CHAPTER 6 PROFILE OF URBAN PUNJAB WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LUDHIANA CITY

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1 CHAPTER 6 PROFILE OF URBAN PUNJAB WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LUDHIANA CITY Access to clean drinking water is a fundamental right in India as cited in right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India (Ramachandriah, 2001). But still the sufficient quantity of drinking water is not being provided to the people at large. The alarming increase in demand for water make it necessary for the government to take appropriate measures so that available water resources can be utilized in proper and efficient manner. Directorate of water resources, Punjab has worked out groundwater statistics, in which it came to light that 110 blocks of Punjab were over exploited, in whom the groundwater withdrawal was more than 100 percent and 3 blocks with withdrawal rate between percent, were in the critical stage and 2 blocks were in semicritical stage. Only 23 blocks were safe with withdrawal rate of less than 70 percent. This over exploitation of groundwater led to the rapid depletion of the water resources of the state. The average fall of water table in the state was 0.55 m/year. However no study was available on the water table depth beneath the large cities of Punjab. Punjab, having geographical area of million hectare, lies between 29 o o 31 N and 73 o o 55 E. The three perennial rivers, the Sutlej, Ravi and Beas, flow in this agricultural state of India. In addition, the Ghaggar, commonly known as a seasonal river, also flows through Punjab. Punjab the major riparian state has a limited share of water in these three rivers. 6.1 DEMOGRAPHY The total population of Punjab according to census 2011 was 277 lakh, out of which around 63 percent live in rural areas and 37 percent in urban areas (Table 6.1). The population of the state has been increasing over the years as in 1951 the total population was 91 lakh which further increased to 111 lakh in 1961 and to 135, 167, 202 and 242 lakh in 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, respectively. 84

2 Table 6.1: Population of Punjab: Year Total population Rural population Urban population Decadal growth rate of urban population of Punjab (%) Decadal growth of population of Punjab (%) ,60,500 (100.00) 71,71,233 (78.28) 19,89,267 (21.72) ,11,35,069 (100.00) 85,67,763 (76.94) 25,67,306 (23.06) ,35,51,060 (100.00) 1,03,34,881 (76.27) 32,16,179 (23.73) ,67,88,915 (100.00) 1,21,41,158 (72.32) 46,47,757 (27.68) ,02,81,969 (100.00) 1,42,88,749 (70.45) 59,93,220 (29.55) ,42,89,296 (100.00) 1,60,43,730 (66.05) 82,45,566 (33.95) ,77,04,236 (100.00) 1,73,16,800 (62.51) 1,03,87,436 (37.49) Source: Census of various years The ratio of rural population has been decreasing in various census years. In census 1951 the ratio of rural population to total population was reported as approximately 78 percent which fell to 63 percent in The ratio of urban population to total population has been increasing. The migration of people to urban areas leads to life style changes, modernization, development etc. and thus it also led to increase in demand for water. The decadal growth rate of urban population of Punjab was higher than the total decadal growth rate of Punjab population. The total area of Punjab in 1961 was Square Kilometers (sq. kms.) which increased to sq. kms in 1971 as this additional area was supplied by Surveyor General, India (Table 6.2). The urban area has been increasing year by year as in 1961, out of total area, sq. kms. was urban area. The urban area had increased to , , and sq. kms. in census year 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, respectively. This increase in urban area to total area showed that people are migrating from rural areas to urban areas in search of better living. 85

3 But due to increase of population in urban areas, the stress on the infrastructural facilities has also increased manifold. Table 6.2: Proportion of urban area in the total area of Punjab: Year Total area of Punjab (sq. kms) Urban area * of Punjab (Sq. kms.) Urban area as percentage to total area * Urban area = 19 Urban Agglomerations* Towns Source: Directorate Census Operations, Punjab, 2001 The ratio of urban area to total area of Punjab has increased from 1.25 percent in 1961 to 1.37, 2.38, 2.86 and 4.16 per cent in 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001, respectively. As the urban area of Punjab has been increasing over the years, similarly urban area of Class I, II, III, IV and V cities has also increased since 1961 to 2001, except Class VI cities in which the urban area was sq. kms. in 1961 which decreased to sq. kms (Table 6.3). The area of class I cities was sq. kms. in 1961 which increased to sq. kms. in 1981 and further to sq. kms. in 2001 with per cent average annual increase. The class II cities average annual increase was per cent with sq. kms. urban area in 1961 which increased to sq. kms. in The area of class III cities increased at a slow pace with 2.06 percent average annual increase and in 1961, the urban area of class III cities was sq. kms. which increased to sq. kms. in a span of 40 years. The class III cities average area annual increase was around 10 percent which showed that the rate of increase in urban area of class IV cities was high. * Urban Agglomeration (UA): An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity. Examples: Greater Mumbai UA, Delhi UA, etc 86

4 Table 6.3: Urban area of Punjab and it classification*: (sq. kms.) Year Area of urban Punjab Area of class I cities Area of class II cities Area of class III cities Area of class IV cities Area of class V cities Area of class VI cities Ludhiana city Average annual increase/ decrease *According to1971, 81, 91and 2001 census all towns and U.A. s have been grouped into classes according to their population size: Class I cities: Population of 1, 00,000 and above. Class II cities: Population of 50,000 to 99,999 Class III cities: Population of 20,000 to 49,999 Class II cities: Population of 10,000 to 19,999 Class II cities: Population of 5,000 to 9,999 Class II cities: Population of less than 5,000 Source: Directorate Census Operations, Punjab,

5 The area of class IV cities was sq. km. which increased to sq. km. in 1981 and further to sq. km. in The area increase of class V cities was less than one percent annually. The urban area in class V cities was sq. km. which increased to sq. km. in The area of class VI cities was sq. km. which decreased to sq. km. with average annual decreased of 0.12 per cent. The area of Ludhiana city has increased at a very high rate. As the average annual increase in area of Punjab was 5.85 percent whereas it was percent in case of Ludhiana city. This increase in area of Ludhiana city shows that urbanization has been on fast rate which further lead to demand for more infrastructural facilities. The area of Ludhiana city was just sq. km. in 1961 which increased to 110 sq. km. in 1981 and and sq. km. in 1991 and 2001, respectively. 6.2 MALE FEMALE PROPORTION IN PUNJAB The male female proportion means the number of males and females in total population of the state (Table 6.4). The number of males is more than females in urban and rural areas in 2001 and The number of females has increased to 48 lakh in 2011 from 29 lakh in 2001 in urban areas and from 50 lakh in 2001 to 82 lakh in 2011 in rural areas which shows that total sex ratio must have increased in Punjab. Table 6.4: Male-Female population in 2001 and 2011 in Punjab Year Urban Rural Male Female Male Female ,61,975 29,90,067 57,08,720 50,69, ,48,353 48,39,083 90,86,466 82,30,334 Source: Census of various years 6.3 SEX RATIO IN PUNJAB Sex ratio shows the number of females per 1000 males. The sex ratio was 865 females per 1000 males in 1971 which increased to 879 and 882 females per 1000 males in 1981 and 1991, respectively (Table 6.5). It fell in 2001 to 876 and then again in 2011 it increased to 893 females per 1000 males. 88

6 Table 6.5: Sex Ratio in Punjab: Year Sex ratio Source: Census of various years 6.4 LITERACY RATE IN PUNJAB The literacy rate shows the number of literates out of total population of the state. The literacy rate of Punjab saw an increase over the years as in 1971 the literary rate was percent which increased to 43.40, 58.50, and in 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011, respectively (Table 6.6). This continuous increase in literacy rate is a good sign as educated people will help in various water management policies and plans. The male literacy rate was higher than female and total literacy rate of Punjab. In 1971 the male literacy rate was percent while female literacy rate was only percent. But in coming years, the male as well as female literacy rates saw an increasing trend. In 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 the male and female literacy rates were and 34.40; and 50.40; and and and percent, respectively. Table 6.6: Literacy rate in Punjab: Year Male literacy rate Female literacy rate Literacy rate Source: Census of various years 89

7 6.5 STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE IN PUNJAB Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage Board (PWSSB) was set up under Punjab Government Act No. 28 of Before the formation of PWSSB i.e. in 1976, the urban population of Punjab was around 40 lacs. Out of which only 40 percent i.e. 16 lac population was covered with water supply and 25 percent i.e. 10 lac population was availing sewerage facility in state (Table 6.7). The population of the state as well as coverage of water supply and sewerage both increase in Table 6.7: Status of water supply and sewerage in Punjab Description Before formation of PWSSB Present status of PWSSB Urban population 40 lacs lacs Water supply coverage 40% (16 lacs) 88% (91.41 lacs) Sewerage coverage 25% (10 lacs) 62% (64.40 lacs) Tube wells (No.) Overhead service reservoir OHSR (No.) Distribution (water supply) kms Sewerage laid (kms) Towns covered with water supply Towns covered with sewerage No. of cities - 74 No. of towns Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage Board, 2012 Figures in brackets are percentages of covered population In 2011, out of total population of lacs, 88 percent of population was covered with water supply and 62 percent with sewerage systems. The number of tube wells too increased from 340 in year 1976 to 1972 in year The overhead reserves number also saw a sharp increase from 106 in 1976 to 354 in The water supply lines and sewerage length too had increased. In 1976 the water supply lines length was 1780 kms which increased to kms and sewerage line length increased from 1075 kms in 1976 to 8770 kms in Only 80 towns were covered with water supply in 1976, while this number increased to 90

8 139 towns in Similarly 60 towns were able to have sewerage facility in 1976; this figure went up to 88 towns in Such an increase in the coverage of urban population with water supply and sewerage is a good sign when the water resources of state are depleting at an alarming rate and adequate amount of drinking water is not being available to people at large. Table 6.8: Actual average daily water supply and consumption in urban Punjab: (MLD) Description Number Percentages Actual average daily water supply Actual average daily water consumption Wastages/ Pilferages Note: MLD- Million Liters per Day Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage Board, 2012 The actual average daily supply of water in Punjab was mld whereas consumption was mld, thus around mld of water was wastages/pilferages (Table 6.8). Approximately 1/4 th broken pipelines, unaccounted water or such related causes. Table 6.9: water was wasted due to Population of urban Punjab being served by house connections, stand posts and individual institutional set up: Description Number Percentages Population being served by house connections 59,61, Population being served by stand posts 1,90, Population being served by individual institutional set up 3,95, Total population served 65,47, Note: 1 Urban population includes the population of cities as well as towns. 2 The information given in the above table is the aggregation of the city and town level information provided by PWSSB for 131 cities and towns. Hence, the figures do not match with the table 6.7. Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage Board, 2012 The access to water through house connections in urban areas was approximately 91 percent, 3 percent by stand posts and 6 percent were having independent set up for meeting their water requirements (Table 6.9). 91

9 Table 6.10: Number of metered and unmetered house connections in urban Punjab: Description Number Percentages Number of metered connections 2,11, Number of unmetered connections 9,62, Total number of house connections 11,73, Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage Board, 2012 The total number of house connections in Punjab in 2012 was 11, 73,464 out of which 2, 11,437 (18.02 percent) were metered and rest i.e 9, 62,027 (81.98 percent) were unmetered water connections (Table 6.10). 6.6 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND TOPOGRAPHY OF LUDHIANA CITY Ludhiana city is located in district Ludhiana which is the largest and most centrally located district of Malwa region of the state of Punjab. Ludhiana city is the prime industrial and educational center of northern India and is commonly known as Manchester of India, the Hub of the Indian Industry and also as the industrial capital of small scale industry in the country (CDP, 2006). Ludhiana city was founded on a ridge on Buddha nallah, which once was bed of the River Sutlej. The urban area is lying between 30 o to N latitude and to E longitude. Previously the urban area was confined to south of Buddha nallah but due to fast growing population, the low lying area between Buddha nallah and the river Sutlej is fast merging in urban area. Around 40 villages surrounding the old city are now part of Ludhiana Municipal Corporation (LMC). The climate of the city is especially dry. The winter season is from middle of November to March. The succeeding period up to the end of June is hot. July, August and half of September constitute the south west of monsoon, the period of mid September to mid November is post monsoon. June is generally the hottest month. Hot and scorching dust laden winds blow during these months. December and January are the coldest months. The mean daily temperature varied in the range of 5.5 o C to C. It is influenced by south west monsoon winds in the summer and westerly and north westerly winds during the winter. 92

10 6.7 DEMOGRAPHY Ludhiana, the first metropolitan city of the State of Punjab, located on National Highway-1, has emerged as the most vibrant and important business centre of Punjab. It is the largest city of Punjab both in terms of area as well as population. The city is spread over an area sq.kms. and accommodates lacs population as per 2011 census. Table 6.11: Population of Ludhiana city: Years Population of L.M.C(Persons) Decadal Growth Rate Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) % N.A. Source: Census of various years Population density of Ludhiana city: Population density of LMC is expanding i.e persons per hectare in 1981 which further increased to 77.4, 87.7 and persons per hectare in years 1991, 2001 and 2011 respectively (Table 6.12). This is solely due to large scale migration is taking place in Ludhiana city due to the growth of industrial and trade and commerce sectors. Population density in 1981 in Ludhiana city was on lower side as there was tremendous increase in municipal corporation area i.e sq.km. in 1971 to 110 sq.km. in 1981 and sq.km in

11 Table 6.12: Population density of Ludhiana city: Year Population Density Persons per sq.km. Persons per hectare Source: Census of various years Sex Ratio in Ludhiana city The numerical measurement of sex composition of population is often expressed in terms of sex ratio. Out of total population of in Ludhiana city in 2011, the number of males was while female s number was with sex ratio of 845 females per 1000 males Literacy rate in Ludhiana city Out of total population of in Ludhiana city in 2011, persons were literates with literacy rate of percent. The ratio of female literacy was only percent while male literacy rate was percent. The female literacy rate should be increased as it will help in various water demand management measures as females are the direct users of water. 6.8 INFRASTRUCTURE AND BASIC SERVICES Water supply Water supply system in the past Water supply system operates in the city since 1980s. The city does not have any perennial source of water. The river Sutlej is located approximately 15 km from city, so the dependence on groundwater for drinking water is obvious. There were 24 wells dug on the outer area of old city, the area is now-a-days known as Rose Garden. The water was withdrawn from these 24 wells with very shallow depth of approximately 25 to 30 feet. The city got power supply in Deep tube wells were dug after the electric supply was available in the city. Between 1945 to 1970, the city got 38 new tube wells which show that on an average approximately 1 tube well was added per 94

12 year to the water supply system so as to provide adequate drinking water to the people. Currently, water supply operation and maintenance is the main service provided by LMC. Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage Board (PWSSB) is the parastatal executing agency on behalf of MC and its main functions are the installation of tube wells, construction of reservoirs, planning, designing and executing of main and branch lines etc Declared area water supply system The corporation has divided the whole city into declared areas and undeclared areas (Table 6.13). Declared areas are being served by LMC. The households of undeclared areas have their own private water supply. Ludhiana is the first corporation in the country providing Potable water for 100 percent population residing in the vicinity of the declared areas of the corporation (CDP, 2006). Table 6.13: Area and population under water supply coverage in Ludhiana city: 2001 Item Area (in sq. km.) Population in (lac) Total MC area Declared area Undeclared area Source: City Development Plan, Ludhiana, Sources of water Generally there are two sources of water i.e. surface water and ground water. Ludhiana city has three sources of surface water i.e. Sutlej river, Budha Nallah and Sidhwan Canal. But, city has not been able to drive water from above sources because Sutlej River is situated on the northern side of city approximately 15 km away from the city centre and remains dry most of the time of the year. Budha Nallah is extremely polluted due to dumping of industrial effluents and untreated sewage water. Sidhwan Canal has a discharge of 1600 cusecs of water, but this water is meant for irrigation hence cannot be used for domestic use in the city. Since ancient times, the city is totally dependent on ground water for domestic and industrial purposes. As given in table 6.14, presently LMC, supplies 95

13 domestic water supply through 771 tube wells; out of which 508 tube wells are extremely deep tube wells extracting water from the depth of 400 to 500 feet while 263 tube wells are deep tube wells, extracting water from the depth of approximately 300 to 400 feet. The city has registered water connections as on 2012 and the slum areas are supplied with 500 number of stand post connections. Water is supplied three times a day for about 10 hours daily. Table 6.14: Number of tube wells and amount of water extracted: 2012 Item Quantity (Nos.) Depth (feet) Total no. of tube wells Extremely deep tube wells Deep tube wells Total amount of extracted groundwater 415 MLD _ Source: Ludhiana Municipal Corporation, Additional sources of water There is no source of water as on date except the deep tube wells through which water supply is made to the residents. There used to be individual hand pumps almost in all residential houses before But because of fast depletion of water tables, hand pumps could not suck water. The other alternative before masses was installation of submersible pumps but these are still not more than 280 feet depth Un-declared areas water supply system Approximately 15 percent of the area is not covered by Municipal Corporation. The residents of these areas have to rely on private bore wells for their domestic water supply Sewerage system To provide and dispose of domestic sewerage facility in the city is one of the mandatory functions of LMC. Rather, it is not responsible for the disposal of industries and industrial establishments. The sewerage system of Ludhiana city is underground, and it is not spread over the complete municipal limits. Only 67 percent of area is covered by LMC but gradually year by year the numbers of sewerage connections have been increasing as shown in Table

14 Table 6.15: Year wise profile of increasing water and sewerage connections in Ludhiana city: Year No. of water connections No. of sewerage connections * * Ludhiana Tribune, 2 May, 2013 Source: Ludhiana Municipal Corporation, Water pollution The cumulative environmental pollution index for water pollution has been 66, as per Central Pollution Control Board. This higher level of pollution has been due to insufficient treatment plants set up by various industries and inadequate common treatment plants for domestic effluents as well as discharge of untreated waste water. In Ludhiana city this high index value might be due to higher density of population per square kilometer and this population is a sensitive receptor along with impact on the eco-system of the river Sutlej. The waste water and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration of various industries that pollute the water of Ludhiana city were beyond the acceptable limits. 97

15 Wastewater and domestic effluents pollute the water sources. The effluent treatment plants should be set up by industries so as to treat the wastewater. Dyeing unit s wastewater generation is 150 mld and electroplating industries have 4 mld (See detail in Ch. 11, Table 11.4). The BOD concentration levels too are high in various industries. These high levels of contamination put danger to the lives of people. All the units of dyeing, milk plants, pulp and paper and beverage industries were having ETPs. Whereas none of electroplating industries were having ETPs. Out of total 66 hosiery/ washing/ printing industries, only about 38 percent were having ETPs and out of 111 pickling industries percent were having ETPs and percent were not having ETPs. Inadequate ETPs make the situation somewhat more worse. There are a number of diseases i.e. diarrhea, malaria, cholera, skin infection etc. which spread due to polluted water. If the water which is supplied by utilities does not satisfy the permissible limits, is an important transmission route for infections and other diseases. In nutshell, the profile of urban Punjab and Ludhiana city gave us the view that the population in urban areas has been increasing at a very fast rate and simultaneously the demand for water has also been rising. The Ludhiana city has been provided with 750 plus tube wells to meet the increased demand but still a large proportion of population is still deprived of safe drinking water in the city. 98