Energy Performance of Buildings 15/10/2015

Transcription

1 Energy Performance of Buildings 15/10/2015

2 Standardisation for EPBD Piet Vitse Chairman E88/89 15/10/2015

3 International workshop Victoria, September 14, 2015, Application of European and International standards for the energy performance of buildings from end-users perspectives The applicability of EN and EN-ISO EPB standards Introduction and demonstration on the transparency and flexibility in the EPB framework and OAS as backbone CEN: European Standard Organisation; ISO: International Organisation for Standardization EPB: Energy Performance Buildings Jaap Hogeling Chair CEN TC 371 Program Committee on EPBD JWG of ISO TC 163&205 : Chair of advisory group on coordination of ISO and CEN Work on EPB j.hogeling@isso.nl Fellow of ASHRAE and REHVA

4 Status/Planning EPBproject During 2015 expected closing enquiries for all the draft EPB-standards (EN and EN-ISO) The OAS pren ISO/DIS is now at enquiry stage Opening date Closing date the connected TR is available as N-document at ISO/TC163 and ISO/TC205 level, voting on TR is expected parallel to the FV of the OAS. The end of 2015 we expect most Enquiry comments to be resolved and draft Formal Vote versions ready at TC level. After voting we expect that by the end of 2016 all EPBstandards will be published as EN or EN-ISO standards 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

5 Feed back revision CEN /ISO project on EPB standards Phase 1 ( ) development, current status Basic principles EPB standards (EN/TS 16628) Overarching standard EPB (EN ISO ) TR: Explanation and justification (EN-ISO/TR ) Detailed Technical Rules (EN/TS 16629) Phase 2 ( ) 9/13/2015 Whole set of EN (ISO) EPB standards ISO-TC WS-Victoria

6 Observation in Europe One of the important instruments to support the proper implementation of the EPBD policy is the modularly structured, transparent, unambiguous, but flexible* set of EN and ISO EPB standards *: for local climate, national legal framework, building tradition, building use, existing local energy-infrastructure, etc 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

7 Why we need this flexibility workshop and transparency Flexibility: to be suitable for: local climate, National/ regional legal framework, National/ regional building tradition and building use, existing local (national or regional) energyinfrastructure, Etc Transparency: to accommodate a levelled playing field when: Expressing the EP of buildings offering various energy (or CO2) saving solutions 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

8 Example of the very different heat and electricity markets in EU Netherlands Germany Sweden 100% 100% 100% Other Heating Structure (Gas, Waste) (Coal, Gas, Waste) (Bio, Waste) Renewables incl. Heat Pumps Gas Oil District Heating (DH main fuels) Mainly gas heating DH mainly CHP based biofuels for DH 100% 100% 100% Electricity Production and CHP Quota Non CHP CHP Netherlands CHP mainly in industry Non CHP CHP Germany CHP mainly for DH Non CHP CHP Sweden Nuclear and hydro for electricity Other Hydro Wind, PV Biofuels Gas Coal Nuclear

9 Many of EPB standards are expected to be published as EN-ISO standards workshop Global set of standards on Energy Performance Assessment boundaries Overall EP balance Ways to express EP 9/13/2015 Indoor env. Etc.. various standards Building and building elements Operating conditions Climatic data of Buildings (EPB) Heating systems Ventilation systems Domestic Hot Water systems ISO-TC WS-Victoria Early 2014: Consecutive ISO numbers reserved for EPB set Cooling systems Lighting and lighting systems Building automation & Control ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO Etc ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO 52149

10 Principle EP: Overall Building Energy Performance EP Energy use Energy needs From product standards to overall energy use incl. technical building systems Product is not longer evaluated as a product but as part of a system Product characteristics 9/13/2015 Maintain the links between product testing and system ISO-TC WS-Victoria evaluation

11 Continuity from the product to the system energy performance assessment JWG ISO TC 163/ISO TC 205 Holistic approach ISO TC 205 (System TC) Technical Building Systems, bldng environment design (System loss calculation) ISO TC 163 (Building TC) Bldng energy use, envelope characteristics, climatic data (Building energy use calculation) Building Energy Perform. Building Energy use Building Energy needs Product no longer evaluated as a product but as a part of a system IMPORTANT: Holistic approach is based on (tested) product characteristics Product TC s like ISO/TC 86;115;117; 118; etc.(evaluation of product characteristics) 9/13/2015 Product characteristics ISO-TC WS-Victoria

12 Flexibility in use of EPB Standards the OAS: ISO as Backbone CALCULATION STRUCTURE ISO general parts CALCULATION MODULES FOR EACH STEP 1 XLS per module EACH CALCULATION MODULE REQUIRES INTERCONNECTION VALUES (I/O TO THE STRUCTURE) PRODUCT DATA (LOCAL DATA) OTHER LOCAL DATA ABOUT SPECIFIC APPLICATION (LIKE LOCALISATION, INDOOR/ OUTDOOR INSTALLATION INFO) PRODUCT DATA OTHER LOCAL DATA PRODUCT DATA OTHER LOCAL DATA PRODUCT DATA OTHER LOCAL DATA LOCAL DATA IN IN IN EN ISO XXX ISO XXX EN- ISO XXX MODULES IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT INTER CONNECTION EN-ISO OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN 13

13 Replacing a module with a non- EN or EN-ISO-standard one Possible thanks to the modular structure but the I/O structure has to be respected Needed info can be found PRODUCT DATA OTHER LOCAL DATA PRODUCT DATA OTHER LOCAL DATA EN ISO XXX both in the accompanying XLS and in the specific I/O clauses in the EN or EN- ISO standard Non- EN Std ISO XXX EN ISO IN IN NATIONAL MODULE PRODUCT DATA OTHER LOCAL DATA IN IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN 14

14 Connection of custom workshop modules: input data Each calculation module needs two types of input data: Data coming from other parts of the calculation: (required energy output, operating conditions, etc.), Data specified only when using this module, «local data» Typically these are product data and application conditions like localization of components (boiler, pipes indoor/outdoor) Conditions to be satisfied by custom non-en/iso modules: The input data of the replaced module, together with custom local data, shall be complete, to be able to perform the calculation according to the custom module. The available input data coming from other parts are listed as «operating conditions» in the input data specification of the replaced EN/ISO standard module

15 Set of EPB standards: unambiguous but flexible (allowing national choices, boundary conditions and input data) Each EPB standard contains: Annex A (normative): template for choices and input data needed for using the standard Annex B (informative): informative default choices and input data In general: Each individual user of the EPB standard is free to create his/her own data sheet according to the template of Annex A (~ replace the default choices and values of Annex B) 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

16 Explained in a note in each workshop Annex A and Annex B NOTE In particular for the application within the context of regional or national legal requirements. These choices (either the default choices from Annex B or choices adapted to national/regional needs), but in any case following the template of this Annex A can be made available as National Annex or as separate (e.g. legal) document. 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

17 ISO : Annex B (informative) Input data sheet with CEN values and choices 2 References 3 Overarching preparation steps 4 Building services included in the EP-calculation 5 Assessment of thermal envelope and simplifications 6 Useful floor area and metric for building size 7 EP-assessment types according to building category 8 Building categories included in EPB 9 Perimeters and overheads in the primary energy factors 10 Weighting factors and default energy carriers properties 11 Electric energy uses, production types, priority exported energy 12 Energy flows included in the energy balance 13 The k exp -factor 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

18 Table B.25 Weighting factors (based on net calorific value) 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

19 National implementation of workshop EPB standards: National cover page and the Introduction text in the EPB standards: this text allows the NSB s (or authorities) to include information regarding the position of the EPB standard in their national regulation, version indication etc NSB s can publish a National Annex to each EPB standards where they make use of the Annex A template. A National Annex is not an Annex A. A NA is a separate document, it does not have to be attached to the standard it refers to A NA could include more additional information! More National Annexes could be developed, e.g. for different building functions etc 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

20 The main target-groups of the set workshop of EPB standards It is expected, if the default values and choices in Annex B are not followed due to national regulations, policy or traditions, that: Either the NSB will consider the possibility to add or include a National Annex in agreement with the template of Annex A. Or the national or regional authorities will, in the building regulations, reference the standard and prepare data sheets containing the national or regional choices and values, in agreement with the template of Annex A. Further target groups are: users of the voluntary common European Union certification scheme for the energy performance of non-residential buildings other Pan EU or Global parties wanting to motivate their policy by classifying the building EP for a dedicated building stock. Global Innovators on the EP-market 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

21 The developed EPB workshop standards have a modular and transparent structure, an unambiguous framework for default values and choices Include default values and choices in annex B to most of the EPB standards; Include the possibility as user, national or regional authority, to create (national) Annexes based on the Annex A template; 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

22 Summary ISO and CEN are on a fast track to develop the procedures and standards for buildings, systems and products towards low energy buildings that could meet the nzeb targets The developed standards and procedures will offer the flexibility and transparency to apply them throughout Europe and Globally CEN and ISO cooperate to achieve a common set of EPB standards ( for ISO in the series: have been reserved) 9/13/2015 ISO-TC WS-Victoria

23 International workshop Victoria, September 14, 2015, Application of European and International standards for the energy performance of buildings from end-users perspectives The general framework and the common international metrics for the overall building energy performance provided by the new ISO EPB standards Demonstration of the calculation of the overall primary energy balance Dick (H.A.L.) van Dijk Senior Advisor at TNO (NL); Co-convener, CEN/TC 371/WG 1; Co-convener, ISO/TC 163/WG 4 (JWG TC 163 & TC 205)

24 Content 1. Overall primary energy balance: renewable and non-renewable energy 2. Step A, Step B approach : Appreciation of energy produced on site and exported 3. The role of renewable energy sources and renewable energy contribution 1. Examples of choices and consequences (see more in Johann Zirngibl s presentation) Slide 25

25 But first, recall: workshop the Annex A, Annex B approach Set of EPB standards: unambiguous but flexible allowing transparent national choices, boundary conditions, input data and references By the Annex A, Annex B approach Explained in presentation by Jaap Hogeling This approach is adopted in each EPB standard Slide 26

26 Instrument to facilitate EN, ISO or national differences Each EPB standard: unambiguous procedures, but with flexibility in references, choices and input data Normative template in so called Annex A of each EPB standard Example: one of the key parameters: Primary energy factors (from Overarching standard) Informative default input data in so called Annex B of each EPB standard Slide 27

27 Overall energy balance Overall energy balance: renewable and non-renewable energy Slide 28

28 Spreadsheet(s) on workshop ISO/DIS Each EPB standard is accompanied by a spreadsheet to validate and demonstrate the calculation procedures For ISO/DIS a very extensive spreadsheet is available at TC level (Livelink) ISO_DIS_ _SS_2015_05_13.xlsm But in this presentation only simple examples are shown Slide 29

29 Spreadsheet(s) on ISO/DIS Illustration from the spreadsheet Slide 30

30 Slide 31 This presentation: instead of spreadsheet: a step by step introduction workshop Spreadsheet(s) on ISO/DIS In spreadsheet: for demonstration purpose: 12 time intervals; can be 12 months, but can also be 12 hours (!)

31 Energy crossing the assessment boundary Delivered and exported energy, for each energy carrier, is weighted as associated primary energy. With distinction between the renewable and non-renewable part Assessment boundary Renewable: Associated Primary Energy Non-renewable: Pren;del Pnren;del Delivered gas, oil, electricity,.. exp;el Exported electricity,.. Pren;exp Pnren;exp Associated Primary Energy Instead of primary energy also other weighting options are provided: - Costs - CO 2 -emissions -.. Slide 32

32 Convention 1 Renewable energy produced on site is considered as delivered energy (crossing the assessment boundary) Renewable energy produced on site Non-renewable delivered energy: Pnren;del This enables a general approach to count renewable energy Assessment boundary Slide 33

33 Example 1a E pren = 300 kwh E pnren = 5250 kwh f Pren Pren;del Pnren;del f Prnen Assessment boundary Delivered electricity from PV: 300 kwh Delivered natural gas: 5000 kwh el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 Slide 34

34 el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 workshop Example 1b E pren = 500 kwh 300 Pren;del From PV: 300 kwh Delivered electricity 200 Pren;del From grid: 1000 kwh 2300 Pnren;del E pnren = 7550 kwh 5250 Pnren;del gas Delivered natural gas: 5000 kwh f Pren f Prnen el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del Slide 35

35 Example 1c E pren = 500 kwh 300 Pren;del From PV: 300 kwh E pnren = 7550 kwh 5250 Pren;del Pnren;del Pnren;del f Pren f Prnen el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 From grid: 1000 kwh Delivered natural gas: 5000 kwh exp;el el. exported: 200 kwh Exported energy. How to deal with it? Slide 36

36 Convention 2 Step A/Step B approach: Step A: Energy exported to outside the assessment boundary is recorded separately and not rewarded in the energy performance of the building. But also the associated primary energy resources that were needed to produce this exported energy are not taken into account, but recorded separately. Step B (optional choice for a country or region): All (or a fraction: k exp = 0<->1) of the exported energy is rewarded in the EP of the building But also the associated primary energy (ren and/or nren) needed to produce this energy is taken into account Slide 37

37 Example 1c E pren = 500 kwh 300 Pren;del From PV: 300 kwh E pnren = 7550 kwh 5250 Pren;del Pnren;del Pnren;del f Pren f Prnen el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 From grid: 1000 kwh Delivered natural gas: 5000 kwh exp;el el. exported: 200 kwh 1300 kwh electricity is delivered. This costed 500 kwh Pren and 2300 kwh Pnren. But 200 of the 1300 kwh is exported. Fraction (200/1300) of Pren and Pnren Slide 38 is associated to the exported energy

38 Example 1c, Step A Energy performance of the building, Step A: E pren = 423 kwh 254 Pren;del From PV: 300 kwh E pnren = 1946 kwh 5250 f Pren Pren;del Pnren;del Pnren;del f Prnen From grid: 1000 kwh Delivered natural gas: 5000 kwh Plus separate: el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 77 kwh Pren;del Pnren;del 354 kwh exp;el el. exported: 200 kwh Slide 39

39 Convention 3: How to reward exported energy in the optional Step B For the optional Step B: How is the exported energy rewarded in the EP of the building? For electricity exported to the grid: By assuming that a same amount of electricity produced elsewhere for the grid has been avoided by the exported electricity And then accounting how much primary energy (Pren and Pnren) can be associated with the avoided electricity production elsewhere. Within this convention, still different philosophies can be adopted. These will be discussed further on, each with their consequences Slide 40

40 Example 1c, Step B Add: Primary energy delivered to produce the exported energy Subtract: Avoided primary energy for the grid elsewhere 77 kwh Pren;del Pnren;del 354 kwh exp;el el. exported: 200 kwh Grid 0 kwh Pren;exp Pnren;exp 400 kwh f Pren f Prnen el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 el;exp 0,0 2,0 Slide 41

41 Example 1c, Step B Add: Primary energy delivered to produce the exported energy Subtract: Avoided primary energy for the grid elsewhere 77 kwh Pren;del Pnren;del 354 kwh exp;el el. exported: 200 kwh Grid 0 kwh Pren;exp Pnren;exp 400 kwh f Pren f Prnen el;pv;del 1,0 0,0 nat.gas;del el;grid;del 0,2 2,3 el;exp 0,0 2,0 Step A + Step B: E pren = ( 77 0) = 500 kwh E pnren = ( ) = 1900 kwh Slide 42

42 Smart observation 1 If the primary energy factors for delivered electricity from the grid and for exported electricity to the grid (avoided prim.energy elsewhere) are the same: Then no split between Step A and Step B needed, because delivered PE for exported energy == avoided PE by exported energy! Answer: This is only true, if Step B is chosen, with k exp = 1 But there may also be good reasons to have different PE factors for delivered and exported energy See discussion further on Slide 43

43 Additional optional benefit of Step A, Step B approach If a country does not want to reward exported energy from a building in the EP of the building. But if it accepts the EP of a combination of buildings ( on site or nearby ; e.g. a university campus): The exported energy from building A may be accepted as delivered energy to buildings C and D Slide 44

44 Convention 4 Especially for Step B: In case of a Combined Heat and Power system (CHP) on site: What is the rule for associating the primary energy delivered to the CHP to the produced electricity and to the produced heat? There are several conventions possible: 1. Caloric 2. Power loss, real 3. Power loss, equivalent 4. Exergetic 5. Alternative production 6. Residual power 7. Residual heat (power bonus) Many pro s and con s (internal note and spreadsheet Laurent Socal) Slide 45

45 Convention 4 (continued) In case of a Combined Heat and Power system (CHP) on site: Power bonus convention is chosen: Electricity is assumed to be produced with reference efficiency This means: reference Pren and Pnren factors for delivered energy. The extra Pren and Pnren needed for the CHP is associated to the produced heat (values can become negative if reference factors are chosen too conservative ). Reasons In case of CHP for EP Buildings: CHP is supposed to be heat demand driven electricity is a by-product The concept of reference PE factors for delivered energy is known and used for grid produced electricity Slide 46

46 Smart observation 2 I see only own use and export of electricity. But there may be also other electricity use at the building site, for non-epb uses. For instance appliances, cooking, special processes,.. Why is this not taken into account? Because it is better to use it on site than to dump it to the grid Answer: Agreed! It is taken into account: it is part of exported electricity, because it crosses the EPB assessment boundary An option is given to have separate PE factors for this. It requires that the amount of non-epb use of electricity is known. E.g. national values: kwh/m 2, depending on the building category Slide 47

47 Smart observation 3 It makes quite a difference whether the surplus of electricity is considered at hourly time intervals, or monthly or annual! Answer: True! In a monthly electricity balance, the momentary mismatch between produced and used electricity is hidden. In an annual electricity balance even worse. So, for a monthly calculation method, to be consistent with an hourly method, a utilization factor (or matching factor ) is needed to correct for the mismatch. Otherwise the monthly method will underestimate how much electricity is not used but exported to the grid Slide 48

48 Why would a country consider different PE factors for delivered and exported electricity? Examples of considerations/choices Delivered: based on national grid, mix of renewable sources and non-renewable fuel types, plant (types and ages) Exported: produced on site is most likely using modern technology should be compared to modern technology in the grid (BAT: Best Available Technology). Renewable sources in the grid get priority, so exported does not replace renewable at the grid Impact on PEF values (examples) Pren;del =0,2 Pnren;del = 2,3 Pren;exp =0,0 Pnren;exp = 2,0 Impact on market Stimulates own use of electricity over export of electricity. If values for exported electricity are also used as reference for CHP: less likely to get negative values of primary energy use for the heat production Slide 49

49 Why would a country consider different PE factors for delivered and exported electricity? Examples of considerations/choices Delivered: based on national grid, mix of renewable sources and non-renewable fuel types, plant (types and ages) Exported: produced on site is most likely using modern technology should be used to reduce the use of old low efficiency plants in the grid. Renewable sources in the grid get priority, so exported does not replace renewable at the grid Impact on PEF values (examples) Pren;del =0,2 Pnren;del = 2,3 Pren;exp =0,0 Pnren;exp = 2,7 Impact on market Higher reward for export than for own use. Stimulates export of electricity over own use of electricity!! Slide 50

50 Why would a country consider different PE factors for delivered and exported electricity? Examples of considerations/choices Impact on PEF values (examples) Impact on market Delivered: based on national grid of only non-renewable fuel types, plant (types and ages). Renewable electricity in the grid is ignored, because this is dedicated to specific use (green certificates) Exported: produced on site is most likely using modern technology should be used to reduce the use of old low efficiency plants in the gird. Renewable sources in the grid get priority, so exported does not replace renewable at the grid Pren;del = 0,0 Pnren;del = 2,5 Pren;exp = 0,0 Pnren;exp = 2,5 Neutral. Slide 51

51 Why would a country consider different PE factors for delivered and exported electricity? Examples of considerations/choices Delivered: based on national grid of only non-renewable fuel types, plant (types and ages). Exported: produced on site is not necessarily usable in the grid, and leads to lower efficiency of other sources in the grid reward only part of it (for example: 60 %: k exp = 0,6) Impact on PEF values (examples) Pren;del = 0,2 Pnren;del = 2,3 Pren;exp = 0,0 Pnren;exp = 2,5 But (in Step B ): primary energy associated to exported energy counted for only 60% (delivered [+] and avoided [-] ) Impact on market Stimulates own use and discourages export (including on site CHP) Slide 52

52 Conclusions Transparent framework National choices & consequences Spreadsheet; also publicly available: &objAction=browse&sort=name&viewType=1 More: see Johann Zirngibl Slide 53

53 The end Questions???? Slide 54

54 Application of International standards for the EP of buildings from end-users perspectives EPB requirements for [nearly] zero energy buildings and the consequences JWG TC163/205 Workshop,Victoria, September 2015 Johann Zirngibl Convenor ISO / TC205/WG9 Convenor CEN/TC371/WG1 Convenor CEN/TC228/WG4 Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 55

55 Historical evolution of requirements in Europe Roadmap to overall energy performance Product ( ) Evolution of assessment boundaries Towards global view Building envelope ( ) Tech. system ( ) Interaction Building - grid (>-2010) Nearby Building (energy consuming) Building + neighborhood Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 56

56 nzeb: How an efficient building should look like? Building products > low amount of energy required => Indicator: Thermal losses In Europe building products are taken into account by Ecodesign + labelling Directive (mandatory) Building fabric > low amount of energy required => Indicator: Building needs Technical building system > efficient heating, cooling, DHW systems => Indicator: Energy use Energy carrier > energy from renewable sources => Indicator: Non-ren primary energy Building as energy producer > cogeneration, PV => Indicator: Energy balance In Europe the building as a whole is taken into account by the Energy Performance of building Directive (framework directive) Is defining only one requirement (the most global one) transparent and satisfying? Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 57

57 Example: Only one requirement based on non renewable energy balance? 1) Building compensated by PV export + 2) Building compensated by renewable import Assessment Building boundary Energy site delivered from outside High energy bill (but exported energy) Insulation company ( ) PV producer ( ) Evaluation hypothesis: always same result (e.g. class A) Cost optimum Overall assessment enabling global optimization between on-site, nearby distant Therefore for a class A building (the best) Maybe low quality building fabric Maybe low quality technical building systems Maybe a high energy bill Will building user understand this? Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 58

58 CEN proposal for nzeb assessment the hurdle race Start Arrival Hurdle 1: Building needs (EN ISO ) Hurdle 2: Building use Total primary energy? Final energy? (EN ISO ) Hurdle 3: Delivered energy Non-renewable prim. Energy (EN ISO ) nzeb rating Primary energy balance (EN1 ISO ) Conditioned space Technical building systems Energy carriers Delivered - Exported Only delivered energy Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 59

59 1st hurdle: Energy needs 1st requirement: performance of the building fabric characterized by the energy needs Characteristics taken into account: quality of the building envelope (e.g. insulation, windows), bioclimatic design (e.g. orientation, solar gains, natural lighting) indoor climatic conditions (avoid possible negative effects). Characteristics not taken into account: Only space heating is considered, e.g. not domestic hot water No impact of technical building systems (e.g. heat pumps) ( Over insulation without considering performance of technical building systems leads to sub optimal solutions) The energy needs are calculated with EN ISO Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 60

60 2 nd hurdle: Total primary energy use 2nd requirement Efficiency of the technical building systems (e.g. HVAC installation), characterized by the total primary energy use Rationale for total primary energy factor Technical building systems are linked to an energy carrier (e.g. gas boiler). Total primary energy use is a coherent and fair way for setting technical building system requirements. Some systems (e.g. direct electrical emitters) have some of their systems losses outside the building assessment boundary (e.g. electricity). Total primary energy use allows to consider performance using renewable energy (e.g. biomass boiler) Only energies delivered through the assessment boundary from nearby and distant (not on-site!!) are taken into account (linking with the energy meters /price). Difficulty: Different evaluation if systems are moved from on-site to nearby (e.g. heat pumps), System losses by on-site renewables (e.g. solar) are not directly covered. Characteristics not taken into account: Positive influence of energies from renewable sources (e.g. active solar systems) The total primary energy use is calculated with EN ISO system standards Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 61

61 3 rd hurdle: Non-renewable primary energy use without compensation between energy carriers 3rd requirement contribution of energies from renewable sources (e.g. active solar systems) from on-site, nearby or distant characterized by the non-renewable primary energy use. Characteristics not taken into account: Building as energy producer (not only consumer) Exported energies, Interaction with grid No Overall optimization Compensation between energy services and energy carriers The non-renewable primary energy use is calculated with EN ISO system standards Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 62

62 Arrival : Final nzeb rating non-renewable primary energy with compensation Only if the requirement of each hurdle (see before) is reached then the primary energy balance assessment (rating) can be made But Country can choose the level of requirement (hurdle height) (if all hurdles low overall optimization) Arrival EP= (weighted Delivered weighted Exported) Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 63

63 Impact of definition on technologies Compensation: same or different energy carrier There are several possibilities of considering exported energies: one energy carrier can be only compensated by the same energy carrier on-site biogas could be deducted from delivered gas, PV electricity from grid electricity one energy carrier could be compensated by different energy carrier (e.g. on-site PV electricity production could be deducted from delivered gas); Compensation only between same energy carrier favors electricity use (e.g. use of heat pumps instead of condensing boilers) because exported energy is often electricity produced by PV Page 64

64 Impact of definition on technologies Compensation: same or different time step Possible Time step of compensation energy compensation only at the same time step (e.g. hourly, monthly, yearly) (e.g. auto consumption of produced electricity) energy compensation at different time step (e.g. it is admitted that the energy used by the building in winter is compensated by the PV electricity production in summer), Compensation only at the same time step favors auto-consumption and energy storage Page 65

65 Flexibility and transparency of national choices national tuning screws level of requirement CEN propose the principles (common structure) Member States defines the level of requirement (hurdle height) National choice Page 66

66 Resume Consequences of nzeb requirements on the end user (building owner, industrial) Building owner: energy bill (e.g. class A building but high energy bill) Industrial: National boundary conditions have a strong influence on technical systems: energy carrier, on-site production, auto-consumption, etc technical systems will reach or not the nzeb level technical solution will be out of market National boundary conditions should be based on cost optimum calculation!! nzeb definition = important industrial challenge nzeb definition: common + transparent metrics needed Johann.zirngibl@cstb.fr Page 67

67 The end workshop Merci Danke Thank you Page 68