Working towards a climate smart African city. Some reflections..

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1 Durban s Municipal Climate Protection Programme Working towards a climate smart African city. Some reflections.. $130 billion Dr. Debra Roberts Environmental Planning and Climate Protection Department Ethekwini Municipality Durban, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & CLIMATE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT

2 The Local Context Largest port and city on east coast of Africa: km2 Population: 3.5 million (highest level of poverty amongst major metros). Budget: R31.8 billion (1 US$= >8 Rands) 2/3 of the province of KwaZulu-Natal s GDP 34% unemployment HIV/Aids - life expectancy of 47 Housing backlog: (1 July 2012) Global biodiversity hotspot The host city for COP17-CMP7

3 Game Changer: perfect storm scenario. Potential to roll back Africa s development gains - past and future.

4 Municipal Climate Protection Programme (MCPP) Phase 1 Impact assessment ( ) : annual costs of adaptation $ billion. 80% will be borne Phase by 2 cities in the developing world Municipal and community adaptation ( ) Information sharing, networking and research Phase 3 Developing the toolkit ( ) Mitigation: Energy Office (2008) Phase 4 Mainstreaming climate protection ( ) Assessing the local impacts of climate change Carbon storage and sequestration analysis Municipal Adaptation Plans Community adaptation Plans Urban Management: Green Roof, event greening, sea-level rise modeling Development of an Integrative Assessment Tool Integrated Development Plan (Plan 1 Prog 6) Institutional change Mainstreaming into key city projects/processes International advocacy Ongoing programme development

5 1 Phase 1: Impact Analysis a) Assessing the local impacts of climate change (2004/05) Aim - To review the science of climate change: How will Durban be affected? What responses are required to address these impacts?

6 Threats of Climate Change Change to Climate Change Variable to Climate Variable Higher mean temperatures Example of Impact Example of Impact - Increased evaporation - Increased droughts - Decreased water availability - Extinction and changes in the distribution of ecosystems and species Higher maximum temperatures, more hot days and more heat waves Higher minimum temperatures, fewer cold days and frost days More intense/heavy and variable rainfall Increased mean sea level - Increased incidence of death (heat stress) and serious illness - Increased risk of damage to some crops (decreased food security) - Increased fire danger - Higher energy consumption - Increased risk to some crops - Increased pests and vector and waterborne diseases - Loss of tourism revenue - Increased flood, landslide and mudslides - Increased soil erosion - Increased pressure on disaster relief systems - Increased infrastructural damage - Salt water intrusion into ground water and coastal wetlands - Increased coastal flooding, and erosion particularly when combined with storm surges

7 2 Phase 2: Adaptation Municipal Adaptation Plans Headline Adaptation Strategy (05/06) Sectoral MAPs Climate Smart DMOSS Identified : municipal sectors impacted by climate change. type of adaptation required. range of potential adaptation options. largely ineffective.

8 2 Adaptation: 2 Municipal Adaptation Plans Headline Adaptation Strategy Sectoral MAPs (08 ongoing) Climate Smart DMOSS Sector specific Municipal Adaptation Plans (MAPs) - pilot for other line functions. Health: environmental; clinical; social development; communicable diseases. Water: water & sanitation; coastal, stormwater & catchment management; coastal policy. Disaster Management. Basis for cost/benefit analysis to prioritise interventions based on human benefit, cost effectiveness and ecological viability.

9 2 Adaptation: 2 The Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR): does not rely on financial or economic measures (such as GDP growth) benefit is determined by the number of people reached and the impact on their well-being. Socio-institutional interventions tend to provide the greatest economic efficiency, followed by ecosystem-based and lastly infrastructural interventions. consistently provide the best BCRs across all four futures in the short, medium and long term.

10 2 Adaptation: 3 Municipal Adaptation Plans Headline Adaptation Strategy Sectoral MAPs 1. Global biodiversity hotspot Durban Metropolitan Open Space System (D MOSS): ha. Provider of essential ecosystem services state of foundation affects what you can build on top! Climate Smart D MOSS (07-ongoing) Ecosystem services 2. Model future bioclimatic envelops. Use to review design of system and to improve resilience to climate change. Data inadequate. 1. Long-term: address through research partnership with local university. 2. Short-term: reduce the non-climate stresses. 1. Reduce habitat loss and fragmentation. 2. Invasive alien species: strategy and implementation programme 3. Various Town Planning tools. Socio-political systems Economy Governance

11 2 Adaptation: 4 Community Adaptation Plans Climate Smart Communities (08/10) Community Reforestation Advancing Capacity to support Climate Change Adaptation (ACCCA) Pilot project in two poor, high risk communities: Ntshongweni (rural) and Ntuzuma (urban). Livelihoods analysis: community surveys and Participatory Rural Appraisal tools. Food Security: replacement crops for maize. Microscale agricultural water management: water a key limiting factor.

12 Food Security Future agricultural productivity ( ) Dryland Maize: initial projections were that maize productivity would be reduced to almost 0 t/ha.

13 2 Food Security Phase 1: Test yields of potential new staple crops (e.g. wheat, dry beans, pumpkins, madumbes, sorghum, sweet potatoes and cassava) Crop trials (including maize) in two pilot communities, and at two sites to the north of the province (Empangeni and Makhathini). Further impact assessment and outcome of trials suggest that by shifting planting dates and providing irrigation it will be possible to ensure maize productivity in the future. Ntuzuma winter planting Phase 2: Test social acceptability community cookoff. Phase 3: Conclusions and recommendations. Makhathini summer planting

14 2) Community Based Adaptation Community Adaptation Plans Climate Smart Communities Community Reforestation (08 - ongoing) Durban: Carbon Neutral 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. Footprint of tco 2. ACCCA Buffelsdraai Community Reforestation Project: buffer of a regional landfill site Will reforest 521 ha in total replacing sugar cane. NGO partner. 24 full time, 10 part time, 340 temporary jobs and 685 tree-preneurs : grow and trade indigenous trees.

15 Tree-Preneur Cycle seeds planted & germinated Seedlings grown and cared for until ready for sale Facilitator measures & counts trees credit note issued Tree-preneur collects seed Trees planted by Planting Team at landfill Trees taken to nursery at Buffelsdraai Trees collected by truck Credit note exchanged for goods at Tree Store

16 2) Community Based Adaptation Community Adaptation Plans Climate Smart Communities Community Reforestation (08 - ongoing) Roll out: Inanda Mt.250ha. 25 full time and 38 temporary jobs and 138 tree-preneurs. ACCCA 3 rd site for COP17-CMP7 ecological offset. Expanded Community-Ecosystem Based Adaptation (CEBA) concept. 200ha. 21 full time and 80 temporary jobs and 160 tree-preneurs. Adaptation advantages: Rehabilitation of degraded forests. Catchment management - water supplies. Employment and upliftment of communities.

17 2 Adaptation: 7 Urban Management Interventions Green Roof Pilot Project (08/12) Greening Durban 2010 (07/10) Sea Level Rise Modeling (07-ongoing) Temperature and stormwater benefits Biodiversity protection Food production Green Guideline series: Water and energy efficiency Landscaping Waste Management Green Roof Input into shoreline and coastal management plans. Projections of 30cm, 60cm and 100cm

18 3 Phase 3: Developing the toolkit a) Integrative Assessment Tool (2007/10) Partnership with Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in UK. London case study. Evaluate long-term city plans and policies against the impacts of climate change. Inform mitigation and adaptation planning. Useful first step but will need refining. Indicative of the complexity involved in integrating CC into urban planning.

19 4 Phase 4: Mainstreaming a) Institutional Change Requirement for MCPP included within the Integrated Development Plan (key city planning document)(from 2004). Creation of the Climate Protection Branch (2007). Skills gap: difficulty in filling posts. Creation of the Energy Office (2008). Building a co-ordinated city wide climate protection function Climate Protection Branch: adaptation. Energy Office: mitigation/ GHG reporting.. Coastal Policy: sea-level rise. Disaster Management: DRR Transportation 25% Commercial 9% Government GHG contribution as a percentage of the EMA (with category breakdown)(2005/2006) Waste 0.5% Government 5% Residential 17% Industrial 44%

20 4 Phase 4: Mainstreaming b) Key city projects 1. FIFA Soccer World Cup : Greening Durban 2010 campaign. Goals: Climate Neutrality not able to achieve Energy efficiency Water efficiency Sustainable Waste Management Sustainable Transport Systems Biodiversity 2. Strategic Environmental Assessment: Spatial Development Plans/Safe Operating Space Study. Climate change will be included as a key driver X

21 4 Phase 4: Mainstreaming 3. UNFCCC COP17-CMP7. Durban 28 th November 9 December 2011 Durban Local Government Convention: adapting to a changing climate 2-4 December Partnership between EM, SALGA, SACN, DEA and ICLEI. Key output: the Durban Adaptation Charter partner to the Mexico City Pact. Signed on and presented to High Level segment on Mayors representing over 970 local governments from 30 countries. 94% from global south.

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23 4 Phase 4: Mainstreaming 4. umhlangane Catchment Project Purpose: To explore how a business unusual approach that encourages cross-sectoral planning and decisionmaking, stakeholder engagement and a focus on the city s natural resources, can enhance efforts to manage catchments as key climate change adaptation tools within the municipality. Examples of current focus areas: Coordination of cross-sectoral team Biophysical and socio-economic assessment (baseline) Ecosystem restoration for flood attenuation and stormwater management Climate change responsive town planning Water quality monitoring Partnership with sister city (Bremen) funding and knowledge exchange

24 X-cut Crosscutting: Information Sharing, Networking and Research Durban s Climate Summit: local action for a resilient city. 28 May Mandate for the establishment of a Durban Climate Change Partnership. Work began in Steering Committee established Put on hold August National United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiating team. Used to raise profile of local level, urban adaptation. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Chapter 8, Urban Areas, Chapter 12, Africa Working Group II