Impacts of climate change on water hygiene and pathogens in German waterways

Transcription

1 Impacts of climate change on water hygiene and pathogens in German waterways - Non-Cholera Vibrio spp. Emerging pathogens in the German Bight? Simone Böer, Nicole Brennholt, Georg Reifferscheid German Federal Institute of Hydrology Katrin Luden, Ernst-August Heinemeyer Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony Vibrio spp. occurrence and disease Fecal contamination of water: V. cholerae O:, O:9 Cholera (diarrhea, dehydration) Good sanitary conditions and infrastructure Ingestion of contaminated water UN; Zimbabwe August 8 until May 9 97,7 infected people, 42 deaths United Nations Natural occurrence in the marine environment: e.g. V. parahaemolyticus: most common causative organism of diarrheal infections in Southeast Asia (China %, Japan 2-%, Taiwan 69%); 4 reports in the USA e.g. : , 9 reported cases in the USA

2 Possible routes of transmission Consumption of raw or half-cooked seafood (fish, mussels, lobster, shrimp ) Gastroenteritis, primary septicemia Fish processing/ bathing and wading in sea water in the presence of skin lesions and open wounds Wound infections, ear and eye infections, necrosis, sepsis Risk factors: chronic diseases higher age Vibrio spp. infections after water contact in Northern Europe Year Country Vibrio spp. No. of cases Presumptive source of infection Agent identified in presumptive source? 994 not specified Denmark Sea water not specified Sweden not specified 22 not specified Sweden V. cholerae non-o/non-o9 water not specified 26 Denmark V. alginolyticus V. parahaemolyticus 7 7 Sweden V. cholerae non-o/non-o9 Poland V. cholerae non-o/non-o9 2 Inland lake Old fountain no The Netherlands V. alginolyticus North Sea 28 V. alginolyticus/ V. parahaemolyticus 2 / V. alginolyticus/ V. parahaemolyticus 2

3 Vibrio-monitoring in the German North Sea Research questions Do potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. occur at bathing sites along the North Sea coast and within the adjacent estuaries? How does the occurrence and abundance of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. relate to temperature? Are there hot spots of Vibrio spp. occurrence? Study area German Bight North Sea

4 Study area water and sediment samples taken monthly samples tested for, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. Cholerae occurrence Effect of temperature on V. alginolyticus & V. parahaemolyticus occurrence 2 2 % positively tested water samples V. alginolyticus V. parahaemolyticus Water temperature 2 Water temperature [ C] % positively tested water samples V. alginolyticus V. parahaemolyticus Water temperature 2 Water temperature [ C] Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. - Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. - V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus more frequently found at high temperatures than at low temperatures Temperature effect stronger on V. parahaemolyticus than on V. alginolyticus Temperature effect stronger in water than in sediments 4

5 Positive V. alginolyticus & V. parahaemolyticus proofs Percentage of samples positively tested for Vibrio alginolyticus according to sampling sites Percentage of samples positively tested for Vibrio parahaemolyticus according to sampling sites % positively tested samples % positively tested samples Sediment Water Sediment Water V. alginolyticus more frequently found than V. parahaemolyticus V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus more frequently found in sediment samples than in water samples lower frequency (and abundances) at sites strongly influenced by fresh or offshore waters Positive V. alginolyticus & V. parahaemolyticus proofs Mean Vibrio spec. concentrations in water samples September 29 - August 2 Bacteria/ ml Bacteria/ g Vibrio alginolyticus Mean Vibrio spec. concentrations in sediment samples September 29 - August 2 Vibrio alginolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus

6 Effect of water temperature on occurrence Effect of water temperature on positive Vibrio vulnificus proofs in water samples Effect of water temperature on positive Vibrio vulnificus proofs in sediment samples 6 proofs Water temperature 2 6 proofs Water temperature 2 No. of positive proofs Mean water temp. [ C] No. of positive proofs Mean water temp. [ C] Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sampling month 29-2 Sampling month 29-2 Positive Vibrio vulnificus proofs only at water temperatures ~2 C hot-spots 6

7 hot-spots Effect of salinity on occurrence 7

8 hot-spots July and/or August 2 ~2 C water temperature < / ml water up to / g sediment Summary V.alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus found at all sampling sites at all seasons V. alginolyticus > V. parahaemolyticus V. alginolyticus/ V. parahaemolyticus highest at intermediate salinities only found at estuarine sites at temperatures ~2 C abundancies: sediments > water 8

9 Thank you for your attention! Departmental Research Programme National Meteorological Service of (DWD) German Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) German Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW) Simone Böer German Federal Institute of Hydrology Characteristics of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in the marine environment Vibrio spp. that are potentially pathogenic to humans: Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio Gram-negative, curved rod-shape Facultative anaerobe, halophilic Natural part of marine bacterial communities VV.jpeg Salt water (Sea water, coastal waters, estuaries, saline inland lakes Sediment, plankton Marine fish and crustaceans safeoysters.org/images/ modes_art.jpg 9

10 occurrence at the German coast 26/27 Salinity > (- ) Water temperature > 2 C Global warming.4 C water temperature increase in the North Sea and between 98-2 (MacKenzie & Schiedek 27) Expected global temperature increase until 2: -6 C Regional change of the yearly mean temperature for the period 27-2 compared to according to IPCC scenario A2. Source: Climate Change 27, Working Group I: The Science of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers

11 Worldwide growing importance of Vibrio spp. infections Hsueh et al. 24. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol.. No Nair et al. 27. Clin Microbiol Rev. Vol. 2 () Increasing global trade of fishing products and seafood due to growing demand (increasing distribution of contaminated seafood) 2. Global warming (increase in the abundance of Vibrio spp. that are potentially pathogenic to humans in coastal waters and marine organisms)