but is very demanding of data and resources. 25 out of 28 watercourse reaches will not meet the provisional objectives due to physical conditions (24) and/or wastewater discharges, primarily stormwater discharges (12). At last 10 out of 12 lakes will not achieve good ecological status due to nitrogen and phosphorus loading, primarily from agricultural sources and from sediment. Fjord will not achieve good ecological status due to nitrogen and phosphorus loading, primarily from agricultural sources and possibly also sparsely built-up areas, and due to hazardous substances in the sediment. Based on the criteria stipulated in the WFD, one out of five investigated groundwater bodies will not comply with the Groundwater Directive s criterion for pesticide content. Compared to the criterion set by Fyn County, four out of the five will not comply. As regards nitrate, the objectives set for the investigated groundwater bodies will be attainable according to the criteria in the WFD and those used by Fyn County. The data material for the minor surface water and groundwater bodies is inadequate with respect to both loading and assessment of status. There is a need to strengthen regional monitoring and the development/use of modelling tools. Households, industry/service and agriculture use 0.3 2% of their income/production value on water use in the widest sense. Fjord viewed from facing northeast. Photo: Jan Kofod Winther. Pilot River Basin 9

10 Testing area Great Belt Northern Belt Sea N OTTERUP Gabet Lake Langesø SØNDERSØ Stavis Stream Lunde Stream North Landfill Stavis Stream Seden Strand MUNKEBO Stige Ø Landfill Geels Stream Fynsværket CHP plant Fjord Lindø Terminal Lindø Shipyard KERTEMINDE Harbour Ryds Stream ODENSE River Vejrup Stream Lindved Stream Holmehave Brook River Ulvebækken Brook Vittinge Stream RINGE Sallinge Stream River Hågerup Stream Lake Arreskov Rislebæk Brook Lake Nørresø Jylland Fyn Sjælland FAABORG Silke Stream Lake Brændegård Watercourse Lake Woodland 0 5 Urban area River 10 Basin km 10 Pilot River Basin