ESTIMATION OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE FOR KHADAKWASLA REGION BY USING GIS SOFTWARE

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_06_108 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ESTIMATION OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE FOR KHADAKWASLA REGION BY USING GIS SOFTWARE S.M. Patil M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra, India, D.R. Kulkarni Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra, India P.D. Patil Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. Due to over exploitation, the ground water systems are affected and require management to maintain the conditions of ground water resources within acceptable limits. With the development of computers and advances in information technology, efficient techniques for water management have evolved. Although the use of these techniques in groundwater studies has rapidly increased since last decade the success rate is very limited. Based on this review, it is concluded that integration of GIS has great potential to revolve the monitoring and management of vital ground water resources in the future. GIS analysis shows how recharge strongly varies for different combinations of land cover and soil texture classes. In this present research study for estimating ground water with various recharging methods for Khadakwasla region such as recharge from canals, from percolation tanks, from pits and shafts and check dams will be computed. GIS software will be computed for recharging a ground water for Khadakwasla region in this present study. Key words: Ground water, Ground water recharge, GIS, Khadakwasla, Pune. Cite this Article: S.M. Patil, D.R. Kulkarni and P.D. Patil, Estimation of Ground Water Recharge for Khadakwasla Region by using GIS Software, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Estimation of Ground Water Recharge for Khadakwasla Region by using GIS Software 1. INTRODUCTION Ground water hydrology is the study of occurrence, distribution and movement of water below the earth s surface. The main source of ground water is precipitation. Precipitation is the part of hydrological cycle and it is defined as the falls moisture from the atmosphere in any form on the surface of the earth. These forms may be in liquid precipitation (i.e. rainfall) or in frozen precipitation (i.e. snow, hail, and freezing rain).ground water is seeps through rocks and soil and this seeping water is stored below the ground surface. Groundwater consists of about 70% of all the worlds freshwater, in that lakes, streams or river carries 0.2% water and 30% is carried by snow, ice on mountains and Polar Regions. Ground water from the rivers, streams and lakes we use to the agricultural, industrial and domestic purpose. Ground water recharge is mostly needed in west bank countries. Water scarcity is also big issue in mid of East. Hence, it is important to assess and estimate the ground water according to their demand with respect to population. The distribution of water on the earth s surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the ocean. Of freshwater, 68.7 % resides in glaciers, 30% underground and less than 1% is located in lakes, rivers and swamps. Looked at another way, only one percent of the water on the earth s surface is usable by humans and remaining 99% of the usable quantity is situated underground. Groundwater depletion is a serious threat to the environment. The majority of our bodies and Earth is made up of water. Groundwater is something that the need all over the world. Humans and animals need water in order to survive as our bodies could not function without it. Groundwater depletion most commonly occurs because of the frequent pumping of water from the ground. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW S. Deepa (2016) has done work on ground water recharge potential zones in upper sub basin vellar river by using GIS application; the author explained that there is extra need of ground water recharge in that study area, Tirkey Anamika Shalini(2012) has done work on GIS for analysis of ground water level and from that there is ground water development in that study area, Singha Sudhakar(2016) has explained the GIS software has great potential to revolutionize groundwater monitoring and development in future, Brussel Leuven(2007)has proved that GIS methodology allowed estimating recharge and optimization recharge conditions, Vijai Signals (2011)has demonstrated a GIS methodology to work out for ground water model developed in Pali district, Dr. Mohamand N. Almasri (2008) has concluded that GIS is an effective tool for estimating the spatial variability of recharge, Dr.Neeraj Bhargaval (2013) has analyzed the spatial application of rainfall by using GIS, Abhijit M. Zende (2012) has done assessment of ground water potential zones by using GIS, S.D. Shinde (2015) has computed river and ground water quality parameters by using GIS, Susheel Dangol (2015) has done assessment of ground water recharge by using GIS, Cheng Haw Lee (2016) has done mapping of ground water recharge potential zones by using GIS. Rushton (2005)has estimated all climatic conditions required to the ground water recharge, Hai-Long Liu (2012) has described efficient methods for analyzing ground water recharge in alluvial areas; Hartono (2005) has estimated the ground water recharge for Chicot aquifer by using GIS application, Bradbury (2007) has estimated spatial and temporal distribution of ground water recharge in humid areas, H Hashemi (2013) has studied that it reduced the uncertainty of the estimated recharge by modeling, M.W. Becker (2004) has Estimated flow and flux of ground water discharge using water temperature and velocity, Smita R. Varade (2017) has computed the relation between change in groundwater storage and draft editor@iaeme.com

3 S.M. Patil, D.R. Kulkarni and P.D. Patil 3. STUDY AREA Pune is the ninth popular city in India and the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after the state capital Mumbai. The district covered geographical area is 16642sq.km. It is located in the west part of the State and East bank of the Mutha River. Khadakwasla is the village situated near to Khadakwasla dam. It is the main source of water for Pune and its suburbs. Total capacity of dam is 374 million cubic meter. The height of dam is m. It lies between latitude N and longitude E. The climate is tropical in Khadakwasla. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Khadakwasla. The average annual temperature in Khadakwasla is C. The average annual precipitation is 1083 mm. Now-a- Days, Pune city has been became an auto web, host to IT and Automotive companies, large Industrial region and highly ranked an Educational Institutes. Migration of people is too large for various purposes in Pune city. Therefore, city requires all facilities with their population demand including water. The population is also increases recently, therefore with high population and booming Industries; currently Pune is purchased only around 2400 plots/ land for ground water purposes and this rate of available land goes on decreasing with population and demand rate. Due to high demand there is water scarcity in Pune city, so it is need to recharge a surface below the ground and permits a ground water to the community. 4. METHODOLOGY The area considered for this research is the west part of river bank of Mula-Mutha River in Khadakwasla Pune City. In this paper the characteristics and features related to the study area are elaborated. These characteristics are such as city, population, geography, topography, ecology, climate conditions and water resources available. There are rapidly variations in population. With increasing population the use of land cover is also increases for different purposes such as agricultural, constructional or industrial. Therefore ground water level is reduced in particular study area and water scarcity problems occur. The location map of study area is created by using GIS application. The procedure for that map is collected a scanned map of Maharashtra. Then this raster map converted into vector form by digitization process. Then converted shape file of Pune district and then shape file of selected study area. Figure 1 Location of Study Area editor@iaeme.com

4 Estimation of Ground Water Recharge for Khadakwasla Region by using GIS Software 4.1. Parameters selected for study area In this research for assessment of ground water level in Khadakwasla region some parameters are decided such population, annual rainfall, Annual water availability, Usable water, Surface water, ground water and ground water depletion levels. 1. Population: Population is most affected parameter to the ground water. Because of high population water availability goes on reducing due to higher demand of people. Approximately 40,000 peoples live in that study area and Annual population growth is estimated at 5.8%.So, it requires sufficient ground water resource for their requirements. 2. Annual Rainfall: The normal annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 4500 mm in district. In year 2017; the annual rainfall is mm. The rainfall at Khadakwasla is 33 mm. 3. Water availability: In the past, inadequate water storage in the dams had forced the municipal corporation to supply water to the village. Pune is getting water supply from Khadakwasla, Panshet, Temghar and Varasgaon. The total capacity of these dams is 29,000 million cubic feet. In Khadakwasla region water is supply from Khadakwasla dam. 4. Surface Water: The flow rate available in a river helps in determining the dilution factor available for effluents and in self-purification. Depending upon the flow, the drains are divided into three flow categories i.e. high, medium and low relative to each other. This is done to differentiate the different drains according to their dilution capacity, which is based on their flow characteristics within the district. High flow means perennial flow, medium flow means seasonal with good flow and low flow means seasonal with insignificant flow. Normally, perennial flow in a river is due to the discharges from all the watersheds. Some upstream watersheds may be contributing to such flows and other may be contributing to seasonal flows. Hence, although a river may be having good flow, effluents cannot be discharged in the entire watershed, as dilution factor is not available in all the drains in that watershed. 5. Ground water level: The depth of ground water table plays an important role in determining the risk due to contamination to groundwater. Depending on the groundwater occurrence, the district is divided into three zones high, medium and low. High ground water potential areas are those having ground water table less than 5 m below ground level, Medium areas are those having water table in the range of 5 to 15 m below ground level and Low ground water potential areas are those having water table more than 15 m below ground level Procedure for Assessment of ground water by GIS application 1.) For assessment of ground water in Khadakwasla region required data is collected by year wise such as population and rainfall from Department of Indian Meteorological Department, groundwater levels in during monsoon, pre monsoon and post monsoon from Ground Survey and Development Agency. 2.) Annually rainfall data for the period of some years has collected from Indian Meteorological Department. Many rainfall stations take into consideration for analyzing annual rainfall pattern and seasonal rainfall pattern has been calculated. The collected data has processed and analyzed by preparing various graphs, maps and figures using GIS software. 3) For assessment of ground water some thematic maps are created by using following: Digitization of scanned toposheets editor@iaeme.com

5 Population in Million S.M. Patil, D.R. Kulkarni and P.D. Patil Editing for elimination of errors Topology Building Above three steps are involved in ArcGIS which are basic operations required for mapping. 4) ArcGIS software has been used for digitization, editing, and topology creation. Integration of multi-thematic information and delineation of groundwater prospect map created through GIS processing. The groundwater prospect map is created through this technique has been verified with field data. 5) Various favorable groundwater thematic maps have been integrated into a single groundwater prospect zone with the application of GIS techniques. This required three steps, which are as follow: Spatial database building Spatial database analysis Data integration through GIS Generation of groundwater potential zones map Sr.no Table 1 Year wise Distribution data for mapping Population (million ) Rainfall (mm) Ground water level (m) Year Monsoon Post monsoon Pre-monsoon By using above Tables there some graphs are created which are helps for assessment of ground water levels. The ground water recharge levels are basically affected due to increasing population and erratic rainfall. 8 Population Yearwise in Million Population Year Graph.1 Year-Wise Population (Source: IMD) editor@iaeme.com

6 Ground Water Level in m Rainfall in mm Estimation of Ground Water Recharge for Khadakwasla Region by using GIS Software Rainfall Yearwise in mm Year Rainfall Graph 2 Year Wise Rainfall Intensity (Source: IMD) Ground water level Yearwise in m Year Pre Monsoon Monsoon Post Monsoon Graph 3 Year-wise Ground Water Levels (GSDA) The require data is collected from different department as per their requirements. From IMD (Indian Meteorological Department) rainfall data is collected, Ground levels are collected from GSDA (Ground Survey and Development Agency). 5. ANALYSIS Thematic map will be created by using ArcGIS The main aim of maps is to shows the location of a place and distribution of variables. Some maps are prepared with special themes. Such maps are called thematic maps. Through such maps, distribution of various variables in a region is shown below. Distribution of soil, slope, land cover and ground water is sown on the map according to the data of these variables. Soil Map The study area is covers a type of soil such as an alluvium, regur and hill soil. The study area is mostly consisting an alluvium region of Maharashtra. The regur means black cotton soil which is ideal for growing cotton. Black soils are found in lava covered areas of Maharashtra editor@iaeme.com

7 S.M. Patil, D.R. Kulkarni and P.D. Patil This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over north-west Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. Figure 2 Soil structure in study area Slope Map Slope of an area is major factor for groundwater occurrence and recharge. It influences surface and subsurface flow of rainwater and its recharge to the groundwater reservoir. Gentle slope is an area which provides more time to infiltrate the rainwater to aquifer zone, while high slope allows lesser time to low infiltration to underlying groundwater reservoirs.the slope of the study area has been classified into three classes. The area constitutes 0 to 2 %, 2 to 5 % and more than 5% slope. Most of the area falls between the areas with slope from 0 to 5 % i.e. nearly 50 % of total area. Figure 3 Slope map for study area Land Use/ Land Cover Map In study area, most of land is covered by the urban development. So, due to this rapidly increasing urbanization the ground water level are reduced. This is mostly occurring in editor@iaeme.com

8 Estimation of Ground Water Recharge for Khadakwasla Region by using GIS Software northern part of Pune city. Agricultural land use is mostly at hilly side where rainfall preferably occurs. Some of part is consider as wasteland at study area. This distribution of land use is done as per range collected from Ground Survey Department. The defined range for land use is 72 % for urban development, 16 % for agriculture and 12% is wasteland. Figure 4 Land use in study area Groundwater Map In study area, most of part is affected by the efficient ground water. Now a day, population and their demands are increases for various purposes. So, ground water resources are not efficiently available in particular study area. At downstream side, the ground water levels are very poor, because rapidly increasing population, industrialization etc. At upstream side, ground water levels are good; the reason is that the rainfall distribution is even during monsoon. In that area population is not more, there this factor is not affects on ground water levels. Figure 5 Ground water prospect for study area editor@iaeme.com

9 S.M. Patil, D.R. Kulkarni and P.D. Patil 6. RESULTS As per above analysis and discussion, GIS have been used to generate and integrate different thematic maps are soil map (map.2), slope map (map.3), land use land cover map (map.4) and Groundwater map (map.5)which are plays important role in the study of occurrence and movement for identification and assessment of ground water levels in the study area. By using those thematic maps, all features related to ground water assessment are obtained for study area. From soil map, soil texture of soil in study area is computed in map 2, slope map is created to find infiltration rate with gentle and high slope in map 3, and land cover map is computed for how much soil is covered by urban and rural development in map 4 and ground prospect map is computed a categories of ground water levels in study area as good, poor and moderate in map CONCLUSIONS As per above discussion, surface water is not enough to full peoples demand. Thus ground water is one of the alternate sources. Therefore, Ground water levels are computed by using different artificial methods explained above. The groundwater levels have been computed for Khadakwasla area and it has been derived into three categories such as good, moderate and poor zones. Some of them methods are suggested for development of ground water levels in study area. GIS is modern technique which are useful for developing ground water levels.gis technique has been used to integrate various thematic maps which are most important to identify the groundwater occurrence and their movements. The integrated groundwater prospect map has been categorized into three classes as good, moderate and poor. Ground water recharge is less in urban area because of soil texture has low water holding capacity than rural area. Urbanization is one of the factors which increases surface runoff rather than surface recharge. From that it concluded that the all created map could be used for the purpose of assessment and management of groundwater. And to access the ground water levels by using available spatial data in GIS environment which makes the task easier as well as reliable. ACKONWLEDGEMENT The authors express their deepest gratitude to Dr. A. R. Bhalerao (Principal), Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Engineering, Pune, for their support and encouragement. The authors are also thankful to Dr. V.S. Sohoni (Head of Department) for constant support. REFERENCES [1] Abhijit M. Zende, Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones by using GIS Techniques in Yerala River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India,(2012). [2] Cheng Haw Lee, Mapping ground water recharge potential zone using a GIS approach in Hualian river, Taiwan, (2016). [3] Dr.Neeraj Bhargaval, Rainfall Spatial Analysis using GIS, (2013). [4] S. Deepa, Groundwater recharge potential zones mapping in upper Manimuktha Sub basin Vellar river Tamil Nadu India using GIS, (2016). [5] S.D. Shinde, River and Ground Water Quality Assessment using GIS,(2015). [6] Susheel Dangol, Assessment of ground water recharges using GIS, (2015). [7] Tirkey Anamika Shalini, Groundwater Level and Rainfall Variability Trend Analysis are using GIS in parts of Jharkhand state (India) for Sustainable Management of Water Resources, (2012) editor@iaeme.com