PERSPECTIVE AND POTENTIAL USE OF MISCANTHUS X GIGANTEUS CULTURE IN CROATIA. Nikola Bilandžija University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture

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1 PERSPECTIVE AND POTENTIAL USE OF MISCANTHUS X GIGANTEUS CULTURE IN CROATIA Nikola Bilandžija University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture 13th INTERNATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM ZAGREB 2014

2 2030 framework for climate and energy policies % GHG emission 20 % RES % GHG emission 27 % RES

3 Biomass definition The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste (2003/30/EC).

4 Consuption of renewable energy

5 Agriculture biomass crop production (hay, straw, stalks, corn stalks, cobs, husks field crops), vegetable crops and ornamental horticulture (waste from parks and gardens), grape and friut production (pruned residues), agricultural products from processing industry (grape marc, olive marc, fruts pits, fruts shells), livestock production (manure, slaughterhouse waste, fisheries waste, meat - bone meal), energy crops from specially formed stands (Miscantus sp., Arundo donax, Sudannian grass ).

6 Agricultural energy crops Energy crops are crops cultivated only for biomass production Aim of energy crops cultivation is production, as much as possible quantity of biomass per unit of area with the aim of its conversion to energy

7 Miscanthus x giganteus x Miscanthus sacchariflorus Miscanthus sinensis

8 Miscanthus x giganteus perennial grass the excelent adoption for cultivation in different climatic geografical areas (7,5-17,5 C, mm; to altitude 3000 m) rhizoms excellent resistance to desieses and pests high yield (15-20 and more t d.m./ha), with harvest time from November till March, Aprile

9 Ecological avantages of growing and energy utilization of Miscanthus x giganteus soil tillage only in the first year of cultivation low fertilization requaiments decreases ground wather pollution and negative impact on soil organisams increases soil fertility positive impact on biodiversity decreases erosion CO 2 emission sink CO 2 neutral raw material

10 Emissions reduction potential based on Life-cycle assessment (LCA) standard, emissions are estimated on kg CO 2 -eq. dry matter / ton, or 3.7 to 6.1 kg CO 2 -eq. for production of 1 GJ of energy (fossil fuel kg CO 2 -eq. for 1 GJ of energy ) the possible reductions by replacement of natural gas, fuel oil, coal, electrical power with Miscanthus x giganteus biomass are estimated between 75-93% of CO 2 emissions

11 Possibilities of utilisation Miscanthus x giganteus is currently used for: Cofiring with solid fossil fuels and/or direct firing for heat and/or electrical energy production (chips, pellets, briquettes, bales)

12 Possibilities of utilisation for production of liquid biofuels (mainly second generatio bioethanol). paper, building materials, plastics, litter production, for phytoremediation of contaminated soils.

13 Heating values High heating values (MJ/kg) Miscanthus x giganteus 18,00-19,80 Arable crop biomass 14,4-17,91 Horticultural biomass 16,30 17,72 Wood biomass 18,50 19,90 1,9 2.2 kg Mxg ~ 1 l. oil 1 m 3 Mxg = cca. 130 kg 1 m 3 pellets ili briquettes Mxg = cca. 650 kg

14 Experimental fields in Croatia Bistra (altitude 144 m) Sljeme (altitude 650 m)

15 Experimental fields in Croatia Rhizomes planting

16 2011. Sljeme Donja Bistra

17 2012. Sljeme Donja Bistra

18 2013. Sljeme Donja Bistra

19 2014. Sljeme Donja Bistra

20 Preliminary research At the end of vegetation season in the 2th growing year (2012.): - plant height - number of shoots per plant - dry matter yield (10-15 days after frost) on 10 m 2 - volatile compounds - VC (CEN/TS 15148:2005), - ash (CEN/TS 14775:2009), - fixed carbon - Cfix (CEN/TS 15148:2005), - carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content (HRN EN 15104:2011), - sulphur content (HRN EN 15289:2011), - higher heating values - HHV (HRN EN 14918:2010).

21 Location Plant height (cm) Shoots number per plant DM yield t ha -1 Bistra ,00 20,08 Sljeme ,86 16,84 Literature data* *Christian, D.G. Riche, A.B., Yates, N.E. (2008). Growth. yield and mineral content of Miscanthus giganteus grown as a biofuel for 14 successive harvests. Industrial Crops and Products. 28 (1):

22 Average values of chemical analysis of investigated raw materials Lacition Ash (%) Cfix (%) VM (%) HHV (MJ kg -1 ) Sljeme 4,72 9,80 79,92 18,41 D. Bistra 4,82 12,46 76,72 18,00 Literature data* 2,3 9,6 9,5 14,5 78,01 87,4 18,07-18,81 *García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A.G., Bueno J.L. (2012). Characterization of Spanish biomass wastes for energy use. Bioresource Technology. 103: *CEN/TS (2005): Solid biofuels norm - Fuel specifications and classes Part 1; General Requirements.

23 Average values of C, H, N, O, S in investigated raw materials Location Analysis (%) C H N O S Medvednica 48,72 4,30 0,65 45,52 0,08 D. Bistra 48,55 4,24 0,31 46,44 0,08 Literature data* 47,09-49,0 6,3-6,4 0,1 0, ,42 0,01-0,2 *CEN/TS (2005): Solid biofuels norm - Fuel specifications and classes Part 1; General Requirements. *García R., Pizarro C., Lavín A.G., Bueno J.L. (2012). Characterization of Spanish biomass wastes for energy use. Bioresource Technology. 103:

24 Conclusions The results confirmed that Miscanthus x giganteus grown in Croatia is environment-friendly crop with high-energy properties of biomass which is suitable for production of second generation biofuels.

25 Thank you for your attention! Nikola Bilandžija, dipl. ing. agr. Agronomski fakultet u Zagrebu Zavod za mehanizaciju nbilandzija@agr.hr