Nieuwe Sanitatie: op weg naar een duurzame en gezonde voedsel en water kringloop. June 2018, Huub Rijnaarts Environmental Technology Group

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1 Nieuwe Sanitatie: op weg naar een duurzame en gezonde voedsel en water kringloop June 2018, Huub Rijnaarts Environmental Technology Group 1

2 Urban food and water not sustainable N 2 CO 2 USED Water Non-reused water FOOD RESIDUALS P Chemical Waste E

3 Solution: New Technology & New Designs to change our world No emissions CO 2 neutral Endless Cycle Nature Based Technology and Design clean water waste & wastewater Recovery of nutrients, metals, carbon and energy from residual streams Removal of salts, pathogens, micropollutants from Water & Products

4 NOVEL SANITATION 250 Houses in the City of Sneek, NL NIOO Building in Wageningen NL Prof. Grietje Zeeman, 2014

5 Resource recovery by separate collection of wastewater streams BLACK WATER (Organics, Nutrients) Pharmaceuticals hormones GREY WATER (H 2 O) Personal care and household Products (PCP) 5

6 Source separated sanitation system (Noorderhoek, Sneek, the Netherlands) Black water Equalization tank UASB reactor OLAND (biorotor) Struvite reactor Effluent UASB Sludge Struvite Grey water Equalization tank Biooxidation reactor Effluent Aerobic Sludge 6

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8 Performance WWTP Novel Sanitation Sneek Effluents: COD Phosphate Nitrogen Sludge: Metals

9 Generation (Re)use Treatment Rosanne Wielemaker INTEGRATING URBAN AGRICULTURE AND NEW SANITATION UHA GIS mapping Supply- Demand Mass Flow Analysis

10 PhD RESEARCH How much fertilizer? Acceptable thresholds? Seasonal variation? Growing space? Amount of nutrients in waste/recovered products? Contained micro pollutants? Daily production (discrete events)? Production location? 2016 Rosanne Wielemaker

11 BUILDING AND NEIGHBORHOOD PHOSPHORUS LOAD PROFILES BUILDING HOTSPOT Amsterdam Phosphorus Hotspots 2018 Rosanne Wielemaker

12 Zuiveringsslib voor de Glastuinbouw C d A s

13 Amsterdam as living lab Wei-San Chen Green Street Circular technologies and infrastructure

14 Urban Infrastructure Management The Street of the Future Momo Integrated, agriculture-driven & circular urban unit Greenhouse Village LOTUS/ TULIP Selective desalination Smart street level Solar passive infrastructure

15 Solution: New Technology & New Designs to change our world No emissions CO 2 neutral Endless Cycle Nature Based Technology and Design clean water waste & wastewater Recovery of nutrients, metals, carbon and energy from residual streams Removal of salts, pathogens, micropollutants from Water & Products

16 Performance WWTP Novel Sanitation Sneek Effluents: COD Phosphate Nitrogen Micro-quality Micro-pollutants Pathogens Sludge: Metals Micro-quality Pathogens Micro-pollutants 16

17 The choice of compounds investigate at Sneek:Pharmaceuticals A. Antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim) B. Antidiabetics (Metformin, Hydrochlorothiazide) C. Analgesics (Paracetamol) D. Beta-blockers (Metoprolol, Propranolol) E. Antihistamine (Cetirizine) F. Antiepileptic (Carbamazepine) G. Anti-inflammatory (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen) H. Lipid regulators (Gemfibrozil) 1

18 The choice of compounds investigated at Sneek: Personal Care Products A. Fragrances: B. Biocides: C. UV-filters: Galaxolide, Tonalide, Hexylcinnamaldehyde; Triclocarban, Triclosan, Benzalkonium chloride; EHMC, PBSA, Octocrylene, Avobenzone; D. Preservatives: Parabens 1

19 Pharmaceuticals in GW Personal care/household products in BW 17 pharmaceuticals measured, 5 were found in GW: - anti-inflammatory (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen) - paracetamol - metformin 14 PCPs measured, 8 were found in BW: - biocides (triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, 2,4-DCP) - fragrance (galaxolide) - parabens

20 Removal, % Successive anaerobic and aerobic treatment improves pharmaceutical removal Removal in UASB reactor Removal in biorotor Removal in struvite reactor

21 Black water effluent is potentially toxic Effluent concentration, µg/l PNEC* µg/l Paracetamol Ibuprofen Diclofenac Naproxen Trimethoprim 0.1 >3000 Ciprofloxacin 1.8 <50 Metoprolol 62.6 >6000 * - predicted no effect concentration No PCPs detected in black water effluent

22 Pharmaceuticals are present in UASB sludge, but not in struvite Pharmaceutical Concentrations in UASB sludge, µg/g PNEC, µg/g Ciprofloxacin Metoprolol Propranolol No pharmaceuticals detected in struvite

23 PCPs are present in UASB sludge (and struvite) Micropollutant Concentrations in UASB sludge, µg/g PNEC, µg/g Galaxolide Triclosan Triclocarban ,4-dichlorophenol Benzalkonium chloride ,4 dichlorophenol was found in struvite (0.5 µg/g)

24 % of the influent load Grey water effluent and sludge contain PCPs Discharge with effluent Adsorption to sludge Biodegradation 0.0

25 PCPs are present in grey water sludge (but not pharmaceuticals Micropollutant Concentrations in UASB sludge, µg/g PNEC, µg/g Galaxolide EHMC n.d. HCA 27.4 n.d. Triclosan Triclocarban Benzalkonium chloride Avobenzone 46.3 n.d.

26 Conclusions novel sanitation based water cycle Sneek. Effluents of black water and grey water treatment systems require additional post-treatment prior to reuse or discharge; UASB sludge and struvite can be applied as soil amendment; Decrease of triclosan concentrations in UASB sludge is needed; Grey water sludge is not advised for soil applications due to the high risk quotients calculated for biocides

27 NOVEL SANITATION 250 Houses in the City of Sneek, NL NIOO Building in Wageningen NL Prof. Grietje Zeeman, 2014

28 Organische micro s en algen (WUR NIOO) Biogas BW AnBW PBR effluent Final effluent UASB PBR Constructed wetland N P Algal biomass K

29 Pharmaceutical removal (2) Pharmaceutical Removal % Removal mechanism Diclofenac max. 70% Photolysis Ibuprofen >99% Photolysis Paracetamol >99% Metoprolol >99% Trimethoprim <30% Biodegradation Algae & bacteria & Photolysis Biodegradation Algae & bacteria Biodegradation Algae & bacteria Carbamazepine <10% - Sorption accounted for <5% of the pharmaceutical removal

30 Sustainable technologies natural systems Tested for pharmaceutical removal Open TiO 2 cell as pretreatment to constructed wetland Low-cost, passive, minimal energy input Xenon lamps 10 cm Gravel Mixture of sediment and sand Sand Gravel Layer of immobilized TiO 2 He YJ, Sutton, NB, Rijnaarts, HHM, Langenhoff, AAM 2016, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 30

31 Lab-scale BO3B process; BR=BioReactor, O 3 R=OzoneReactor Feed Ozone BR1 BR2 O 3 R Effluent 31

32 Azie Sabri; Antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes

33 Groundwater quality monitoring Natural Attenuation Microbial Community Dissolved Organic Carbon Redox Conditions Drinking water production DOC Nitrate Reduction m deep DOC DOC Iron Reduction Sulfate Reduction DOC Methanogenesis 5-15 years travel time

34 New Sanitation in St. Albert, Edmonton Alberta in Canada - Source seperation - resource recovery dwellings - Water centre - Supported by province, UAMA, local towns UofA WUR Belrose Farms DeSaH Maple Reinders

35 Environmental Technology Department Trip August