ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CLIMATIC ZONES IN TURKEY WITH REGARD TO THE ENERGY LABELLING FOR AIR CONDITIONERS

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4 ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CLIMATIC ZONES IN TURKEY WITH REGARD TO THE ENERGY LABELLING FOR AIR CONDITIONERS H. Toros *, A. Deniz *, S. İncecik * and U. Sertan ** * İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Meteorology, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey ** DAIKIN TURKEY, Strategic Marketing, Manager, , Kartal, İstanbul, Turkey SUMMARY Climatic zones have been defined in most European countries for various purposes such as energy efficiency, eco design studies, etc., on the basis of the amounts of heating and cooling degree days. Heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement designed to reflect the demand for energy needed to heat a building and is defined relative to a base temperature. It is derived from measurements of ambient temperature. The aim of this study is to determine the three different climate zones in Turkey based on Energy Labeling Regulations under EC Directive for air conditioners on the basis of heating mode. The application of the method requires detailed bin data. The bin approach is based on the annual frequency of the ambient dry bulb temperature. In this study, dry-bulb temperature bin data for 374 meteorological stations from 81 Turkish cities are determined based on hourly ambient temperatures. The distribution of temperature for the three climate zones Average, Warmer and Colder for Turkey is presented. It is found that the climate zones best representing Turkey conditions is Average, corresponding to Elazığ; while Warmer corresponding to Şanlıurfa and Colder corresponding to Ağrı, respectively. In this way, the demand for heating to temperatures which is compatible with the EU Directive has been implemented in Turkey. INTRODUCTION The impacts of climate and weather conditions on energy demand have received increasing attention. Degree-day is an important climatic design indicator. Its methodology is used in many fields as well as energy demand for heating and cooling (Mourshed, 2012). These values reflect different profiles at different climatic zones. Climatic zones have been defined in most European countries for several purposes such as energy efficiency, eco design studies, etc., on the basis of the amounts of heating and cooling degree days (Tsikaloudaki et al., 2012; Rasmussen, 2011). This approach is applied to evaluate energy performance of buildings as a reference for the real energy needs for heating and cooling of buildings in cities which represent climatic zones. The heating and cooling degree days based on the classification of climate zones is able to provide more realistic results. Although climate zones are described in many European countries, there is a lack of information on the classification of climate characteristics of the entire European continent (Tsikaloudaki et al., 475

5 2012). The seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) is the parameter forming the basis for European minimum requirements and energy labelling for heat pumps. Furthermore, SCOP takes into account temperature fluctuation and standby periods to present an indicator of the energy efficiency of the heating period. Therefore, the EN standard defines a reference SCOP to be used in energy labelling and legislation, in which the number of hours is determined and in which the heating demand curve is given on the basis of a single input parameter (Rasmussen, 2011). Various studies have been conducted in Turkey to address the issue of climate zones for building designs based on the knowledge of heating degree days (Sahal, 2006; Bulut vd., 2007; Bulut et al., 2001). The aim of this study is to identify three different climate zone across the country within the framework of "Air Energy Labeling Regulations" in order to see the heating efficiency of the air conditioner for the heating mode where the costumers buy the device. DATA AND METHODOLOGY The hourly ambient outdoor temperature data measured at 374 meteorological stations of Turkish Meteorological Service is used in this study. Reporting meteorological stations in the dataset are widely distributed and representative of major climatic zones in Turkey. The temperature data base was created by using the data in Turkey. The data for the last 20 years was taken into consideration for a realistic time period. SCOP is mandatory for the profile of the average climate at European energy labeling (Rasmussen, 2011). According to this, it is possible to determine the need for heating energy of any building by using heating degree day method. Therefore, different climatic conditions would affect the need for heating energy in different ways. The climatic zones for heating mode were determined on the basis of European Union Commission Directive dated 4 May 2011 and shown on the map covering the EU countries. SCOP method is used for this calculation in accordance with the EU Directive. SCOP within the scope of this paper to the different climatic conditions of the climate zones of Turkey calculated as follows: a. Average b. Warmer c. Colder The seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) is the overall coefficient of performance of the unit representative for the whole designated heating season (Official Journal of the EU, 2012). SCOP method of calculation was used in accordance with the Directive of the European Union. SCOP method is essentially consists of temperatures known as "bin" and corresponding number of hours (EU Directive ECODESIGN Lot 10, Chapter 4). All these were evaluated together to reflect the changes in the temperature on the heating season. Besides that, a heating demand curve was determined for temperatures providing heating demand. 476

6 In this study, "bin" method based on the hourly temperature values was used to determine the need for energy to run in heating method. The meteorological data which was used to assess the need for heating at different bin temperature values is dry bulb temperature and covers the period from the last 20 years. Table 1 shows the information about the locations of stations with their measurement periods. Table 1. Meteorological stations and their locations, periods. Stations Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) Initial Period Ending Period Total Year Bartın Zonguldak Sinop Samsun Ordu Giresun Trabzon Rize Artvin Ardahan Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Göztepe Kocaeli Sakarya Bolu Düzce Kastamonu Karabük Çankırı Çorum Amasya Tokat Gümüşhane Bayburt Sivas Erzincan Erzurum Kars Ağrı Iğdır Çanakkale

7 Bursa Yalova Bilecik Eskişehir Ankara Kırıkkale Yozgat Balıkesir Kütahya Kırşehir Tunceli Van Manisa Uşak Afyonkarahisar Aksaray Nevşehir Kayseri Malatya Elazığ Bingöl Muş Siirt İzmir Aydın Denizli Burdur Isparta Konya Karaman Niğde Kahramanmaraş Gaziantep Kilis Adıyaman Şanlıurfa Mardin Diyarbakır Batman Hakkari Şırnak Muğla

8 Antalya Mersin Adana Osmaniye Hatay Bin numbers are calculated for each month of a year. This calculation is repeated in every year and average of all period is found. Hourly values of environmental weather temperature (dry thermometer) are used to determine heating requirement in different "bin" values (Ashrae Iwec Data Set). This hourly value forms design values for related meteorological stations. These are long-term values which are measured in the meteorological stations of related regions. The calculation method takes into account heating for requirement depending on environmental temperature. For this purpose, the calculated monthly average temperature values for the provinces in Turkey are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Monthly average temperatures ( o C ) Stations January February March April May June July August September October November December Bartın Zonguldak Sinop Samsun Ordu Giresun Trabzon Rize Artvin Ardahan Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ Göztepe Kocaeli Sakarya Bolu Düzce Kastamonu Karabük Çankırı Çorum Amasya Tokat

9 Gümüşhane Bayburt Sivas Erzincan Erzurum Kars Ağrı Iğdır Çanakkale Bursa Yalova Bilecik Eskişehir Ankara Kırıkkale Yozgat Balıkesir Kütahya Kırşehir Tunceli Van Manisa Uşak Afyonkarahisar Aksaray Nevşehir Kayseri Malatya Elazığ Bingöl Muş Siirt İzmir Aydın Denizli Burdur Isparta Konya Karaman Niğde Kahramanmaraş Gaziantep

10 Kilis Adıyaman Şanlıurfa Mardin Diyarbakır Batman Hakkari Şırnak Muğla Antalya Mersin Adana Osmaniye Hatay Heating Degree Day Method Degree-days are the summation of temperature differences between the ambient air temperature and a base reference temperature. Degree-days are measure that how much the weather is cold or hot in a certain period of time and how much energy should be needed related to building heating or cooling. Therefore, degree days can help to compare monthly or annual energy consumption by consumers with a normal month or year. Turkey is situated over a transition region between polar and tropical air masses with Mediterranean climate characteristics in a subtropical climate zone. Furthermore, topographic effects associated with the mountainous terrain in particular greatly complicate the climate variability. In addition to the topography and other geographical factors such as landscape and altitude, Turkey s climate is mainly determined by atmospheric circulation patterns (Deniz et al., 2011). This leads to large seasonal and regional differences in both temperature and precipitation throughout the country. In this study, the coefficient of seasonal performance (SCOP value) for different climatic conditions of Turkey climatic regions is calculated as follows: a. Average (green) b. Warmer (orange) c. Colder (blue) Described above, the average of the three climate zone "bin" value corresponds to the number of hours given in Fig. 1. Figure 1 describes the exchange of average bin values depending on the outside temperature. Energy efficiency must be given for the average seasonal heating. It is optional to show the efficiency for warmer and colder seasons. Additionally, the frequency distributions of the bin values corresponding to average of the three climate zones is shown in Fig

11 Figure 1. The average of the three climate zone "bin" value corresponds to the number of hours Figure 2. The average of the three climate zone "bin" value corresponds to frequency 482

12 APPLICATION FOR CLIMATE ZONES The results of our study " New Energy Label for Air Conditioning " that is given above technical details in general are presented in the following charts. Figure 3. Climate zones for the period of heating in Turkey (Orange: Warmer, Green: Average, Blue: Colder). Figure 4. Climate zones for the period of heating in Turkey (Orange: Warmer, Green: Average, Blue: Colder). 483

13 Figure 5. Climate zones for the period of heating by provinces in Turkey (Orange: Warmer, Green: Average, Blue: Colder). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank to ISKID, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ministry of Science, Technology and Industry, Directorate General for Industrial Zones to request and support this study. REFERENCES 1. A.Deniz, H.Toros and S.İncecik, 2011, Spatial variations of climate indices in Turkey, Int. J. Climatol. 31: ASHRAE Standard 140 (2001) - Standard Method of Test for Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs. 3. H.Bulut, O.Buyukalaca, T.Yılmaz, 2001, Bin weather data for Turkey, Applied Energy, 70, H. Bulut, O, Büyükalaca ve T. Yılmaz, 2007, Türkiye için ısıtma ve soğutma derecegün bölgeleri, ULIBTK Ulusal Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Kongresi, 30 Mayıs-2 Haziran 2007, Kayseri. 5. K. Tsikaloudaki, K. Laskos and D. Bikas, 2012, On the Establishment of Climatic Zones in Europe with Regard to the Energy Performance of Buildings, Energies, 5, 32-44; doi: /en

14 6. M.Mourshed, 2012, Relationship between annual mean temperature and degree-days, Energy and Buildings, 54, N.Sahal, 2006, Proposed approah for defining climate regions for Turkey based on annual driving rain index and heating degree days for building envelope design, Building and Environment, 41, P. Rasmussen, 2011, Calculation of SCOP for heat pumps according to EN 14825, Prepared for the Danish Energy Agency. 9. S. Sevinç, Bursa da binaların ısıtılmasında gerekli olan enerji ve yakıt miktarının derece gün yöntemiyle hesaplanması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniv., 92s. 485