Carbon footprint calculation and Principles of Life Cycle Evaluation for a Bioenergy Plant

Transcription

1 Source: US DOE Nov 10 Carbon footprint calculation and Principles of Life Cycle Evaluation for a Bioenergy Plant Dr Nawshad Haque Web: 24 th July 2016 Presentation 3 Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 1

2 About Me A Forestry Graduate from Chittagong University MSc from University of Wales PhD in Chemical Engineering from University of Sydney 3 Years work at NZ Forest Research Since 2005, at CSIRO Australia Leads a Team on technology evaluation and LCA research, cosupervises PhD students, offers workshop, courses for universities and industries With Dr Steve Schuck, Manager Bioenergy Australia who I met first in 1997 Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 2

3 Structure of this course Lecture Topic 1 Overview of bioenergy system issues and challenges 2 Feedstock for bioenergy 3 Processing of feedstock 4 Fuel comparison fossil and non-fossil energy 5 Properties of biomass as fuel, physical and chemical 6 Size reduction of biomass fuel chipping equipment and issues 7 Biomass fuel processing including drying 8 Biomass conversion to energy mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological, electrical 9 Plant size, design and flowsheeting 10 Techno-economic evaluation of bioenergy plant 11 Life cycle assessment of bioenergy plant 12 Design of a typical bioenergy system 13 Case study plants study Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 3

4 Learning Objectives What are the key steps and principles to estimate bioenergy plants carbon footprint? Why do you need to know this? How to do it? What are the tools, software and standards available? And where to go further if you need this as a student or in your professional life as a consultant? Source: IBI Survey May 2011 Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 4

5 CO 2 conc. measurement by CSIRO/BOM Source: State of the Climate - CSIRO and The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia - Station at Cape Grim, Tasmania Courtesy: Google Maps Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 5

6 Process evaluation (economic & environmental) Various process design and optimisation software Equipment sizing and costing database Online sources Supplier s quote Yearly subscription to Cost Estimation Handbooks SimaPro software for LCA work European Eco-invent and other Australian databases Inputs Develop flowsheet, mass & energy balance Equipment sizing Estimate CAPEX, OPEX Process economics Sensitivity analysis LCA studies Process improvement Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA

7 What are the tools to assess sustainability? Process auditing for energy and water Life cycle costing (LCC) Environmental Life cycle assessment (elca) Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) Environmental impact assessment (EIA) Environmental management system Material flow analysis International Standards for LCA and Water Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 7

8 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA is compilation & evaluation of inputs & outputs & potential environmental impacts of a product system including: Raw material collection Processing Manufacturing Disposal/Waste scenario - throughout its life cycle Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 8

9 Life cycle Landfill Resource Extraction Processing& Manufacturing Use phase Transport Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 9

10 Some common terms used in LCA Boundary Functional unit Life cycle inventory (LCI) data Characterisation Environmental impact categories Midpoint Endpoint Impact methods (Ecoindicator, ReCiPE, CML etc) Weighting (economic, environmental, social) Interpretation, reporting, peer review Tools - SimaPro, GaBi, LCA softwares, Ecoinvent, AusLCI database, ISO Standard (2006) Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 10

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13 SimaPro software - Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 13

14 SimaPro software screen - Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 14

15 Stages of LCA Goal and scope definition Why and for whom? Boundary demarcation, data collection Inventory analysis Impact Assessment Interpretation Impact category selection, characterisation Assessment, interpretation, sensitivity analysis Update & improvement with new data Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 15

16 LCA Impact/midpoint - Indicators Indicators Unit Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO 2 Photochemical oxidation kg C 2 H 4 Eutrophication Carcinogens Toxicity Land use Water Use Solid waste Fossil fuels Minerals kg PO 4 eq kg chloro-ethylene eq kg 1,4 Di-chloro-benzene eq ha.year kl H 2 O kg MJ surplus MJ Surplus Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 16

17 Assessment - LCA Impact/Indicators Impact category Indicators Unit Human Health Climate change Disability adjusted life years (DALY) Ozone depletion Carcinogens Respiratory effects (organic/inorganic) Toxicity Ionising radiation DALY DALY DALY DALY DALY Ecosystem damage Land use Partially disappeared fraction* (m 2 /y) Acidification/Eutrophication PDF*m 2 /y Ecotoxicity PDF*m 2 /y Resource depletion Minerals/fossil fuel MJ surplus Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 17

18 Assessment - LCA Impact/Indicators Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 18

19 Biocarbon Plant Flowsheet (100,000 t/y) PYROLYSIS UNIT WATER VAPOUR CHIPPING UNIT COLD AIR OUT HEATING ZONE CONVEYOR ENTRY EXIT SCREENS PYROLYSIS ZONE BED DRYER 515,785 t/y 50,000 t/y WOODY BIOMASS HOPPER HOT AIR IN LIQUID CONDENSATE BIN OVERSIZE WASTE UNWANTED MATERIAL CHARCOAL 100,000 t/y Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 19

20 Charcoal metallurgy Ancient Process Copper ore 3000 BC Iron ore 1200 BC (Chinese puddle furnace) Delhi Iron Pillar - Kutub Minar Complex Wrought Iron- Built by Gupta Dynasty in 3rd Century India Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 20

21 Boundary for biomass LCA and economics Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 21

22 LCA Model for Biomass preparation Dry biomass Plantation Harvesting Collection Transport Chipping Drying Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 22

23 Charcoal LCA Source: Norgate, Haque et al., 2011, 7 th LCA Conference, Melbourne Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 23

24 What are the requirements Input data (also called Life Cycle Inventory LCI) Materials use Chemicals Fuel (natural gas, coal) Electricity Outputs (called functional unit) Charcoal Other by-product or co-product Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 24

25 Charcoal LCA Source: Norgate, Haque et al., 2011, 7 th LCA Conference, Melbourne Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 25

26 Charcoal LCA Source: Norgate, Haque et al., 2011, 7 th LCA Conference, Melbourne Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 26

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28 Wood drying example Source: Haque et al., 2012 Handbook of Industrial Drying Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 28

29 Wood drying example Source: Haque et al., 2012 Handbook of Industrial Drying Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 29

30 Conceptual feasibility study of a bioenergy plant for IFESCU?? Key steps Assemble a team (nominate a team coordinator) Try to convince and get support from academics Develop a workplan, timeline, regular meeting schedules Divide the work area Determine the capacity of power required based on the current electricity use at IFESCU or its certain portion from bioenergy Biomass supply and estimate biomass amount required per year Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 30

31 What to do then Develop the block diagram Identify unit processes required Identify equipment Establish requirements of wood and how much power will be generated Link them together in a spreadsheet environment Divide the work modules to each person and propose deadline Meet regularly, present your promised work and monitor progress Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 31

32 Why do you do it and what s in it for you? These activities will force you to learn new subject areas (e.g. engineering) and skills You will learn about team work You will get opportunity to improve presentation skill If you work well, you might be able to publish this work Publication in a good journal would help your future career Establish some ground rules from the beginning, particularly any idea is good idea and respect each other s opinion Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 32

33 What s the output would look like? A report or draft paper that will answer: How much electricity currently is being used by IFESCU? What is the capacity of the plant required? How much wood is required for such plant? What are the various equipment needed to build a plant? How much will it cost to build it (capital cost) and to run it (operating cost)? Is the techno-economically and environmentally feasible compared with current system? How much carbon emission it can save? Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 33

34 Carbon footprints of electricity?? Electricitysource for IFESCU/Bangladesh CO 2 -e/kwhelectricity Electricity from gas-fired power plant?? Hydro-electricity?? Electricity from wood based bio-energy?? Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 34

35 Recap for the day Life cycle assessment takes account of impact from raw material processing, manufacturing, transport, use phase, waste disposal and recycling Identify and list assumptions for plant size, location Develop block flow diagrams Identify unit processes, equipment and size them for throughput or production capacity Estimate all materials and energy inputs Determine carbon footprint and other indicators Undertake sensitivity of inputs and prepare report card Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 35

36 Conceptual development of a techno-economic and environmental feasibility report A small bioenergy plant as case study Understanding of capital and operating costs Understanding of environmental cost and benefits I am happy to help GOOD LUCK and HAVE FUN! Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 36

37 Further reading For equipment - Australian Life Cycle Assessment Society FPInnovation Canada - Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 37

38 Dr Nawshad Haque Team Leader t e Nawshad.Haque@csiro.au W Dr Nawshad Haque Energy MINERAL RESOURCES FLAGSHIP t e nhaque.geo@yahoo.com Thank youthank you W Nawshad Haque Bioenergy and LCA 38