Road planning and the European Water Framework Directive a new challenge. First experiences from Germany

Transcription

1 Road planning and the European Water Framework Directive a new challenge First experiences from Germany Dipl.-Biol. Dr. Ulrich Mierwald Kieler Institut für Landschaftsökologie

2 The European Water Framework Directive Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework of Community action in the field of water policy Purpose: to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground waters which prevents further deterioration and protects and enhances the status of aquatic ecosystems, promotes sustainable water use, improves the aquatic environment through progressive reduction of discharges, emissions and phasing-out of priority hazardous substances, ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater, and thereby contributes to the provision of sufficient supply of good quality surface water and groundwater for sustainable use. 2

3 Surface water bodies rivers lakes transitional waters coastal waters artificial surface water bodies heavily modified surface water bodies Groundwater bodies 3

4 Surface water status Status of a body of surface water, determined by the poorer of its ecological status and its chemical status. Groundwater status Status of a body of groundwater, determined by the poorer of its quantitativ status and its chemical status. 4

5 Environmental objectives For surface waters protect, enhance and restore all bodies of surface water with the aim of achieving good surface water status (good ecological and chemical status), protect and enhance all artificial and heavily modified water bodies with the aim of achieving good ecological potential and good surface water chemical status, implement the necessary measures with the aim of progressively reducing pollution from priority substances. For groundwater implement the measures necessary to prevent or limit the onput of pollutants into groundwater, protect, enhance and restore all bodies of groundwater, ensure a balance between abstraction and recharge of groundwater with the aim of achieving good groundwater status. 5

6 Monitoring of surface water status and groundwater status Establishment of programmes for monitoring of water status For surface waters such programmes shall cover the volume and level or rate of flow to the extent relevant for the ecological and chemical status and ecological potential, the ecological and chemical status and ecological potential. For groundwaters such programmes shall cover monitoring of the chemical and quantitative status. The surveillance monitoring shall be in accordance with the requirements of Annex V of the Water Framework Directive. 6

7 Annex V: Quality elements for the classification of ecological status of rivers Biological elements Composition and abundance of aquatic flora (macrophytes, phytoplancton) Composition and abundance of benthic invertebrate fauna Composition, abundance and age structur of fish fauna Hydromorphological elements supporting the biological elements Hydrological regime River continuity Morphological conditions river depth and width variation structure and substrate of the river bed structur of the riparian zone 7

8 Annex V: Quality elements for the classification of ecological status of rivers continued Chemical and physiochemical elements supporting the biological elements Transparency Thermal conditions Oxygenation conditions Salinity Acidification status Nutrient conditions Specific pollutants Pollution by all priority substances identified as being discharged into the water body Pollution by other substances identified as being discharged in significant quanities into the water body 8

9 Reporting the results of the surveillance monitoring The ecological and chemical status of all water bodies have to be monitored according to international standards at representative monitoring sites. The results from the monitoring programme are laid down in regular reports on the ecological status and chemical status of the surface water bodies. The competent authorities have to establish programmes of measures for the achievement of the environmental objectives. These programmes of measures have to be reviewed, and if necessary updated every six years. 9

10 Classification of the status of surface water bodies Ecological status classification of natural surface water bodies high good moderate poor bad Ecological status of heavily modified surface water bodies good or better poor bad Chemical status of natural or heaviliy modified surface water bodies not good 10

11 Biological elements Classification of the biological elements Classification of the chemical and physico-chemical elements Classification of the hydromorphological elements Lowest class of a biological element Specific pollutants Ecological Status / Ecological potential phytoplancton as reference conditions as very good status as very good status high concentration next to zero yes yes yes yes high macrophyts benthic invertebrate fauna no small distortion of reference conditions no moderate distortion yes no functionality of ecosystem no yes yes no no good moderate concentration not in excess of standards no yes good moderate no fish high distortion yes poor poor no significant transformation yes bad bad 11

12 The decision of the European High Court C 461/13 on the deepening of the Weser River The obligations laid down by the Water Framework Directive concerning enhencement and prevention of deterioration apply to individual projects. The Directive precludes authoristaion of a project when it may cause a deterioration of the status of the body of water and no derogations applies. Deterioration of the status of a surface water body is given as soon as the status of at least one of the quality element falls by one class, even if that fall does not result in a fall in classification of the water body as a whole. When a water body is not in a good status, any further impact precludes authorisation of the project (without derogation). Besides the obligation to prevent deterioration there is the obligation to enhance the status of all water bodies. These obligations do not amount solely to basic obligations, but also apply to individual projects. 12

13 What has the Water Framework Directive to do with roads? 13

14 What has the Water Framework Directive to do with roads? Roads crossing rivers may lead to direct and indirect impacts, i.e. changing the course of a river, changes in hydromorphology, water flow off, embankments. Water flow off from roads may change the chemical composition of surface water or groundwater (i.e. salt from icy roads, tyre abrasion, oil) Roads and road traffic can have influence the ecological and chemical status of waterbodies. Before authorisation roads have to be assessed according to the obligations of the Water Framework Directive. 14

15 Assessing the A 143 The A 143 is a motorway crossing the Saale river by a wide bridge and several small rivers by narrow bridges. There will be several rainwater retention basins with overflow into water bodies. There will be embankments under bridges and at the overflows of the retention basins. Saalebrücke Salzmünde (Bildausschnitt aus: Realisierungswettbewerb Saalequerung Salzmünde Dokumentation; Seite 3; DEGES 2002) 15

16 Assessing the A 143 Main problems: no experience with assessments according to Water Framework directive, insufficiant knowledge on the relevance of pollutant concentrations on biological quality elements, relevant concentrations of some chemical elements (supporting the biological elements or relevant for the chemical status) were already above standards for good ecological status and above the standards for good chemical status. 16

17 Assessing the A 143 Schadstoff Konzentration im Herkunft Literaturquellen Straßenabwasser Blei (Pb) 0,008-0,14 mg/l 0,008-0,05 mg/l Kraftstoffverbrennung, Reifenabrieb, Abrieb von Bremsbelägen, Fahrbahnabrieb VWW STRAßENOBERFLÄCHENWASSER (2008) WELKER (2004) Cadmium (Cd) 0,001-0,025 mg/l Reifenabrieb VWW STRAßENOBERFLÄCHENWASSER (2008) Zink (Zn) (Sediment) 0,48-1,94 mg/l mg/kg Tropfverluste Motoröl, Reifenabrieb VWW STRAßENOBERFLÄCHENWASSER (2008) AQUAPLUS (2001)) Chrom (Cr) (Sediment) 0,01-0,02 mg/l 32,6-77,7 mg/kg Abrieb von Bremsbelägen/-scheiben, Fahrbahnabrieb VWW STRAßENOBERFLÄCHENWASSER (2008) AQUAPLUS (2001) Kupfer (Cu) 0,04-0,19 mg/l Abrieb von Bremsbelägen/-scheiben, Fahrbahnabrieb, VWW STRAßENOBERFLÄCHENWASSER (2008) 0,015-0,15 mg/l Abgasemissionen WELKER (2004) (Sediment) 7, mg/kg AQUAPLUS (2001) 150 mg/kg ZHANG et al. (2015) Eisen (Fe) 0,98-6,1 mg/l Korrosion Fahrzeuge und Bauwerke, Bodenminerale WELKER (2004) Nickel (Ni) 0,01-0,057 mg/l Katalysatorabgase, Reifenabrieb, Korrosion KASTING (2002) Quecksilber (Hg) (gelöst) 0,01 µg/l Thermometer, Manometer/Barometer, Quecksilberdampflampen, Amalgam, Desinfektions- und Beizmittel AQUAPLUS (2001) Chlorid (Cl) mg/l mg/l Ausbringung während der Straßensalzung (Winterdienst) VWW STRAßENOBERFLÄCHENWASSER (2008) KASTING (2002) Tab. 4.2: Typical concentrations of pollutants in run-off waters from roads and their origin 17

18 Results of the assessment the A 143 The assessment according to the obligations of the Water Framework Directive concluded that there will be no deterioration of the quality elements: For all biological elements it could be proved that there will be no deteriotation of the ecological status, The impacts in the hydromorphological parameters will be to small to have negative effects on the relevant flora and fauna, Most of the run-off street water will be collected in 9 retention basins and treated there. The concentration of substances of discharge water for those parameters, which are already above standards, will not exceed the existing loads. There will be no lasting effects on the ecological and chemical status of the water bodies. The measure for improvement of the water bodies will not be affected. 18

19 Assessing the A 20 crossing the Elbe River by a tunnel Motorway crossing the Elbe River, a heavily modified water body, by a tunnel. For drilling the tunnel process water is taken from the Elbe River and after use discharged back into the river (max. 360 m³/h). The construction period of the tunnel will last 24 months. The Elbe River is an important breeding ground for fish. The Elbe River shows high concentrations of several substances which fall under the Water Framwork Directive (i.e. mercury in biota). In the first attempt the Motorway failed at the German Federal Court because of no appropriate assessment of the obligations of the Water Framework Directive. 19

20 Assessing the A 20 crossing the Elbe River by a tunnel Geological section east side of Elbe River (from GRUNDBAUINGENIEURE STEINFELD UND PARTNER GbR, 2016, Anhang 19, Anlage /3a). 20

21 Assessing the A 20 crossing the Elbe River by a tunnel 21

22 Results of the assessment of the A 20 crossing the Elbe River by a tunnel The assessment according to the obligations of the Water Framework Directive concluded that there will be no deterioration of the quality elements: The construction water is taken from the Elbe River from a platform more than 100 m from the shore line in free water body so that the effects on flora and fauna are minimized and not significant. Before discharging the process water back into the Elbe River it is cooled down and cleaned in several steps during a purification process. After finishing the construction of the tunnel there will be no further discharge of flow-off street water into the Elbe River. There will be no lasting effects on the ecological potential and chemical status of the water body of the Elbe River. The measure for improvement of the water body will not be affected. 22

23 Thank you for your attention! 23