The Strategic Role of Bioenergy for Indonesia

Transcription

1 The Strategic Role of Bioenergy for Indonesia Tatang H. Soerawidjaja President of Indonesian Association of Bioenergy Scientist and Technologists (IABEST) German-Indonesia Workshop Biomass : Our Last Resource Defining Sustainable Policies and Management of Indonesia s Biomass Utilization 26 September 2011, ITB s East Aula, Bandung, Indonesia

2 Biomass and Bioenergy Bioenergy energy obtained/generated/derived from biomass. Biomass recent organic matter originally derived from plants or animals; products & wastes of the agricultural sector; also include organic municipal wastes. Most important final forms of bioenergy : Biofuels; Biomass-based electricity. 2

3 Why bioenergy is important?. The basis our energy system has to be shifted/transformed from fossil resources to renewable resources : avoiding the possible catastrophic effects of excessive accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; alleviating the threat to energy security caused by the continually increasing price of crude petroleum oil. The world s current energy systems have, for about a century, been built around the many advantages of fossil fuels, and we now depend overwhelmingly upon them. Fossil resources are basically fuel resources!. Hence, all technologies and machines to convert fuel into electricity, heat, etc, are now readily/widely available. 3

4 Biomass is presently the only renewable fuel resource and, hence, could substitute fossil fuels in all energy markets!. The other renewable energy resources (solar, hydro, wind, geothermal heat, ocean current, ocean wave, ocean thermal energy, and nuclear) are only easily convertible into electricity. The production and utilization of bioenergy could use those technology and machines that have been painstakingly developed to utilize fossil resources. Bioenergy is a vital transitional bridge in the shifting/ transformation of our fossil-based energy system to a renewable-based one!. 4

5 Bioenergy is a keycomponent and a viable opportunity in the struggle towards the achievement of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). Therefore, bioenergy is the part of the world s energy economy that is most dynamic. We all have seen the recent and present rapid growth of the (liquid) biofuel industry. In 2005, bioenergy represents about 10 % of world s energy supply and constitutes 78 % of all renewables. 5

6 Bioenergy demand will continually increase. In 2050, its contribution will be almost equal to the summed total contribution of the other renewable energies. 1 EJ = J Projection of world total primary energy consumption according to the Sustainable Development Vision Scenario of International Energy Agency (2003) 6

7 In Asia, bioenergy contribution will be even more significant!. 1 EJ = J Projection of Asia total primary energy consumption according to the Sustainable Development Vision Scenario of International Energy Agency (2003) 7

8 The strategic role and significance of bioenergy in Indonesia The highly archipelagic nature of the country cause much difficulties in establishing adequate transmission and distribution of electricity as well as commercial fuels. National interconnection of electricity networks is only viable for the 5 largest islands (Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua) and a few smaller islands nearby them. A large number of islands (> ) must be able to generate their own supply to fulfil the needed energy (struggle to become self-sufficient). Distributed mini-/microgeneration modes!. Biomass ( bioenergy resource) is available in all islands. 8

9 Biomass is also the renewable energy resource having largest year-round availability!. Renewable energy resource Availability factor (%) Biomass 85 Geothermal 85 Ocean current 70 Hydro 60 Wave 50 Solar 40 Wind 30 9

10 Indonesia is bestowed with large biodiversity and vast potential farmland that could be utilized to take maximum advantages of the moving-toward-renewables trend. If sustainably exploited could strengthen country s energy security and balance of payment, create large job opportunity, alleviate poverty, enhance equitable economic growth, and contribute to greenhouse gas emission abatement. Bioenergy production from agricultural residues, harvesting and processing wastes, etc, could have important role in strengthening the structure and competitiveness of the domestic agricultural sector and food industry. Gap/discrepancy between availability and utilization : 10

11 In ASEAN, Indonesia is the largest biomass producer... Biomass available for energy generation in ASEAN countries Source : Saku Rantanen (Pöyry),

12 ... but relatively is the smallest user/beneficiator!. Biomass utilization for energy generation in ASEAN countries Source : Saku Rantanen (Pöyry), 2009 That very large potential is still much underutilized!. 12

13 Biomass for electricity provision The presently available but still abandoned biomass potential could be exploited to provide : Additional electricity supply to partly fulfil the ever growing demand in the relatively developed regions. Capacity 3 MWe; Technologies : advanced combustion, gasification, steam and gas turbines, biogas generation/engine. Need government policy to facilitate the business! Access to electricity in the remote areas/villages/ islands ( increasing the national electrification ratio, presently around 66 %). Capacity < 3 MWe (frequently < 1 Mwe); technological capability of the local society is at the level of subsistence agriculture. 13

14 Suitable (or most appropriate) technologies for biomassbased remote area electrification : 1. Farm-scale biogas digester and engine. 2. Lister-type diesel generator fueled by locally produced pure plant oils. 3. Simple combustion plus organic Rankine cycle technology. GOI has demonstrated biogas digester + engine technology in a number of areas. More development and demonstration work is needed. No. 2 and no. 3 are still in the R & D stage; initial demonstration by the government to be recommended. Note : The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology could also be applied for utilizing small geothermal (e.g. hot springs) resources. 14

15 Biofuel development Liquid fuels are the best (and most strategic) form of final commercial energy : Could be stored conveniently for a long time (thus, a reserve to face emergency situations). Portable, could be transported and shipped easily. Has high energy density. Relatively easy to ignite, but not easily explode. Could be easily converted to electricity. Extremely important for transportation sector. Biomass is the only renewable energy resource that could yield or is easily convertible to liquid fuels ( biofuels). 15

16 Biofuels for land transportation are most imortant. Bioethanol for gasoline engines/vehicles. 1 st generation bioetanol is made via bioconversion/ fermentation of starchy and sugary materials. 2 nd generation bioethanol is made from (non-food) lignocellulosic biomass resources (e.g. oilpalm/coconut empty fruit bunches, sago cortex, bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, wood, etc.) via delignification/pretreatment + fermentation. Biodiesel for automotive diesel engine (diesel vehicles). 1 st generation biodiesel is fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) and mad from vegetable oil (palm oil, coconut oil, etc). 2 nd generation biodiesel is biohydrocarbon and made from (non-food) lignocellulosic biomass resources via gasification + Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The technologies of 2 nd generation biofuels are being developed. Expected to be commercially applicable starting in the next decade. 16

17 Thus, the production of 2 nd generation biofuels will not compete with food provision!. The production 1 st generation biofuels will later on utilizes surplus of edible feedstocks (sugar, starch, fatty oils) and also non edible starchy and fatty raw materials. The world is also moving toward a bio-based economy!. To minimize land requirement, Future choice of energy crops : MULTIPURPOSE ENERGY CROPS!. mutually supporting with the production/provision of food and other important bio-based products (fiber, rubber, bioactive substances for medicine, pesticide, insecticide, etc). 17

18 Some identified multipurpose energy crops of Indonesia Category 1 : yields foodstuff and, during harvesting, produces large quantity of biomass residue. E.g. oilpalm, coconut, sago, sugarcane, sweet sorghum, grain sorghum, corn, Coix lacryma-jobi (job s tear). Oilpalm is the best; palm family has large potensial. Sorghum and job s tear need to be developed. Category 2 : yields foodstuff and fast growing (firewood crop or short-rotation coppice). E.g. : Moringa oleifera (horseradish), Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea), Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit). Breadfruit flour is a potential substitute for (imported) wheat flour. The nut of pigeonpea is stated to be potential for making tofu and tempe (now made from soybean). 18

19 Category 3 : yield nonedible oil and either fast growing or produces (bioactive) chemical products. E.g. : Pongamia pinnata (pongam, karanj), Azadirachta indica (neem), Calophyllum inophyllum, Samadera indica. All produce bioactive chemicals. Pongam, neem, and Samadera are fast growing. Pongam, neem, and Calophyllum could stand salty/sea water. Pongam and neem are nitrogen-fixing trees. Category 4 : yield fiber or latex and also (non edible) fatty oil. E.g. : rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), kapok (Ceiba pentandra), gutta-percha (Palaquium gutta). Surplus kapok fiber could also be utilized to produce 2 nd generation bioethanol. 19

20 Category 5 : yield non-edible oil and functionable for land or coastal area conservation. E.g. : Calophyllum inophyllum, candle nut (Aleurites moluccana), and banucalag (Aleurites/Reutealis trisperma). How about Jatropha curcas?. According to M.M. Azam, A. Waris, and N.M. Nahar [Biomass and Bioenergy 29, (2005)], the order of potential productivity of non edible oil plants are : Pongamia pinnata, 5499 kg/ha/yr; Calophyllum inophyllum, 4680; Azadirachta indica, 2670; Jatropha curcas, 2500; Ziziphus mauritiana, There exist need to develop other products from Jatropha curcas!. Otherwise, it will be losing competition against members of category 3 multipurpose energy crops. 20

21 Indonesia must anticipate the coming era of 2 nd generation biofuels and bio-based economy, which would probably start in the next decade, by making their potential but underutilized multipurpose energy crops ready to cultivate and exploit. Developing new plantations will take 5 10 years. Need extensive as well as intensive R & D!. Perhaps could be carried out in cooperation with developed countries (e.g. Germany). Australia, for example, has a large R & D program on Pongamia pinnata. [This tree is now also included in the World Bank Publication s Bioenergy development (2010)]. Faculty of Industrial Technology of ITB is planning to open undergraduate programs on Food Engineering and Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy. 21

22 Concluding Remarks Bioenergy is a vital transitional bridge in the shifting/ transformation of our fossil-based energy system to a renewable-based one!. Utilization of biomass for energy (either to generate electricity or produce liquid biofuel) has a very strategic role in Indonesia s Sustainable Energy Development Suitable (or most appropriate) technologies for biomassbased remote area electrification have been putforward. Several categories of multipurpose energy crops have been described and important examples from each category, most of them need to be developed, have been pointed out. 22

23 THANK YOU VERY MUCH for your attention yahoo.com