Impacts of Household Energy Programs in Uganda, Benin, and India

Transcription

1 Impacts of Household Energy Programs in Uganda, Benin, and India SEWA 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

2 USEPA Cookstove Project To build stove testing capacity of local stove programs and increase our understanding of how they are performing. Four year program in six locations. Winrock International helped facilitate capacity building workshops. Aprovecho led complimentary lab-based cookstove testing and training on CCTs and WBTs. Berkeley Air Monitoring Group led field-based cook stove testing and training on KPTs and emissions. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

3 Cook Stove Field Testing, Training, and Technical Assistance Program objectives Build local organizations field testing capacity Collect and disseminate data on field performance of technologies. Rationale Building local capacity increases stove testing efforts and helps programs assess their effectiveness. Available data from field testing is sparse compared to that from laboratory testing Evaluating the in-home effectiveness of a new technology is essential to for quantifying actual impacts 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

4 Kitchen Performance Test (KPT) In-home assessment of fuel consumption of traditional and new technologies All fuel weighed daily 4 consecutive visits, yielding 3 days of fuel use data Participants instructed to cook as they normally would. Study sites in Uganda, Benin, and India Building on previous round of U.S.EPA funded KPT projects SEWA surveyors practice the KPT protocol in Gujarat. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

5 Uganda: August, 2012 Cross-Sectional study in Kampala Baseline: Households used primarily charcoal (N=54) Intervention: Customers of Wana Energy LPG canisters. (N=38) Overall energy use was similar between the study groups. Charcoal use ~31% lower in LPG user homes Traditional LPG 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

6 Benin: July, 2013 Cross-Sectional study in Southern Benin Baseline: Traditonal Charcoal stoves (N=57) Cloporte Intervention: Éclair Stove (N=62) Charcoal burning Contains secondary air holes Two designs in two sizes Éclair Intervention households used ~29.5% less charcoal than baseline homes. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

7 India: August October, 2013 Before and After Baseline: Traditional Chulha (N=117) Intervention: Eco Chulha (N=117) Forced air gasifier Can burn a variety of fuels Primarily wood during KPT Idealized 100% usage scenario Intervention households used ~61% less wood than baseline homes. Chulha Eco Chulha XXL 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

8 Initial round of KPT studies Presented in Johnson et al Maharashtra, India Traditional wood burning chulha Oorja: forced-air gasifier designed to burn sugarcane pellets, Homes that were using LPG exclusively Nepal Peru Traditional wood burning chulo Improved Biomass Stove: built-in chimney stove, wood-burning, mud brick Traditional open-fire stove Inkawasi: a built-in chimney stove, wood-burning, adobe and either ceramic or mud bricks 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

9 Uganda * Wood Other Biomass Pellets LPG Charcoal Kerosene Benin * India * (Gujarat) India ǂ (Maharashtra) Nepal ǂ Peru ǂᴓ ǂ Study was conducted in the first round of USEPA KPT projects. Details published in Johnson et al., *Study was conducted in the second round of USEPA KPT projects. Details are reported in this paper. ᴓ For clarity, only measurements from one of the study sites in Peru is presented (Santiago de Chuco). 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

10 Key points and future work Many promising technologies exist which potentially reduced household fuel consumption and emissions. Fuel consumption estimates inform on effectiveness of household energy programs. Further field assessments of stove programs are important to more comprehensively understand how household energy interventions are performing. Characterizing cooking tasks using new and traditional technologies may help guide programmatic and technology design efforts 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

11 Linking Effectiveness With Cooking Tasks Studies on stove usage commonly point to stove stacking (Ruiz-Mercado, et al., 2011). Using certain stoves for specific tasks will affect the household energy balance. Information on common cooking tasks traditional time and energy demand, as well as emissions, is limited, but can help direct technology and program design phases. Design/promote stoves that work especially well for the most costly/dirty tasks. Train users to preferentially use the efficient stove for selected tasks. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

12 Gujarat, India: Case Study Participants instructed to use only the Eco Chulha during followup Miscommunication /translation error in followup study 100% reported Eco Chulha usage during follow-up Hypothetical Complete Displacement of Traditional Chulha 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

13 Hypothetical Savings Percent Fuel Saved 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 50% Displacement 30.5% fuel savings Complete Displacement 0% Baseline 0 0% 50% 100% Percent Traditional Stove Displacement Fuel Saved (kg/standard adult/day) 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

14 Itemized Time and Fuel Requirements Time to cook (min/sa/task) Traditional Chulha* Eco Chulha* Bath Tea Vegetables Bread 2 0 *Bubble size correlates to mass of fuel consumed per person per task 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

15 Itemized Time and Fuel Savings 10 Time Saved (min/sa/task) 8 6 Bread 4 Vegetables 2 Tea Bath Fuel Saved (g/sa/task) 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

16 Fractional Savings per Meal 100% % 1.2 Percent Fuel Saved 60% 40% 20% 50% Adoption 30.5% fuel savings Completed Displacement % Baseline 0 0% 50% 100% Percent Stove Displacement 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

17 Fractional Savings per Meal Percent Fuel Saved 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 3% 10% 23% 25% Bread Vegetables Tea Bath % 0 0% 50% 100% Percent Stove Displacement 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

18 Key Points The 61% fuel savings observed in Gujarat, India is the result of an artificially produced complete usage scenario. Absolute savings of fuel (74 ± 60 g/person/task) and time (4:41 ± 4:25 minutes per person per task) was greatest for bread. In a stove stacking scenario, displacing the traditional chulha with the Eco Chulha for tasks such as cooking bread and vegetables will result in significant fuel and time savings, while bath water and tea will have less of an effect. Itemized task information can aid in training, marketing, and technology and program study design. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

19 Thank you! Thank you to our KPT survey teams and field supervisors for their hard work. Thanks to the USEPA and Winrock International for their support throughout this study. We also wish to thank everyone SEWA; GIZ; Center for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation; Center for Integrated Research and Community Development, Uganda; and Wana Energy who assisted with organizing and planning the training programs and field studies. And, most importantly, thank you to all the participants who allowed us into their homes and made this possible. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS

20 References Ruiz-Mercado I, Masera O, Zamora H, Smith KR. Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy 2011;39:7557e66. 1/25/2014 Berkeley Air - ETHOS