3. Introducing Narda Workers Directive preliminary approach

Transcription

1 1. EU Legislation 1. Introducing Narda 2. Introducing Legislations / General Public and Workers 3. Introducing Narda Workers Directive preliminary approach Johann Saustingl j.saustingl@willtron.at

2 1. Introducing Narda 1. Introducing Narda Narda is the market leader for field strength test & measurement equipment and components 2

3 1. Introducing Narda 1. Introducing Narda Narda Test Solutions is part of the L-3 Communications Group Narda is the market leader for field strength test & measurement equipment and components 3

4 1. Introducing Narda L-3 Communications Established Business Units worldwide Annual sales $13 billion in 2012 More than 50,000 employees Narda Satellite Narda East Narda West Narda Group 10 Divisions 80 years in business 2,800 employees Core competence in Microwave components Antennas Satellite communications USA Germany Italy Narda Test Solutions 4 facilities 90 employees Specialized in Spectrum analyzers EMC receivers Broadband RF meters Remote monitoring stations 4

5 Legislation Europe, Exposure Limits

6 Limit Values in Europe For General Public: WHO World health organization ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Body of independent scientific experts Non-profit organization No income from industry Recommendation 2010/LF Recommendation

7 ICNIRP Guidelines INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NON IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION ICNIRP PUBLICATION 1998 ICNIRP GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME VARYING ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (UP TO 300 GHz) PUBLISHED IN: HEALTH PHYSICS 74 (4): ; 1998 New ICNIRP GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (1 HZ 100 khz) PUBLISHED IN: HEALTH PHYSICS 99(6): ; 2010

8 Limit Values in Europe For Workers: EMF Directive (2004/40/EC amended by 2008/46/EC) DIRECTIVE 2013/35/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June based on the limit values of ICNIRP

9 Influence on the body Between the fields and the body EMF in the LF range influences the cell structure of the body From 100KHz to 10MHz also nerve and muscle stimulations by induced currents EMF above 100kHz can lead to significant absorption and temperature increases Heating is the major effect of EM energy absorbtion at frequencies from 10MHz to 300GHz Temperature rise of more than 1-2 C can have adverse health effects: heat exhaustions heat stroke

10 ICNIRP Basic restrictions Energy absorbtion is described by Specific Absorbtion Rate (SAR) [W/kg] Whole body SAR of 1-4 W/kg over 30 minutes leads to temperature increase of less than 1 C Safety factor 50 for general public: whole body SAR limit 0.08W/kg ( basic restrictions ) Higher values for localized SAR head/trunk: 2W/kg extrimities: 4W/kg Average over 10g tissue SAR [W/kg] = [W] Power absorbed by the tissue Mass of the tissue [kg]

11 Occupational Exposure Higher Limits for occupational exposure due to: adults, exposed under known conditions Trained to be aware of potential risks and to take appropriate preconditions Safety factor for basic restrictions reduced to 10 ( instead of 50 for general public) SAR: 0,4 W/kg whole body 10 W/kg head and trunk 20 W/kg for extremities ( averaged over 10 g of tissue )

12 ICNIRP Basic restrictions

13 ICNIRP Reference Levels SAR is very complicate to measure at field conditions ICNIRP defines also reference values field values outside the body Electric / magnetic field strength Power density Reference levels are computed from basic restrictions for maximum coupling of fields into the body Compliance with reference levels ensure compliance with basic restrictions ( Attention: at = 100MHz and from 1 to 4 GHz for bodies shorter than 1.3m basic restrictions may be exceeded up to 40% when reference levels are met ). Exceed of reference levels requires special testing of SAR

14 Reference levels

15 Reference levels

16 ICNIRP Reference Limit for Electrical Field Strength

17 Notes, Relevant for Exposure Measurments E, H and S limits are RMS values For 100kHz to 10GHz, S, E² and H² are to be averaged over any 6 minutes period Peak values at >10MHz ( e.g. Radar ) must not exceed 1,000 x S-Limit ( or 32 x E-Limit ) In far field, E or H or S assesment is sufficient Reference levels are intended to be spatially averaged values over the entire body of the individual ( but local SAR must not be exceeded ) Because ICNIRP is a safety standard, worst case should be measured ( operational state of the station, local field maximum )

18 Current CENELEC Standards Important European measurment standards ( with special regard to base stations, general public ) EN 50413: Basic measurment and calculation standard 0Hz 300GHz ( 2008 ) EN 50383: Basic standard for measurment/calculation of compliance boundary (safety distance) of base stations under laboratory conditions, 110MHz 40GHz. Corresponding product standards: EN 50384/85 EN 50400: Basic standard for checking compliance boundary when put into service i.e. in the field. Corresponding product standard: EN EN 50492: In situ measurements in the vicinity of base stations, 100kHz 300GHz (2008)

19 Requirements of the Directive 2013/35/EU (Workers Directive)

20 History History of the previous Directive 2004/40/EU intended transposition deadline 30 April 2008 postponed until 30 April 2012 by Directive 2008/46/EU postponed until 31 October 2013 by Directive 2012/11/EU repealed and replaced 29 June 2013 by Directive 2013/35/EU the occasion were serious concerns from the medical community regarding medical imaging like MRI as well as the impact on certain industrial activities Directive 2013/35/EU entered into force with the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union establishment of more appropriate and proportionate measures compared with the previous Directive deadline for EU Member States to transpose the Directive into national law is 1 July 2016

21 Subject-matter and scope Article 1 Definition of minimum requirements for the protection of workers from risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields Consideration of all known effects caused by electromagnetic fields. Direct biophysical effects Indirect effects Definition of exposure limits, covering only scientifically proven direct short-term effects (suggested long-term effects are not covered)

22 Definitions Article 2 For the purpose of the directive electromagnetic fields means Static electric and magnetic fields Time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz Direct biophysical effects include Thermal effects by energy absorption (tissue heating) Non-thermal effects such as stimulation of muscles, nerves and sensory organs Limb currents Indirect effects are caused by the presence of an object Interference with medical devices and implants (e.g. pacemakers) Projectile risk from ferromagnetic objects in static magnetic fields Contact currents, fires, explosions, initiation of electro-explosive devices

23 Definitions Article 2 (continued) Exposure limit values (ELVs) for sensory effects Limit for transient disturbed sensory perceptions Exposure limit values (ELVs) for health effects Limit for harmful health effects, thermal and non-thermal Action levels (ALs) Can be measured directly and simplify demonstration of ELVs No further measures if compliant Non-thermal effects distinguish between Low action levels (sensory effects) High action levels (health effects) Protection or prevention measures required if Low ALs are exceeded Note: ELV complies with the ICNIRP term Basic Restriction Action Level complies with the ICNIRP term Reference Level

24 Exposure limit values and action levels Article 3 Employers have to ensure that the following exposure limits for workers will not be exceeded ELVs for non-thermal effects set out in Annex II of the Directive ELVs for thermal effects set out in Annex III of the Directive These limits shall be regarded as kept, if the Low ALs of Annex II and the ALs of Annex III are not exceeded Exposure limits for sensory effects may be exceeded, if this is only temporarily and Justified by the practice or process Health effects ELVs are not exceeded The risk assessment and prevention measures will be updated Workers have received information about the possibility of symptoms, sensations and effects

25 Obligations of employers Article 4 Assessment of risks and determination of exposure based on emission data of the equipment manufacturers measure or calculate exposure levels, especially if compliance can t be reliably determined by readily accessible information carried out by competent services or persons repeated at appropriate time intervals documentation in a suitable traceable form particular attention shall be given to ELVs, ALs frequency, level, duration and type of exposure workers at particular risk (pregnant women, wearers of implants) any direct and indirect effects simultaneous exposure of multiple sources and multiple frequency fields

26 Obligations of employers Article 5-8 Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks technical measures, other working methods, delimination and access measures, design of workplaces, personal protection equipment etc. Information and training of workers and/or their representatives results of the assessment and and measures undertaken how to detect adverse health effects and how to report them? circumstances in which workers are entitled to health surveillance save working practices to minimize risks Consultation and participation of workers (according 89/391/EEC) Health surveillance in accordance with national law medical examinations in case of reported health effects or in any event where exposure above the ELVs is detected

27 Penalties and derogations Article 9 - Penalties In the event of infringements of national legislation effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties shall be imposed Article 10 - Derogations Research, development and use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the health sector Exposure may exceed the ELVs if the employer demonstrates that workers are still protected against health effects for operational military istallations or during military activities other protection systems may be implemented In duly justified circumstances a member state may allow ELVs to be temporarily exceeded for specific activities or sectors (The Commission needs to be informed)

28 Further Information Article 11 Strengthened competences for the European Commission on the adaptation to technical progress of the Directive e. g. insert ICNIRP Guidelines for human body movements in magnetic fields below 1 Hz as soon as they are available Article 14 Practical Guides The Commission shall make available non-binding guides until end of 2015 in order to facilitate the implementation. On issues such as: Calculation methods, uncertainties, spatial averaging,... referring to appropriate standards Description of the weighted peak method (LF fields) Description of multifrequency fields summation (RF fields) Conduct of the risk assessment (incl. simplified techniques for SMEs)

29 Test Solutions for Directive 2013/35/EU

30 2013/35/EU Annex III (thermal effects) Action Levels Test Solution Status ALs for magnetic flux density (B) Table B1 *) f = 100 khz GHz ALs for electric field strength (E) Table B1 *) f = 100 khz GHz ALs for power density (S) Table B1 *) f = 6 GHz GHz NBM-5x0 (< 1 GHz) SRM-3006 (< 250 MHz) RadMan (protection equip.) NBM-5x0 (< 60 GHz) SRM-3006 (< 6 GHz) RadMan (protection equip.) NBM-5x0 (< 60 GHz) ALs for contact and induced currents Table B2 I C, f = 100 khz 110 MHz I L, f = 10 MHz 110 MHz (limbs) ideas *) Limits according to ICNIRP 1998 including time averaging (6 minutes) and maximum pulse limits (1000x ALs)

31 Action Levels Annex III frequency matching: NBM SRM

32 Measuring Contact Current and Induced Current

33 Action Levels - Currents ANNEX III

34 Current Measurements ethically problematic mv E field I C I Limbs U mv Isolation Induced current Contact current

35 Current Measurements using a phantom (equivalent circuit) Palm of the hand Skin Under skin Torso and limbs Equivalent circuit ma E field Shoes I C U Shunt RMS Body impedance equivalent circuit 100 khz-10 MHz ma Contact current Isolation

36 Current measurements using SRM-3006 SRM-3006 with broadband current clamp F-80-1 Fischer Custom Communications 1 khz 100 MHz Connector: Type-N Internal diameter: 127 mm External diameter: 220 mm

37 Contact Current Probe for NBM Phantom circuit with RMS detector conductive tip NBM-520, -550 with calibrated Contact Current Probe (no frequency weighting) Ground connection

38 ALs Magnetic Field

39 ALs Electric Field

40 Magnetic Fields below 1 Hz 1176-HF

41 ELT-400 New Version Set 7, available end of 2014 providing 2013/35/EU Action Levels Ruggedized and economic solution for applications like welding