REAL-LIFE OPERATION OF SOLUS SYSTEM: A FOCUS ON THERMAL COMFORT 11 A P R I L D A N VA K D A G E N

Transcription

1 REAL-LIFE OPERATION OF SOLUS SYSTEM: A FOCUS ON THERMAL COMFORT 11 A P R I L D A N VA K D A G E N A L E S S A N D R O M A C C A R I N I, P O S T D O C

2 Agenda Concept behind the SOLUS system Energy performance (simulations) Thermal comfort (measurements)

3 Agenda Concept behind the SOLUS system Energy performance (simulations) Thermal comfort (measurements)

4 Concept Simultaneous heating and cooling demand can occur in the same building 24 C 20 C

5 Concept Conventional four-pipe systems 14 C 45 C 24 C 20 C

6 Concept SOLUS system (two-pipe system) 22 C 24 C 20 C

7 Concept SOLUS system (two-pipe system) Active beams are used as terminal units 22 C 24 C 20 C

8 Concept SOLUS system (two-pipe system) Active beams are used as terminal units 22 C 23 C 21 C 24 C 20 C

9 Concept SOLUS system ΔT water 0 C Active beams are used as terminal units 22 C 22 C 23 C 21 C 24 C 20 C

10 Concept SOLUS system ΔT water 0 C Active beams are used as terminal units SOLUS is able to transfer excess heat from warm rooms to cold rooms

11 Concept Advantages of SOLUS In situations of simultaneous heating and cooling demand in a building, excess heat from warm rooms can be transferred to cold rooms Operating temperatures of about 22 C in the water circuit facilitate the integration of sustainable energy sources High COP for heat pumps Free cooling

12 Agenda Concept behind the SOLUS system Energy performance (simulations) Thermal comfort (measurements)

13 Energy performance How to study the energy performance of SOLUS? When this project started (2013), no building was equipped with SOLUS Simulations using MODELICA

14 Modelica is a free object-oriented language for modeling of complex systems Multi-domain Systems belonging to different physical domains can be modeled (mechanical, electrical, thermal etc) Equation-based The mathematical code behind the graphical models consists of differential and algebraic equations Library-structured Modelica models are usually structured into libraries, both commercial and free

15 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system

16 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system Reference office building model 5 thermal zones / 1660 m 2

17 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system Active beam model Reference office building model 5 thermal zones / 1660 m 2

18 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system How to control the supply water temperature? Active beam model Reference office building model 5 thermal zones / 1660 m 2

19 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system How to control the supply water temperature? Active beam model Reference office building model 5 thermal zones / 1660 m 2

20 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system How to control the supply water temperature? Active beam model Output Input Reference office building model 5 thermal zones / 1660 m 2

21 Energy performance Modelica model of SOLUS system How to control the supply water temperature? Active beam model Output Input There is no direct feedback control to room temperature Reference office building model 5 thermal zones / 1660 m 2

22 Energy performance Results Annual energy savings Annual primary energy savings of about 18% 18% Combination of three effects: Heat transfer among rooms Higher free cooling potential Higher heat pump COP

23 Energy performance Heat transfer among rooms influencing parameters Annual energy savings (due to heat transfer among rooms) Degree of influence 27% Most efficient scenario 18% Reference scenario 6% Least efficient scenario The steeper the line, the greater the influence of the parameter on the energy savings

24 Agenda Concept behind the SOLUS system Energy performance (simulations) Thermal comfort (measurements)

25 Munksjötornet (Jönköping) First building equipped with SOLUS 16 floors (offices, gym, restaurant) 8500 m beams

26 Munksjötornet Thermal comfort measurements 20 m 2 2 workstations Unoccupied double-office room Objective: -vertical air temperature difference? -draught rate? 200 m 2 42 workstations Occupied open-office room Objective: -how do occupants perceive the thermal environment?

27 Munksjötornet Thermal comfort measurements 20 m 2 2 workstations Unoccupied double-office room Objective: -vertical air temperature difference? -draught rate? 200 m 2 42 workstations Occupied open-office room Objective: -how do occupants perceive the thermal environment?

28 Munksjötornet Unoccupied room Winter Window Vertical pole (P1) Lights Dummy Computer Summer Vertical pole (P2)

29 Munksjötornet Unoccupied room IC-meters Air temperature (±0.3 C) 1.7 m 1.1 m Probes Air velocity (±0.02 m/s) 0.6 m 0.1 m

30 Munksjötornet Unoccupied room vertical air temperature difference / winter 0.4 C According to ISO standard 7730 the vertical air temperature difference between head level (1.1 m, seated) and ankle level (0.1 m) should be less than 2 C

31 Munksjötornet Unoccupied room vertical air temperature difference / summer 0 C

32 Munksjötornet Unoccupied room air velocity Draught rate <10% (Category A - ISO 7730) Draught rate <10% WINTER SUMMER

33 Munksjötornet Thermal comfort measurements Unoccupied double-office room Objective: -vertical air temperature difference? -draught rate? Occupied open-office room Objective: -how do occupants perceive the thermal environment?

34 Munksjötornet Occupied open-office space 1. Measurements of physical parameters 2. Survey delivered to occupants MP 1 MP m 2 42 workstations MP 4 MP 2

35 Temperature [ C] Temperature [ C] Munksjötornet Air temperature 24 23,5 23 MP 1 MP 2 MP 3 MP 4 Supply Water 24 23,5 23 MP 1 MP 2 MP 3 MP 4 Supply water 22, , , :00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 Time - Thu 03 Mar , , , :00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 Time - Thu 24 Aug 2017 WINTER SUMMER

36 Air speed [m/s] Air speed [m/s] Munksjötornet Air velocity 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 MP 1 MP 2 MP 3 MP 4 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 MP 1 MP 2 MP 3 MP 4 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0, :00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 Time - Thu 03 Mar 2017 WINTER 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0, :00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00 14:00 18:00 Time - Thu 24 Aug 2017 SUMMER

37 Munksjötornet WINTER SUMMER

38 Munksjötornet ,4-0,2 WINTER SUMMER

39 N votes N votes Munksjötornet Comfort % % % % 0 Comfortable Uncomfortable 0 Comfortable Uncomfortable WINTER SUMMER

40 N votes N votes Munksjötornet Air movement % % % % Less air No change More air 0 Less air No change More air WINTER SUMMER

41 Munksjötornet - Conclusions Unoccupied room The room is well-mixed, and there is no significant thermal stratification in the space. The draught rate was below 10% for most of the cases Occupied room The SOLUS system maintains a quite constant air temperature (between C all year round) According to the survey, the thermal environment in winter seems to be slightly too cold. The thermal environment in summer seems to be almost neutral

42 Agenda Concept behind the SOLUS system Energy performance (simulations) Thermal comfort (measurements) Real-life monitoring

43 Real-life monitoring (energy performance)

44 Thank you! Any questions?