Risk assessment methods of salinization in Europe

Transcription

1 Risk assessment methods of salinization in Europe T. Tóth 1, E. Bloem 2, S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee 2 A. Hagyó 1, 1 Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 Soil Physics, Ecohydrology and Groundwater Management Group, Wageningen University, Netherlands January 26, 2009 CMDA, rue du Champs de Mars 21, 1050 Brussels Risk Assessment Methodologies for Soil Threats

2 SCHEME OF THE PRESENTATION Occurrence of Salt-Affected Soils in Europe Research on Salt-Affected Soils during Last Ten Years in Europe Risk Assessment Methodologies of EU Countries based on the Answers to the RAMSOIL Questionnaires Options for Harmonization and Risk Perception Conclusions

3 Occurrence of Salt-Affected Soils in Europe

4 SALINIZATION IS RELATED TO NEGATIVE SOIL WATER BALANCE AND PRESENCE OF MOBILE SOLUBLE SALTS IN THE SOIL/SUBSOIL/GROUNDWATER. THE MAP OF ARIDITY INDEX SHOWS AREAS WHERE SALINIZATION IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR DUE TO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. ARIDITY INDEX= yearly PRECIPITATION / POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Hyperarid < 0.05 // Arid // Semiarid // Dry subhumid // Moist subhumid & humid >0.65 Source: Ghassemi et al. 1995

5 Generally accepted categorization of field soils Soil EC e (ds m -1 ) ESP SAR e ph e category Non saline, < 4 < 15 < 13 < 8.5 non alkali/sodic Saline > 4 < 15 < 13 < 8.5 Alkali/sodic < 4 > 15 > 13 > 8.5 Saline - alkali/sodic > 4 > 15 > 13 > 8.5

6 AREA (M ha) COVERED BY SALT-AFFECTED SOILS IN EUROPE TYPE SODIC SOIL SALINE SOIL HUMAN-INDUCED SALINE SOIL AREA EUROPE ASIA Tanji, 1991

7 EUROPEAN MAP OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS, Szabolcs 1974 Thresholds: Saline: > 1% Salt, ~ EC =15 ds/m Alkali: >15 ESP

8 Mapping unit of the Map of Szabolcs, 1974 Alkali soil Poten- Total Country Saline without with tial area. soil structural B-horizon salt in noncalc. calc. affected 1000 soil ha Austria Bulgaria Czecho slovakia France Greece 3 Hungary Italy Portugal 25 Romania Spain 840 U.S.S.R Yugoslavia

9 Map of Saline and Sodic Soils in the European Union: Status and Potentials, Tóth et al., 2008 Thresholds: Saline: > EC =15 ds/m or >4 ds/cm if ph >8.5 Sodic: > 6 ESP

10 Research on Salt-Affected Soils during Last Ten Years in Europe

11 FREQUENCY OF TOPICS AND EU CONTRIES IN PAPERS OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SOIL SCIENCE JOURNALS ON ISSUES RELATED TO SALINIZATION AND SODIFICATION (n=15 from Geoderma and European Journal of Soil Science) Belgium France Germany Hungary Poland Spain UK FORMATION PHYSICS CHEMISTRY EVAPORITES MODELING MAPPING IRRIGATION RECLAMATION

12 FREQUENCY OF EU CONTRIES IN PAPERS OF SPECIALIZED MEETINGS RELATED TO SALINIZATION AND SODIFICATION (n=101) Austria Yugoslavia United Kingdom Turkey Sw itzerland Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus France Germany Greece Spain Hungary Russia Romania Italy Portugal Netherlands

13 FREQUENCY OF TOPICS IN PAPERS OF SPECIALIZED MEETINGS RELATED TO SALINIZATION AND SODIFICATION (n=101) VEGETATION SECONDARY SALINZATIO SALT TOLERANCE REMOTE SENSING CHEMISTRY ECOLOGY EVAPORITES FORMATION RECLAMATION IRRIGATION PHYSICS MONITORING MODELING MANAGEMENT MAPPING

14 Risk Assessment Methodologies of EU Countries based on the Answers to the RAMSOIL Questionnaires

15 Aim, Methodology, Data, Techniques, Application scale, Documents, Website, Literature, Spatial & Temporal Resolution Data requirements, Use of models, Existing data & scale, Sensitivity, Estimated results

16 Inventory of current RAMs on salinization throughout the EU Questionnaires with answers were received: Cyprus (preferred, not implemented) Greece (preferred, not implemented) Hungary (2) Slovakia Spain + Romania RAMs indicated by the countries are all different only Hungary has an officially recognized assessment

17 Country Cyprus Aim Vulnerability and risk mapping Performing institution Government, Department of Agriculture Methodology Quantitative- process based-model, expert analysis Data Soil texture, chemical properties of irrigation water, climate, soil characteristics, groundwater information Techniques Field observations and laboratory analysis Application scale 1:25000 Documents Vulnerability zone map Risk zone map Comments The available data derive from previous projects and studies. Website Not available Literature Calcareous Soils of Cyprus (Cypriot- German Geological and Pedological Project, BGR) Resolution Spatial 1:25000 Temporal The time interval depends on the sort of data Data requirements Use of models & calibration/validation data Existing data & scale Only case studies Sensitivity xx Estimated results

18 Country Greece Aim Vulnerability mapping Soil Science Institute of Athens (National Agricultural Performing institution Research Foundation) Qualitative expert based, Quantitative empirical model, Methodology Expert analysis Soil typological unit (STU) (soil type), chemical properties of irrigation water, climate, soil characteristics, groundwater Data information, pedotransfer functions, soil hydraulic properties, land use, simulation model Techniques Field observations and laboratory analysis Application scale 1:5000 Documents Vulnerability zone map RAM for salinization in Greece can be based on parameters such as topography, soil texture, hydrogeology, ground water level and quality, water usage, distance from the sea and Comments balance of rainfall vs. evapotranspiration. Direct measurements of soil electrical conductivity either in the field or in the lab might be an acceptable approach. Website Literature Spatial 1:5000 Resolution Temporal Once every 5-10 years Data requirements Direct measurements of a state/trend Use of models & calibration/validation data Existing data & scale Only case studies Sensitivity Fast, immediate response Estimated results

19 Country Hungary (Tisza irrigation project evaluation) Aim Hazard mapping, risk mapping Performing institution Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Methodology Quantitative process based-model Soil typological unit (STU) (soil type), soil texture (STU Data level), chemical properties of irrigation water, soil characteristics, groundwater information, soil hydraulic properties, land use, spatial soil information Techniques Field observations, geographical information systems, and laboratory analysis Application scale 1:25000 Documents Hazard zone map Risk zone map Comments xx Website xx Szabolcs, I., Várallyay, Gy., Darab, K., Soil and hydraulic survey for the prognosis and monitoring of salinity Literature and alkalinity. In: Prognosis of Salinity and Alkalianity. Report of an Expert Consultation, Rome, 3 5 June, Soil Bulletin No FAO. Rome. Spatial 1:25000 Resolution Annually, once every 1-5 years or once every 5-10 years: Temporal Depending on the changeability of parameters Data requirements Direct measurements of a state/trend Use of models & Existing data & scale Regional Sensitivity Fast, immediate response

20 Example map created for the eastern part of the Hungarian Plain CORE: Prediction of the effect of field irrigation on soil properties in view of groundwater depth & salinity through the estimation of salt balance

21 Country Hungary (TIM evaluation) Aim Hazard mapping (monitoring) Performing institution Hungarian Soil Conservation Service Methodology Quantitative process based-model Climate Data Soil ph Soil salinity Groundwater depth Techniques Field observations, laboratory analysis Application scale 1236/93.000km2 Documents Kovács et al., 2006 Comments Website FULL.pdf Spatial 1: Resolution Temporal annually Data requirements Direct measurements of a state Use of models & calibration/validation data Existing data & scale National Sensitivity Fast, immediate response

22 Boundary of salt-affected region CORE: Tendency of yearly monitored soil salinity in relation to groundwater level changes The extent of groundwater drop and rise in Hungary compared to the baseline years of , and the clear tendencies of soil salinity changes at 23 monitoring points during 1992 and Arrow indicates decreasing and arrow indicates increasing yearly soil salinity. Other, (W, M etc.) monitoring points (42) signs indicate not clear tendency of yearly soil salinity changes.

23 Country Aim Performing institution Methodology Data Techniques Application scale Documents Comments Website Spatial Resolution Temporal Data requirements Use of models & calibration/validation data Existing data & scale Sensitivity Estimated results Slovakia Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Qualitative expert-based Soil typological unit (STU) (soil type), soil texture (STU level), climate, soil characteristics, groundwater information, pedotransfer functions, soil hydraulic properties, land use Remote sensing Elements at risk Annually Direct measurements of a state/trend National Don t know

24 Country Aim Performing institution Methodology Data Spain Risk mapping Desertification Research Centre Quantitative process based model Qualitative weighting-rating Soil typological unit (STU) (soil type), soil texture (STU level), chemical properties of irrigation water, climate, soil characteristics, groundwater information, pedotransfer functions, soil hydraulic properties, land use, spatial soil information Using three base maps (drainage map, climate classification map, and irrigation water quality map) in GIS program. Techniques Field observations, geographical information systems, and laboratory analysis Application scale Regional (1:?) Documents Risk zone map Comments Website xx De Paz, J.M., Visconti, F., Zapata, R. & Sánchez, J. (2004). The Use of Two Logical Models Integrated in a GIS to Literature Evaluate the Soil Salinization in the Irrigation Land of Valencian Community (Spain). Soil Use and Management, 20: Spatial Regional (1:?) Resolution At the moment 2 years data in four period/year+irrigation Temporal periods+after intense rain events Data requirements Modelled and direct measurements of a state/trend Use of models & calibration/validation data Existing data & scale Only case studies Sensitivity Estimated results Intermediate response

25 CORE: Expert based prediction of the effect of local irrigation water on local soil profiles Location of the soil samples used for the model validation (at the left) and map of the salinity predictions obtained by applying the Pla model for Valencia (at the right) (De Paz et al., 2004)

26 Definition of the indicators used to compare the RAMs, arrows show increasing difficulty

27 Ambiguousness Cyprus Scale Transparency Ambiguousness Greece Scale Transparency Cost efficiency Complexity Cost efficiency Complexity Hungary 1 Scale 1 Slovakia Scale 1 Ambiguousness Transparency Ambiguousness Transparency Cost efficiency Complexity Spain Scale Cost efficiency Complexity 0.6 Ambiguousness Transparency 0 Cost efficiency Complexity Spider analyses for the available questionnaires

28 Soil typological unit (STU) Soil texture (STU level) Chemical properties of irrigation water Climate Soil characteristics Groundwater information Pedotransfer functions Soil hydraulic properties Land use In combination with model or database Common criteria in the RAMs analysed Number of countries

29 Quantitative historical documents 8% Quantitative expert analysis 23% Quantitative process basedmodel 23% Other 0% Qualitative expertbased 23% Qualitative weighting-rating 8% Quantitative empirical model 15% Type of methodology

30 National and regional 17% National 33% Don t know 0% Only case studies 50% Coverage

31 Laboratory analysis 36% Other 0% Field observation 37% Geographical information systems 18% Remote sensing 9% Type of techniques

32 Other susceptibility map: 20% Risk zone map 30% Hazard zone map 0% 10% Geotechnical map 0% Geomorphologic map Elements at risk 10% Vulnerability zone map 30% Output documents

33 Options for Harmonization and Risk Perception

34 Options for harmonization RAMs suitable in all countries? Consequences The hazard of SAS-formation, and the problem of SAS remediation may differ regionally quite significantly, due to differences in Sources and quality of rainfall and irrigation water The evapotranspiration demand of crops and vegetation The quality and proximity to the soil surface of ground water Soil textural and mineral composition Temporal and seasonal variations in soil desiccation Managed or natural leaching of salts towards drainage infrastructure or groundwater.

35 Data interpretation and risk perception in one step: generalized progressive degradation threshold values combined with sensitivity zoning EXAMPLE TAKEN FROM HUNGARIAN LEGISLATION ON GROUNDWATER POLLUTION Sensitivity (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd Class) zoning of areas/settlements

36 1 st Class Areas of great sensitivity, c i =C 1 Ecological corridors, internationally registered wildlife reserves, lakeshores, shallow karstic areas, drinking, mineral and medicinal water bases, national parks 2 nd Class Sensitive area, c i =C 2 Protection zones of lakeshores, deeper karstic areas, protection zones of drinking, mineral and medicinal water bases, national parks, areas with porous aquifer. 3 rd Class Less sensitive areas, c i =C 3 Other areas. source: law

37 MAP OF SENSITIVITY CLASSES OF REGIONS 1 st Class Areas of great sensitivity source: Ministry of Environment 2 nd Class Sensitive area 3 rd Class Less sensitive areas

38 MAP OF SENSITIVITY CLASSES OF SETTLEMENTS source: Ministry of Environment 1 st Class Areas of great sensitivity 2 nd Class Sensitive area 3 rd Class Less sensitive areas

39 LEGAL THRESHOLD VALUES FOR SOIL DEGRADATION/THREAT SEVERITY Natural background Impacts Degradation A B C i Degradation Natural conditions Impacted A dem A: Background value A dem : Demonstrated background value B: Degradation limit value C i : Intervention soil degradation threshold value (i= 1 st,2 nd,3 rd according to sensitivity class of the area) D: Target value of soil remediation E: Site specific soil degradation limit value Degraded Severely Degraded or Damaged Remediation E D source:l Balásházy

40 A: Background value=representative value close to the natural condition A dem :Demonstratedbackground value =typical for the region B: Degradation limit value=risky for drinking water, ecosystems, the multifunctionality of soil and the contamination of groundwater from soil C i : Intervention degradation threshold value=at this value the authorities must intervene (i= 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd according to sensitivity class of the area) D: Target value of remediation=which has to be reached E: Site specific degradation limit value=larger than B and less than D, calculated based on the land use and risk assessment source: law

41 LEGAL THRESHOLD VALUES FOR TOTAL DISSOLVED CONTENT OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN GROUNDWATER (mg/liter) A B C 1st C 2nd C 3rd nitrate ammonium PO sulfate fluoride thiocianate

42 Exemplary possible threshold values for soil salinity in different land uses and zones LAND-USE Threshold EC e ds m-1 sampling depth A B C 1st C 2nd C 3rd Cropland / 0-30 cm Orchard / cm Forest / cm Vineyard / 0-90 cm Grazeland / 0-30 cm Reedland/fishpond Not Applicable Protected native vegetation on natural salt-affected soils Not Applicable

43 For administrative registration of plots/parcels/land unites Land registry identification number Geographic coordinates Map Acreage Proprietor Land use permitted Land value Soil thematic strategy rating for Rating Salinization IF IRRIGATED 1 st class SOM decline 2 nd class Compaction 1 st class Erosion not applicable no class Landslide not applicable no class

44 Possible method for rating of risk perception in Hungary for salinization of irrigated fields It is done mostly based on existing soil maps 3 rd class: soils from the group (Main type=order) of Salt-affected soils AND if.. 2 nd class: Chernozem with saline/sodic subsoil, Meadow soil with saline/sodic subsoil and Alluvial soil with saline/sodic subsoil AND if.. 1 st class: each soil different from 2 nd and 3 rd class soil AND if..

45 Conclusions

46 Salinization is a very serious soil threat in several EU countries Due to widely varying geographical and economical conditions the RAMs are rather different There is common understanding on the basic concepts and input parameters of risk assessment in European saline/sodic areas Main focus must be put on harmonized risk perception, since it is linked to operative decisions most directly

47 IUSS Salinization Conference, September 20-22, 2009, Budapest

48 Thank you for the attention, any questions, please?