bereal - Development of a New Test Method for Firewood Roomheaters Reflecting Real Life Operation

Transcription

1 bereal - Development of a New Test Method for Firewood Roomheaters Reflecting Real Life Operation Biomass and Air Quality G. Reichert, H. Hartmann, W. Haslinger, H. Oehler, S. Pelz, C. Schmidl, M. Schwabl, H. Stressler, R. Sturmlechner, M. Wöhler, C. Hochenauer Piacenza,

2 bereal Vision & Mission Reproducibility High reproducibility of the test method is guaranteed Development of a NEW TEST METHOD for firewood roomheaters (EN 1324) and pellet stoves* (EN 14785) reflecting real life operation Real life relevance Test method and test results reflect real life operation Quality criteria Test results can be used as a real quality criteria bereal Label: Quality assurance Standardized data analysis tool guarantees consistent data analysis *Not in the scope of this presentation see also poster sessions Piacenza,

3 Draught of operation in Pa Batches per heating cycle What is real life? Findings of an online user survey & long term field measurements European online survey Questionnaire about user behavior of firewood and pellet stoves More than 22 questionnaires completed Ignition procedure: Crosswisesmall pieces on top Crosswiseno small pieces Small pieces logs on top Campfire Long term field measurements Investigations about draught conditions and frequency of use (~4 months) Evaluation of survey results Batches per heating cycle Number of batches (survey) Firewood stove (n=1183) 28% 8% 41% 17% On top Upper third In the middle At the bottom Firewood stove (n=1183) 17% 1% 6% 64% Fuel: ~8% uses firewood from hardwood used Chimney heights: 5-1 meters (66%) Piacenza,

4 Thermal efficeincy PM emissions OGC emissions CO emissions Highlights of development process Effect of draught conditions Tests with three different roomheaters One test cycle (5 batches) for each draught level 12 Pa, 24 Pa and 48 Pa 5 mg/m³ mg/m³ mg/m³ Correlation of draught conditions and gaseous emission depend on the appliance specifics Higher draught conditions result in lower thermal efficiency Piacenza, % all emission concentrations in mg/m³, at STP conditions, dry, transferred to 13 vol.-% O 2 12 Pa 24 Pa 48 Pa

5 Flue gas temperature Lambda Highlights of development process Investigation on different ignition modes Top-down versus bottom-up ignition mode Difference of beech and spruce kindling material Start from cold conditions/ Three test runs for each variation Top-down ignition mode Bottom-up ignition mode Variation 1 Variation 2 Variation 3 Variation 4 Spruce kindling (Spruce + ) kindling ( + ) Spruce kindling (Spruce + ) Spruce kindling ( + ) Top-down ignition mode not the best solution for each stove 5 mg/m³ mg/m³ % CO OGC Lambda 2,292 2,732 2, Roomheater A 1 2,92 PM n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3 Top-down Top-down Bottom-up Bottom-up Spruce + Thermal efficiency Flue gas temperature + Spruce Roomheater B ,181 1, n=3 n=3 n=3 n=3 Top-down Top-down Bottom-up Bottom-up Spruce + + Spruce C Piacenza, all emission concentrations in mg/m³, at STP conditions, dry, transferred to 13 vol.-% O 2

6 Highlights of development process Thermal efficiency the effect of cooling down Comparative assessment of thermal efficiency using the indirect (EN 1324) and direct (calorimeter room) approach Comparative test with a roomsealed roomheater (3 batches per test cycle) Piacenza, Cooling down process & air valve settings after heating operation influence thermal efficiency performance should be respected in the bereal-test procedure

7 Suggested method bereal-firewood Test procedure and measurements bereal Firewood: Heating cycle including cooling down phase Test set-up Constant controlled flue gas draught: 12 ± 2 Pa ( p) Batch 1 - Ignition Batch 2 - Preheating Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 Batch 6 Batch 7 Batch 8 Cooling down (until T 1 = 5 C) PM PM PM PM Batch 1 to 5: Batch 6 to 8: Batch mass represent nominal load (1% batch mass) Batch mass represent partial load (5% batch mass) Fuel: or birch firewood with bark (each piece covered with bark >8% of surface area) Mass of ignition batch ( 8% of the fuel mass representing nominal load) Kindling material ( 25% of total batch mass) & starting aids (only bio based fire starters allowed paper & liquids not allowed, max. 3% of total batch mass) Air settings: Automatically // manually: fixed settings for ignition/preheating, nominal load, partial load, end Measurements: o Gaseous composition (FGC): O 2, CO 2, CO, NO x & OGC emissions o Flue gas temperature (T 1 ) thermocouple, centrally located in the flue gas pipe o Flue gas velocity and flue gas temperature (v, T 2 ) o Gravimetric PM measurement (PM 2 ): Batch 1, 3, 5, 7 (PM 1 : acc. to pren ) Refilling: According to CO 2 criterion: 25% of CO 2,max (if CO 2,max > 16 vol.-% 4 vol.-% CO 2 absolute, if CO 2, max < 12 vol.-% 3 vol.-% CO 2,absolute ) Piacenza,

8 Suggested method bereal-firewood Quality assurance: Quick-User-Guide, online tool Quick-User-Guide Guideline for operation during testing and also for heating by end-users in real-life Relevant operation characteristics illustrated by text & by pictures Preparations Ignition mode Recharging Fuel properties Air settings Online tool Standardized data calculation and result report by an online evaluation tool ( Username and password provided by the administrative authority Input of general test data Upload of raw data and QUG Piacenza,

9 EN offiziell EN nachgemessen bereal Feld 1 (Nutzer) Feld 2 (QUG) Feld 3 (bereal) Wirkungsgrad in % PM in mg/m³ OGC in mg/m³ CO in mg/m³ bereal - Prüfmethode Demonstration of real-life relevance In total 13 single firewood room heaters Day 1: according to normal user behaviour Day 2: according to QUG by enduser Day 3: bereal in the field Room heater: automatical ignition, as well as automatic air supply control, LED signal for refuelling Beispiel-Ofen III QUG Real-life relevance QUG shows to have an impact Draught conditions show a huge impact on energy efficiency Piacenza, Labor - 12 Pa Naturzugbedingungen (Ø 38Pa)

10 Summary A new test method for firewood roomheaters called bereal-firewood was developed focusing on real life operation The findings of a European user survey, long term field measurements and extensive lab testing on the effect of relevant operating parameters were the basis for the bereal test procedure An obligatory Quick-User-Guide is not only the basis for testing, but should also enhance correct and appliance specific heating operation in real life Validation tests showed in general a good repeatability of bereal testing Main differences in the procedure of bereal-firewood compared to existing EN type test method: Ignition and preheating included No failed batches & batch picking (bereal result represents the whole test cycle) Thermal efficiency includes cooling down losses PM sampling during the entire batch Evaluation and demonstration tests ongoing (Field tests & Round Robin Test): First results reveal a good real-life relevance and sufficient reproducibility Piacenza,

11 Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7-SME-213) under Grant Agreement no More information about the bereal project available: Piacenza,

12 Thank you for attention Gabriel Reichert Manuel Schwabl Combustion Systems BIOENERGY 22+ GmbH Location Wieselburg Tel: Piacenza,