SUCCESSFUL INCO-DEV Artemia Biodiversity Workshop

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1 SUCCESSFUL INCO-DEV Artemia Biodiversity Workshop THANKS TO THE GENEROUS SPONSORS: EU/Research Directorate ARC/Gent IROST Iran Dept. of Environment West Azarbaijan Governor s Ofice Shahid Kalantary Project Bonab Research Center, AEO-Iran Iran Fisheries Org. CONGRATULATIONS TO: Dr. Naser Agh Gooya Harirchi ISMO, AAARC, UU, IFRO, and everyone else who assisted in the excellent organization of the conference Non-Alcoholic!

2 ARTEMIA RESOURCE ASSESSMENT GREAT SALT LAKE PROGRAM INVE: Brad Marden and Jaimi Curl USGS: Dave Naftz SIBERIAN LAKES PROGRAMS Siberian Research and Design Institute of Fisheries Alexander Litvenenko Ludmilla Litvenenko Marina Vdovchenko Elena Boyko Siberian Fisheries Project/Altai Branch Galina Tsareva INVE Kurgan Nina Litvinenko ARAL SEA UZBEKISTAN PROGRAM Aral Artemia Company Kakabay Hankuliev Saparbay Kazakhbaev Iskandar Mirabdullaeyev Zuri Mustafaeva Iliya Zholdasova ARAL SEA KAZAHKSTAN PROGRAM IMBR Ali Kurtulus Fedya Kalimov

3 Specific Outcomes of Today s Workshop: INCO Resource Assessment Principles and Methods available on INCO website Cooperative projects that link ecology and life histories with strain characterization and adaptation. Cooperative project on Artemia population dynamics and production models

4 Artemia Task Force (ATF) Resource Assessment: Structure and Methodology Develop standardized sampling and testing methods on GSL Train science team in other geographical locations Central data collection location Standardized reporting and analysis format Distribute data to relevant groups and individuals on regular intervals

5 ATF Resource Assessment Strategic Approach Artemia population dynamics Cyst quality assessment Hydrochemistry Weather data & forecasting Regular ATF Report

6 ATF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM ARTEMIA: 2X VERTICAL PLANKTON NET TOW DISCRETE HORIZONS IN WATER COLUMN AGE CLASS REPRODUCTION SEX RATIOS CYST QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION HATCHING TESTS DIAPAUSE STATUS BUOYANCY OTHER MEASURES OF QUALITY (eg., Cracked Shells) CYST MORPHOMETRICS PERCENTAGE SHELLS

7 ATF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM HYDROCHEMISTRY AND ABIOTIC MEASUREMENTS: MICRO-NUTRIENTS (essential elements) SALINITY DISSOLVED OXYGEN TRANSPARENCY (SECCHI DISK) TEMPERATURE AT DISCRETE INTERVALS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS MICROALGAE: RELATIVE ABUNDANCE ABSOLUTE ABUNDANCE BIOVOLUME CHLOROPHYLL A

8 ATF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM WEATHER CONDITIONS: LOCAL WEATHER CONDITIONS (Temp., Precip, Wind Speed, Barometric Pressure) LONG-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS WATERSHED STATUS (Drainage Basin) ATF REPORT: GSL: WEEKLY OTHER LOCATIONS: GOAL = BIWEEKLY TO MONTHLY INCLUDING HARVEST FORECAST COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT AND OTHER RELEVANT MATTERS (IF TIME ALLOWS WE CAN REVIEW AN ATF REPORT)

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10 SB-3.5 GI-2 SK-5.5 RB-3 IC-8 WC-6 BR-1 EC-8 MC-2 HI-2 CB-4 ML-8 WR-5 PP-3 MN-2 SE-9 GS-4

11 12 Sampling Locations Sample Frequency Artemia- weekly Phytoplankton-biweekly 2 Plankton Net hauls per site Dissolved Oxygen Salinity Conductivity Water Transparency--Secchi Disk Water Temperature

12 Artemia Population structure and dynamics Biomass Reproductive endpoints Morphological characteristics Cyst quality Vertical distribution in water column Phytoplankton population composition Chlorophyll-a analysis 12 Sampling Locations Sample Frequency Artemia- weekly Phytoplankton-biweekly 2 Plankton Net hauls per site Dissolved Oxygen Salinity Conductivity Secchi Water Temperature Comparative net hauls: DWR vs. USAH

13 USAH R&D DATA Population Dynamics 2003 Cysts and Nauplii GSL Artemia Population Trends December 10, 2000 February 22, 2001 April 4, 2001 May 17, 2001 June 14, 2001 July 17, 2001 August 22, 2001 September 26, 2001 October 29, 2001 December 6, 2001 January 9, 2002 March 21, 2002 May 2, 2002 June 5, 2002 July 24, 2002 August 26, 2002 October 9, 2002 November 12, 2002 December 10, 2002 January 17, 2003 March 10, 2003 April 17, 2003 May 14, 2003 June 18, 2003 July 23, 2003 August 20, 2003 September 25, 2003 October 20, 2003 November 19, 2003 January 6, 2004 Count per Liter Nauplii Meta-nauplii Total Nauplii True Cysts DATE

14 ATF DATA GSL Population Dynamics Juvenile, Pre-adult, and Adult Population Trends Number per Liter Juveniles Pre-Adults Males Females Total Adults

15 ATF RESEARCH ON THE GSL Cyst Abundance from 1999 to 2003 CYST/SHELL DYNAMICS 1999 to Full Cysts per Liter August 25, 1999 October 21, 1999 April 4, 2000 July 24, 2000 November 3, 2000 February 22, 2001 April 4, 2001 May 8, 2001 June 14, 2001 July 17, 2001 August 27, 2001 October 18, 2001 November 20, 2001 January 16, 2002 April 11, 2002 May 28, 2002 July 24, 2002 September 11, 2002 October 23, 2002 December 4, 2002 January 17, 2003 March 21, 2003 April 30, 2003 June 4, 2003 July 23, 2003 August 28, 2003 October 7, 2003 November 12, 2003 January 6, 2004 Full Cyst Percentage Adjusted Mean Cysts/Liter %Full Cysts

16 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Reproductive Mode Reproductive Mode April 11, 2002 May 11, 2002 June 11, 2002 July 11, 2002 August 11, 2002 September 11, 2002 October 11, 2002 November 11, 2002 December 11, 2002 January 11, 2003 February 11, 2003 March 11, 2003 April 11, 2003 May 11, 2003 June 11, 2003 July 11, 2003 August 11, 2003 September 11, 2003 October 11, 2003 November 11, 2003 December 11, 2003 January 11, 2004 %FE/Gravid F %FC/Gravid F %FN/Gravid F Date Percentage of All Gravid Females

17 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Diapause Status of Cysts GSL Water Column Cyst Quality Characteristics: Hatching Percentage Net Cysts HO% +H2O2 Net Cysts HO% AS IS December 1, 2001 December 15, 2001 December 29, 2001 January 12, 2002 January 26, 2002 February 9, 2002 February 23, 2002 March 9, 2002 March 23, 2002 April 6, 2002 April 20, 2002 May 4, 2002 May 18, 2002 June 1, 2002 June 15, 2002 June 29, 2002 July 13, 2002 July 27, 2002 August 10, 2002 August 24, 2002 September 7, 2002 September 21, 2002 October 5, 2002 October 19, 2002 November 2, 2002 November 16, 2002 November 30, 2002 December 14, 2002 December 28, 2002 January 11, 2003 January 25, 2003 February 8, 2003 February 22, 2003 March 8, 2003 March 22, 2003 April 5, 2003 April 19, 2003 May 3, 2003 May 17, 2003 May 31, 2003 June 14, 2003 June 28, 2003 July 12, 2003 July 26, 2003 August 9, 2003 August 23, 2003 September 6, 2003 September 20, 2003 October 4, 2003 October 18, 2003 November 1, 2003 November 15, 2003 November 29, 2003 December 13, 2003 December 27, 2003 January 10, 2004 January 24, 2004 DATE

18 Median or Adjusted Mean? Adjusted Mean and Median Comparison: Full Cysts Per Liter Cysts Per Liter January 7, 2003 January 21, 2003 February 4, 2003 February 18, 2003 March 4, 2003 March 18, 2003 April 1, 2003 April 15, 2003 April 29, 2003 May 13, 2003 May 27, 2003 June 10, 2003 June 24, 2003 July 8, 2003 July 22, 2003 August 5, 2003 August 19, 2003 September 2, 2003 September 16, 2003 September 30, 2003 October 14, 2003 October 28, 2003 November 11, 2003 November 25, 2003 December 9, 2003 December 23, 2003 January 6, 2004 January 20, 2004 Adjusted Mean Cysts/Liter Median Cysts/Liter

19 DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND TRANSPARENCY Great Salt Lake Dissolved Oxygen and Water Transparency January 24, 2001 March 7, 2001 April 4, 2001 May 8, 2001 May 31, 2001 June 19, 2001 July 17, 2001 August 6, 2001 September 7, 2001 October 3, 2001 October 29, 2001 November 20, 2001 December 19, 2001 January 16, 2002 March 21, 2002 April 23, 2002 May 17, 2002 June 18, 2002 July 24, 2002 August 14, 2002 September 19, 2002 October 15, 2002 November 12, 2002 December 4, 2002 December 30, 2002 January 24, 2003 March 10, 2003 April 9, 2003 April 30, 2003 May 20, 2003 June 18, 2003 July 16, 2003 August 7, 2003 August 28, 2003 September 25, 2003 October 14, 2003 November 4, 2003 November 25, 2003 January 6, 2004 Percent of Atmosphere DO Bottom DO Surface Secchi Disk (m) Secchi Disk in Meters

20 WATER TEMPERATURE AND POPULATION SIZE Total Artemia and GSL Water Temperature December February April 4, May 17, June 14, July 17, August 22, September October December January 9, March 21, May 2, June 5, July 24, August 26, October 9, November December January March 10, April 17, May 14, June 18, July 23, August 20, September October November January 6, Individuals per Liter Total Artemia/L Surface Temp DATE Surface Temperature in C

21 VERTICAL PROFILE: Cysts,Temperature, Salinity, DO VERTICAL PROFILE: Salinity in ppt Cysts Per Liter DEPTH (m) AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DECEMBER JANUARY MONTH VERTICAL PROFILE: Dissolved Oxygen VERTICAL PROFILE: Temperature in Degrees C

22 Cyst Morphometrics: Floating & Sinking Cysts Floating Cyst Diameter Statistics Sinking Cysts Diameter Minimum Maxim um Mean Stdev 15.8 Sterr 0.4 Count 1501 Confidence95% Low er Quartile Upper Quartile 238 Statistics Minimum Maximum Mean Stdev 14 Sterr 0.4 Count 1501 Confidence95% Lower Quartile Upper Quartile 237.9

23 Cyst Morphometrics: Sinking/Floating Cysts SUMMARY STATISTICS FLOATING CYSTS Cyst-diameter: ± 15.8 µm Embryo-diameter: ± 14.4 µm Chorion-thickness: 9.85 µm SINKING CYSTS Cyst-diameter: ± 14.0 µm Embryo-diameter: ± 13.0 µm Chorion-thickness: 9.35 µm

24 CYST BUOYANCY TESTS: Oct & Nov Percentage of Floating Cysts 100.0% 90.0% Percentage Floating 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% Cysts Collected on Nov 25 Cysts Collected on Nov % 0.0% GSL H2O 160 PPT DH2O Water Treatment Group OCTOBER 7, 2003 PERCENTAGE FLOATING CYSTS 100% Buoyancy Response Curve 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage of Floating Cysts 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Salinity in PPT

25 Sex Ratios: 1995 to 2000 Sex Ratio: Female:Male Aug-95 Dec-95 Apr-96 Aug-96 Dec-96 Apr-97 Aug-97 Dec-97 Apr-98 Aug-98 Dec-98 Apr-99 Aug-99 Dec-99 Apr-00 Aug-00 Dec-00 DATE

26 Sex Ratios: 2001 an Unusual Year 3/20/01 4/3/01 4/17/01 5/1/01 5/15/01 5/29/01 6/12/01 6/26/01 7/10/01 7/24/01 8/7/01 8/21/01 9/4/01 9/18/01 10/2/01 10/16/01 10/30/01 11/13/01 11/27/01 12/11/01 12/25/01 DATE Ratio Female:Male

27 Phytoplankton Trends 1996 to 2001 Chlorophyte Diatom Other Relative Abundance 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Year

28 Hydrological and Hydrochemical Research Nutrient and isotopic data Dissolved-gas data Gage installation/discharge measurements Bathymetric map update Update on GSL standards/ltho activities Plans of next quarter Great Salt Lake Research Team

29 POM δ 15 N CHANGES AT INFLOW SITES δ 15 N, PERMIL Farmington Bay inflow Bear River inflow Weber River inflow Feb Mar Apr May

30 N ISOTOPE (POM/SHRIMP) δ 15 N trophic enrichment FB POM 04/01/2004 GSL POM 5/04 Mean input POM (Apr/May) 5 4 N 2 fixers ?

31 ARAL SEA STUDY Seasonal Dynamics of Artemia Nauplii Abundance in the Aral Sea Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jun-03 Count per Liter 17-Aug-03 Nauplii Meta-nauplii Total Nauplii Water Temperature of Western Aral Sea by Depth 2001 to Jul-01 Sep-01 Nov-01 Jan-02 Mar-02 May-02 Jul-02 Sep-02 Nov-02 Jan-03 Mar-03 May-03 Temperature in Degrees Centigrade Jul-03 1m 20m 30m

32 ARAL SEA MICRO-ALGAE Relative Abundance of Phytoplankton: Aral Sea/Uzbekistan July 21, 2003 Cyanophyta 27% Chlorophyta 67% Bacillaryophyta 6% Temporal Changes in the Algal Cell Abundance Cell Counts per ml Aral Sea 2002 to ,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Jan-03 Feb-03 Mar-03 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Counts per ml Cyanophyta Bacillaryophyta Pyrrhophyta Euglenophyta Chrysophyta Chlorophyta

33 Bolshoye Yarovoje, Siberia Artemia parthenogenetica.. Parthenogenic Artemia sp. + characteristics Juven. N/adult. Ad u lt /04 23/04 07/05 17/05 28/05 05/06 25/06 10/07 24/07 13/08 22/08 11/09 16/10 Bolshoye Diapause Status october december 10-20/ / /02 april june

34 ARTEMIA RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TOPICS OF CONCERN SAMPLING PROGRAM Qualitative Quantitative. LABORATORY STUDIES Life History Traits Feeding Studies Cyst Quality Characteristics ECONOMICS Cost of Production Market Trends Commercial Viability MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES Sustainable Management Ecosystem Functions

35 SETTING PRIORITIES AND OBJECTIVES What do you want to accomplish? Quick survey Commercial potential Long-term and systematic monitoring program Detailed study on a particular aspect of Artemia biology. What are the most important outcomes? Artemia population/production model. Management approach. Successful commercial exploitation Advancement of science through published papers. Nobel Prize

36 Preliminary (qualitative) Sampling Program Collect all available reports, data, information on lake of interest. Identify spatial and temporal patterns and unique characteristics. Compartmentalize lake in terms of theoretical functional characteristics. Create ecological (functional) zones. Link logical associations of ecological zones with Artemia biology. Define initial experimental design (use stratified random approach) Be realistic in terms of time, manpower, and expense Begin small-scale sampling program Review results and CRITICALLY examine initial assumptions. Use results to define final experimental design.

37 DEFINITIVE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM COMPONENTS OF PROGRAM. Artemia population dynamics Cyst quality assessment Micoalgae studies. Hydrochemistry Weather conditions ITERATIVE PROCESS: Collect data, evaluate, modify and improve methods

38 LABORATORY STUDIES Cyst trait characterization Micro-algae identification Chlorophyll Hydrochemical analyses Feeding experiments

39 Cyst Characterization Quality Hatching results and optimization of hatching conditions Diapause Morphometrics Buoyancy Nutritional Profile Shelf Life

40 USAH R&D DATA In situ Cyst Quality Assessments Percentage of Cracked Cysts in the Water Column on Date, 2003 Hatching Percentage for Water Column Cysts 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% As Is 10ppm Peroxide White Rock Mollys Grantsville Spit Plug Peak Carrington Bay Hat Island East Culvert West Culvert Bombing Range Mag Corp South End Mid Lake White Rock Mollys Grantsville Spit Plug Peak Carrington Bay Hat Island East Culvert West Culvert Bombing Range Mag Corp South End Mid Lake 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% Early Breaking of Water Column Cysts Hatching Results by Vertical Distribution (5 ppm Peroxide) Hatching Percentage (H +) AS IS Plus H2O2 Percentage of Cracked Shells White Rock Mollys Grantsville Spit Plug Peak Carrington Bay Hat Island East Culvert West Culvert Bombing Range Mag Corp South End Mid Lake Depth in Meters

41 Not enough time, manpower, or money so what can be done? Intensive effort at critical times of year. Reduce expectations and refine objectives. Teamwork approach (GET HELP): Solicit interpretations, advice, equipment, applicable research results from Artemia Family. Seek alternative funding sources. Clone Dr. Naser Agh.

42 GSL CYST DENSITY (cysts/liter) Aug-95 Nov-95 May-96 Aug-96 Feb-97 May-97 Sep-97 Dec-97 Apr-98 Jul-98 Nov-98 Mar-99 Jun-99 Sep-99 Oct-99 Nov-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Jan-01 NUMBER PER LITER Sex Ratio: Female:Male NAUPLII JUV TOTAL ADULTS DATE 0 8/3/95 9/25/95 2/7/96 4/29/96 5/31/96 8/19/96 11/20/96 3/11/97 5/5/97 6/23/97 9/23/97 11/3/97 1/21/98 4/8/98 5/18/98 7/15/98 10/5/98 11/19/98 2/12/99 5/6/99 6/28/99 8/11/99 9/28/99 10/18/99 11/9/99 11/29/99 1/24/00 3/29/00 6/12/00 7/18/00 9/6/00 9/28/00 10/25/00 11/20/00 12/5/00 1/24/01 DATES NUMBER PER LITER Aug-95 Dec-95 Apr-96 Aug-96 Dec-96 Apr-97 Aug-97 Dec-97 Apr-98 Aug-98 Dec-98 Apr-99 Aug-99 Dec-99 Apr-00 Aug-00 Dec-00 DATE Forecasting and Predictive Models: Moving Beyond Simple Descriptive Statistics 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 2002 Reproductive Mode %FE/Gravid F %FC/Gravid F %FN/Gravid F May 2, 2002 May 9, 2002 May 16, 2002 May 23, 2002 May 30, 2002 June 6, 2002 June 13, 2002 June 20, 2002 June 27, 2002 July 4, 2002 July 11, 2002 July 18, 2002 Date Percentage of All Gravid Females Parts per Thousand Year 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Relative Abundance 0% Chlorophyte Diatom Other Year

43 Utah State University Population Growth Model Establishes the Standard for Management ANNUAL POPULATION GROWTH RATE Spring, 2001 Spring, 2002 Minimum Post-harvest cyst density=21 c/l SPRING CYSTS (#/liter)

44 SIMPLE FORECASTNG TOOL Correlation between 2nd Generation and Cyst Production Pre-Harvest Cysts Per Liter y = Ln(x) R 2 = nd Generation Nauplii Per Liter Correlation Between 2nd Generation and Harvest Quantity Metric Tonnes Harvested y = Ln(x) R 2 = nd Generation Nauplii Per Liter

45 EARLY FORECAST PREDICTIONS EARLY FORECAST PREDICTIONS May/June 2001 Pre-Season Cyst Density Prediction = 87 c/l Actual = 87 c/l Industry Harvest in Metric Tonnes Prediction = 8040 mt (modified in September to 8269) Actual = 8312 mt May 23, 2002 Pre-Season Cyst Density Prediction = 92 c/l Actual = 104 c/l Industry Harvest in Metric Tonnes Prediction = 8606 mt (not modified in September) Actual Harvest = 11, 588 mt

46 ARTEMIA POPULATION MODELS DUE TO TIME CONSTRAINTS, AND LIMITATIONS IN SKILLS, OUR DATA INTERPRETATION HAS BEEN ALMOST ENTIRELY LIMITED TO DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS. IT IS ABUNDANTLY OBVIOUS THAT THERE ARE MUCH BETTER AND MORE SOPHISTICATED MODELS AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS THAT SHOULD BE APPLIED TO THESE DATA. WE APOLOGIZE FOR THE LACK OF CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE DATA.

47 Sustainable Exploitation and Management Strategies Maintain ecosystem functions of the Artemia. Consideration given to economic efficiency in management objectives: limited entry, open competition, transferable harvesting quotas. Use the commercial development to support research and protect the ecosystem.

48 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Scale Considerations: COMPARISON OF Resource Size & Harvesting Capacity BOLSHOE YARAVOE AND THE GREAT SALT LAKE GENT BELGIUM APRIL 24, 2001 GSL Brine Shrimp Industry: Demonstrated capability to harvest more than 500 MT per day.

49 ECONOMICS OF EXPLOITATION GUIDING PRINCIPLES: Benefit local communities. Provide dignity and quality to life. Use harvest fees for research and management. Appropriate scale of development ECONOMIC REALITIES: Volatile pricing and demand Substantial global competition: GSL, PRC, Central Asia. Production facilities are extremely costly to develop and operate Aquaculture industry is becoming more efficient in use of Artemia.global consumption has decreased in recent years (from 2,300 MT to around 2,000 MT per year) VERY HIGH RISK BUSINESS but with risk comes rewards.

50 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION DON T EXAGGERATE EXPECTED FINANCIAL GAINS DO EXTENSIVE RESEARCH INTO: TRANSPORT COSTS LABOR COSTS EQUIPMENT COSTS (Especially Replacement Costs) POTENTIAL HARVESTING COSTS UNDERSTAND ALL ASPECTS OF YOUR RESOURCE EVALUATE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MARKET TRENDS. START SMALL AND GROW INCREMENTALLY ALWAYS RE-EVALUATE ASSUMPTIONS

51 RESOURCE ASSEMENT FUNDAMENTALS Clearly define objectives Thorough background research Iterative process: research, design, implementation, and critical self-evaluation Be systematic Teamwork/International cooperation Use appropriate technology and scale ENJOY THE WORK! THERE IS TREMENDOUS SATISFACTION IN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

52 PLEASE ASK QUESTIONS!

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