Opportunities, Challenges and Strategies for Innovative SMRs Incorporating Non-electrical Applications

Transcription

1 International Conference on Non-electric April 2007, Oarai, Japan Opportunities, Challenges and Strategies for Innovative SMRs Incorporating Non-electrical Applications Presentation by Vladimir KUZNETSOV (IAEA)

2 CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. IAEA project Common Technologies and Issues for SMRs 3. Market opportunities for innovative SMRs 4. Deployment potential of innovative SMRs 5. Design strategies for SMRs 6. Deployment strategies for SMRs 7. Competitiveness considerations 8. An approach to incorporate increased proliferation resistance 9. Common challenges for innovative SMRs 10. Conclusion

3 In 2006: Introduction Small Reactor: MW(e) Medium Sized Reactor: MW(e) Of 442 NPPs, 139 were with small and medium sized reactors (SMRs) SMRs : 61.6 GW(e) or 16.7% of the world electricity production Of 31 newly constructed NPPs, 11 were with SMRs More than 50 concepts and designs of innovative SMRs were developed in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Croatia, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Lithuania, Morocco, Russian Federation, South Africa, Turkey, USA, and Vietnam Most of innovative SMRs provide for or do not exclude non-electric applications

4 IAEA project Common Technologies and Issues for SMRs Objective: To facilitate development of the key enabling technologies and resolution of the enabling infrastructure issues common to innovative SMRs of various types Participation: Argentina, Brazil, China, Croatia, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Lithuania, Morocco, Russian Federation, South Africa, USA, Vietnam; Observers: European Commission, NEA-OECD Deliverables : TECDOC-1451 (May 2005) Innovative SMRs: Design Features, Safety Approaches, and R&D Trends TECDOC-1487 (Feb. 2006) Advanced Nuclear Plant Design Options to Cope with External Events Status Reports: TECDOC-1485 (Mar. 2006) Status of Innovative SMR Designs 2005: Reactors with Conventional Refuelling Schemes TECDOC-1536 (Jan. 2007) Status of Small Reactor Designs without On-Site Refuelling

5 Market Opportunities for Innovative SMRs The progress of innovative SMRs is defined by their capability to address the needs of those users that for whatever reason cannot benefit from economy-of-scale NPP deployments Countries with small and medium electricity grids/ or limited energy demand growth/ or limited investment capability Villages, towns and energy intensive industrial sites in off-grid locations In the future, utilities and merchant 1 plants for non-electric energy services 1 Operating outside the regulatory framework of regulated utilities and selling their product on a competitive market

6 2030 Deployment Potential of Innovative SMRs Fast Reactors (Na; Pb; Pb-Bi): RBEC-M BREST-300 KALIMER VHTR: AHTR LWRs with TRISO Fuel: AFPR VKR-MT PFPWR50 Longer-term Na & Pb/Pb- Bi Cooled: STAR-LM LSPR ENHS SSTAR Longer-term VHTRs: FUJI-MSR STAR-H2 CHTR BGR-300 MARS BN GT Integral Design PWRs: SCOR SMART IRIS CAREM Advanced LWRs, PHWRs: IMR AHWR CCR HTGRs: GTHTR300 GT-MHR HTR-PM PBMR Icebreaker Derivatives: VBER-300 KLT-40S Icebreaker Derivatives: RIT VBER-150 KLT-20 ABV, UNITHERM Nearer-term Na Cooled Reactors: 4S Submarine Derivatives: SVBR-10 SVBR-75/100 Conventional Refuelling Schemes Small Reactors without On-site Refuelling

7 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (1) A potentially Win-Win strategy regarding plant safety and economy To eliminate/prevent as much accident initiators/consequences as possible by design Then deal with the remaining part by appropriate combinations of active and passive systems Approach: Realize design solutions that are optimum for the reactor of a given type and a given unit power Objectives: High safety level for a variety of siting conditions and applications Greater plant simplicity and robustness with respect to human errors Improved economics

8 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (2) Operational complexity of the plant could be quantified (1) Number of physical interactions with other SF Time constant of the physical process i Dynamic Complexity Of the process i Visibility Of the process i Setting mode complexity of Mj Efficiency of Mj Passivity of Mj Reversibility of Mj Number of side effects of Mj Number of Utilisation Constraints For Mj Number of Technical Dependancies For Mj OC = Σ{DEPix (DYN1i.DYN2i.VSi) x Σ[MRj.Efj.PASSj.REVjx(1+Esj+Cuj+DMj)]} NF Intrinsic and dynamic complexity of the Safety Function N i and associated process NMi Intrinsic and dynamic complexity of the mean N j assigned to the function N i Interactions and constraints for the mean N j Total number of safety functions (SF) to manage Number of technical means M j dedicated to the objective i Quantification of complexity Operational Complexity Index (OC) Courtesy of CEA (France)

9 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (3) Operational complexity of the plant could be quantified (2) Operational complexity index Standard PWR SCOR INV S/K PRESS REF RCO INV SG INV GV SGINT GV CONT ENC Operational complexity vs. safety functions for the integral design SCOR and a standard PWR; CEA (France)

10 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (4) Graphite Graphite Helium nuclear fuel Graphite Helium Helium Carbon steel Stainless steel Air Air Concrete Stainless steel pipes & H 2O Passive heat removal paths of PBMR (PBMR ltd., South Africa) Integral design of IRIS (International team led by Westinghouse, USA)

11 Design Strategies for Innovative SMRs (5) Top dome (Containment vessel) Shielding plug Secondary sodium loop Secondary sodium loop of PRACS Heat exchanger of PRACS IHX Seismic isolator Ultimate shutdown rod & fixed absorber (the central subassembly) EM pumps (Two units in series) Fuel subassembly (18 fuel subassemblies) RVACS (Air flow path) Coolant inlet module Radial shielding Movable reflector (6 sectors): - Upper region: cavity - Lower region: reflector RV & GV (GV - containment vessel) 4S sodium cooled reactor with a year refuelling interval for a 50 MW(e) plant (Toshiba CRIEPI, Japan)

12 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (6) Borrowing from proven experience may facilitate early market penetration 1 Reactor 6,7 Pressurizers 2 Steam generator 8 Steam lines 3 Main circulating pump 9 Localizing valves 4 CPS drives 10 Heat exchanger of 5 ECCS accumulator purification and cooldown system Modular layout of the KLT-40S reactor plant (OKBM, Russian Federation).

13 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (7) Increased energy conversion efficiency and use of reject reject heat for cogeneration reduce plant costs GT-MHR Desalination Process Diagram, GA(USA) OKBM(Russia) Targeted plant efficiency 48%

14 Design Strategies for innovative SMRs (8) Cassettes & SGs Steam: 289 o C 5 MPa Highertemperature heat (289 o C) a Battery AC/DC interchange Main steam line Feedwater: 220 o C Transformer Electric power supply Backpressure turbine Generator Feedwater line Water temperature ~ 100 o C b Lowertemperature heat (~ 100 o C) Heater Heater Gas storage tank b Water temperature > 150 o C a CH 3OH CO+2H 2 Higher temperature heat (> 150 o C) CO+2H 2 CH 3OH Chemical heat pipe system (Long-distance heat transport system) Energy supply system with the Package-Reactor (Hitachi-MHI, Japan)

15 Deployment Strategies (1) Small reactor does not mean low-output NPP! Рис. 6 Clustered modular nuclear steam supply system SVBR with 16 SVBR-75/100 modules (IPPE-Gidropress, Russian Federation)

16 Potential for Smaller Reactor Economic Competitiveness (1) Westinghouse, USA $/kw (equivalent) 2 3 Multiple Unit Factor Learning Curve Factor 1 (1) Assumes single unit and the same design concept (2) Savings in cost for multiple units at the same site Economy of Scale Factor (3) Cost reduction due to learning (4) Shorter construction time 4 5 Construct Schedule Factor Unit Timing Factor 6 Plant design Factor Present Value Capital Cost SMR Concept (5) Gradual capacity increase to meet demand growth (6) Cost reduction due to specific design Plant Capacity, MW(e)

17 Potential for Smaller Reactor Economic Competitiveness (2) SMR/Large Plant Comparison (Westinghouse, USA) SMR: One 335 MW(e) plant, as part of four units Large: One single 1340 MW(e) plant Factor SMR/Large Plan Capital Cost Factor Ratio Individual Cumulative (1) Economy of scale (2) Multiple units (3) Learning (4) (5) Construction schedule and timing (6) Design specific

18 Deployment Strategies (2) Incremental capacity increase reduces the required front end investment Cash Flow Profile, US$ million Years Cash flow profile for construction/ operation of four SMRs versus a single large plant (Westinghouse, USA)

19 Deployment Strategies (3) Costs can be reduced through factory mass production in series Labor intensity, rel. units 1,1 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 year 1 year 4 year 4 year 2 year 5 year 7 2 years year 6 year Number in the series Production continuity vs. specific labour intensity in the production of marine propulsion reactors (OKBM, Russian Federation)

20 An Approach to Incorporate Increased Proliferation Resistance (1) Small Reactors Without On-Site Refuelling (IAEA-TECDOC-1536, Jan. 2007) SRWORs are reactors designed for infrequent replacement of well-contained fuel cassette(s) in a manner that impedes clandestine diversion of nuclear fuel material Small reactors without on-site refuelling can be: (a) Factory fabricated and fuelled transportable reactors or (b) Reactors with a once-at-a-time core reloading at a site performed by a external team that brings and takes away the core load and the refuelling equipment No refuelling equipment and fuel storages at the site Increased refuelling interval (5 to 30+ years)

21 An Approach to Incorporate Increased Proliferation Resistance (2) Design approaches to ensure long-life core operation include: Reduced core power density; Burnable absorbers (in thermal reactors); High conversion ratio of the core (in fast reactors) Refuelling performed without opening the reactor vessel cover SRWORs end up at the same or less values of fuel burn-up and irradiation on the structures, achieved over a longer period than in conventional reactors

22 An Approach to Incorporate Increased Proliferation Resistance (3) CPS drives MCP RMB vessel SG modules Core Pb-Bi cooled SVBR-75/100 reactor of 100 MW(e) with 6-9 EFPY refuelling interval (IPPE- Gidropress, Russia)

23 An Approach to Incorporate Increased Proliferation Resistance (4) Small Reactors without On-site Refuelling could: Relax the dependence on outsourced suppliers, fuel cost changes, political and economic tensions and conflicts between countries increase energy security Reduce the obligations for spent fuel and waste management Simplify decommissioning strategy Appear more environmentally clean, simple and secure

24 Common challenges for innovative SMRs (1) Adjust regulatory rules toward technology neutral and risk-informed approach Quantify reliability(?) of passive safety systems Justify reduced or eliminated EPZ (proximity to the users) Justify reliable operation with long refuelling interval (Licence-by-test + periodic safety checks) Demonstrate SMR competitiveness for different applications

25 APSRA (BARC, India) - How it works? I. Passive System for which for which reliability reliability assessment assessment is considered is considered II. Identification of its operational mechanism and failure III. Parameters affecting the operation Power (MW) IV. Key parameters causing the failure V. Identification of of passive components causing components the key causing parameters the key deviation for parameters causing the deviation failure V. Identification of active of active components causing causing the key parameters the key parameters Deviation for causing the failure VI. Evaluation VI. of probability of failure of active/passive components causing the deviation in the key parameters for causing ultimate failure of system Pressure (bar) Typical Failure Surface for Natural Circulation ΔT sub (K) VII. Evaluation of core damage frequency (CDF)

26 CONCLUSION In the near term, most new nuclear power reactors are likely to be evolutionary large units. But particularly in the event of a nuclear renaissance, the nuclear industry can expect an increasing diversity of customers, and thus an increasing number of customers with needs potentially best met by several or more of the innovative SMR designs now under development.

27 THANK YOU! Publications planned for : NE Series Report Review of Passive Safety Design Options for SMRs NE Series Report Approaches to Assess SMR Competitiveness NE Series Report Status of Validation and Testing of Passive Systems for Advanced Reactors