European Commission, Brussels. Support related to the international and Community work on Persistent Organic Pollutants

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1 European Commission, Brussels Support related to the international and Community work on Persistent Organic Pollutants Reference: /2007/465073/MAR/D1 08 July 2009 BIPRO Beratungsgesellschaft für integrierte Problemlösungen

2 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 ii CONTENT 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES SUMMARY ON APPLICATION OF REGULATION (EC) 850/2004 THROUGHOUT EU MEMBER STATES PRODUCTION, PLACING ON THE MARKET AND STOCKPILES OF ANNEX I AND II POPS THROUGHOUT EU MEMBER STATES Production and placing on the market of Annex I and II substances Production Placing on the market Exemptions (Articles in use with POP constituents in accordance with Article 4 of the POP Regulation) Use as intermediate Stockpiles of pesticides and PCB (permitted use) PCB DDT HCH Stockpiles of pesticides and PCB (non-permitted use) Other notified stockpiles POP wastes and waste management Use of derogations as referred to in Article 7(4) Status of National Action Plans to identify and reduce unintentional releases Measures to identify sources Measures to characterise sources Measures to minimise sources Measures to promote development of substitutes and alternative processes Strategy to identify contaminated sites Priority to alternative processes in permitting...30

3 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 iii Action plans for intentionally produced POPs Actions concerning knowledge on priority sources and environmental levels Actions concerning detection of arising hazards Actions concerning research and development Status of National Implementation Plans Public participation in development of NIP Monitoring Information exchange, awareness raising and educational measures Information exchange Awareness raising Information of the public Training Technical assistance Rules on penalties and infringement procedures Rules for penalties and measures for Implementation Infringement procedures Measures for waste management Measures for stockpiles and waste management Other Priorities Policy effectiveness check ANNUAL RELEASES OF POPS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION Existing data sources National POP Emission inventories CORINAIR Emission inventories EPER data base Pilot E-PRTR inventory on diffuse sources...77

4 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 iv 4.2 Data availability concerning POP releases in the EU Emissions to air Releases to water Releases to land, waste and waste water Current emissions to air PAH emissions to air PCCD/PCDF emissions to air HCB emissions to air PCB emissions to air Current releases to water PAH releases to water PCDD/PCDF releases to water HCB releases to water PCB releases to water Current releases to land PCDD/PCDF releases to land Time trends for emissions to air Time trends for PAH Time trends for PCDD/PCDF Time trends for HCB Time trends for PCB Time trends for releases to water Time trends for PAH Time trends for HCB Major sources for emissions to air Major sources for PAH Major sources for PCDD/PCDF

5 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 v Major sources for HCB Major sources for PCB Major sources for releases to water Major sources for PAH Major sources for PCDD/PCDF Major sources for HCB Major sources for PCB ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS OF POPS WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION Environmental levels of PCDD/PCDF PCDD/PCDF levels in ambient air PCDD/PCDF levels in soil PCDD/PCDF levels in vegetation Environmental levels of PCB Environmental levels of PAH PAH levels in ambient air PAH levels in soil PAH levels in vegetation Environmental levels of HCB Annual deposition rates and long-range transboundary transport PCDD/PCDF deposition fluxes and source shares PAH (B[a]P) deposition rates HCB deposition rates PCB deposition rates CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4-1: Figure 4-2: Figure 4-3: EU total annual emissions of PAH in 2006 (data extracted from EMEP WebDab) Annual emissions of PAH in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Share of EU-MS to PAH emission in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Figure 4-4: PAH emissions to air from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) Figure 4-5: PAH emissions from diffuses sources to air Figure 4-6: Figure 4-7: Figure 4-8: Figure 4-9: Figure 4-10: Figure 4-11: EU total annual emissions of PCDD/PCDF in 2006 (Source: EMEP WebDab) Total annual emissions of PCDD/PCDF in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Share of EU-MS to PCDD/PCDF emissions in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) PCDD/PCDF emissions to air from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) PCDD/PCDF emissions from diffuse sources to air (Source: pilot inventory on diffuse sources) EU total annual emissions of HCB (Source: EMEP WebDab 2006) Figure 4-12: Detailed overview on annual HCB emissions in low emitting MS (Source: EMEP WebDab 2006) Figure 4-13: Annual emissions of HCB in the EU (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Figure 4-14: Annual emissions of HCB in low emitting MS (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Figure 4-15: Share of EU-MS to HCB emissions in the EU (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Figure 4-16: HCB emissions into air from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) Figure 4-17: Figure 4-18: HCB emissions from diffuses sources to air (pilot E-PRTR on diffuse sources) Annual PCB emissions in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-19: Detailed overview on emissions in low emitting MS (except PL, UK, BG) (Source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-20: PCB emissions from diffuse sources to air (Source: Pilot PRTR on diffuse sources)

7 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 vii Figure 4-21: Direct PAH releases to water from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) Figure 4-22: Figure 4-23: Figure 4-24: Figure 4-25: Indirect PAH releases to water from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) Direct HCB releases to water from IPPC source (EU-EPER 2004) Time trend for PAH emissions into air (source: EMEP MSC-E calculations) Trend for PAH emissions into air in selected MS; Source: EMEP-WebDab Figure 4-26 : Detailed trend for PAH emissions into air in selected Member States with lower emission totals (i. e. without NL); Source: EMEP-WebDab Figure 4-27: Time trend for PAH emissions into air in MS included in both reporting EPER cycles Figure 4-28: Time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions into air (source: EMEP MSC-E calculations) Figure 4-29: Figure 4-30: Figure 4-31: Time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions into air in selected MS (EMEP WebDab) Detailed time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions in selected low emitting MS (EMEP WebDab) Time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions into air in MS included in both reporting EPER cycles Figure 4-32: Time trend for HCB emissions into air in the EU from (source: EMEP MSC-E calculations) Figure 4-33: Time trend for HCB emissions into air in selected MS (EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-34: Detailed time trend for HCB emissions into air in selected Member States with lower emission totals (Source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-35: Time trend for PCB emissions into air in selected MS (EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-36: Detailed time trend for PCB emissions into air in 1995 and 2006 in selected Member States with lower emission totals (Source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-37: Figure 4-38: Time trends for direct PAH releases into water in MS included in both reporting cycles (source: EU-EPER) Time trend for indirect PAH releases to water in MS included in both reporting cycles (source: EU-EPER)

8 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 viii Figure 4-39: Sectoral share of PAH emission to air in the EU 27 in 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-40: Figure 4-41: Figure 4-42: Changes in sector contribution to industrial PAH emission to air in EU 15 (source: EU-EPER) PAH emission to air by industrial sector for EU 25 (2004) and EU 15 (2001) (source: EU-EPER) Sectoral share of PCDD/PCDF emission to air in the EU 27 in 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-43: PCDD/PCDF emission to air by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) (source: EU-EPER) Figure 4-44: Figure 4-45: PCDD/PCDF emission to air by industrial sector in 2004 and 2001 (source: EU-EPER) Sectoral distribution of HCB emission to air in the EU 27 for 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-46: HCB emission to air by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004) (source: EU-EPER) Figure 4-47: Sectoral share of PCB emission to air for EU 27 for 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) Figure 4-48: Direct PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) Figure 4-49: Direct PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 25 (2004) and EU 15 (2001) Figure 4-50: Indirect PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) Figure 4-51: Indirect PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 25 (2004) and EU 15 (2001) Figure 4-52: Direct HCB releases to water by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) Figure 5-1: Mean ambient air concentration of PCDD/PCDF in the EU (Data extracted from EMEP MSC-E country reports)

9 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Submission of Article 12 reports by EU Member States... 3 Table 2-2: Table 3-1: Summary of information provided by Member States pursuant to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 850/ PCB stockpiles reported pursuant to article 12 of the EU POP Regulation * without items BE-WA... 8 Table 3-2: PCB stockpiles in the Czech Republic... 9 Table 3-3: Table3-4: Table 4-1: Table 4-2: Table 4-3: Table 4-4: Table 4-5: Table 4-6: Table 4-7: Table 4-8: Table 4-9: Table 4-10: Table 4-11: Status of national action plans on substances listed in Annex III to Regulation (EC) 850/2004 ( ) Status of ratification in EU Member States of the Stockholm Convention and submission of NIPs Overview on availability of POP release data in data bases on European scale Overview on data availability for POP emissions to air in official EU data sources Availability of data for POP releases into water (direct and indirect) in the EU-EPER data base Overview on reported POP emissions to air in European data bases Summary of per capita PAH emissions to air in EU (EMEP WebDab) Summary of PAH per capita emissions to air in EU (EMEP MSC-E) Summary on PAH per capita emissions into air from diffuse sources Summary of per capita PCDD/PCDF emissions to air in the EU (EMEP WebDab) Summary of PCDD/PCDF per capita emissions to air in the EU (EMEP MSC_E) Summary on per capita PCDD/PCDF emissions from diffuse sources into air Summary of HCB per capita emissions to air in the EU (EMEP WebDab) Table 4-12: Summary of per capita emissions to air in EU (EMEP MSC_E) Table 4-13: Summary on HCB per capita emissions into air from diffuse sources

10 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 x Table 4-14: Range of per capita emissions of PCB in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP WebDab) Table 4-15: Summary on PCB per capita emissions from diffuse sources into air Table 4-16: Time trend for POP emissions on EU level Table 5-1: Table 5-2: Table 5-3: Table 5-4: Table 5-5: Table 5-6: Table 5-7: Modelled ambient air concentrations of PCB 153 & PCB 28 in the EU in 2005 (Source: MSC-East) Overview on modelled deposition balance and transboundary transport of PCDD/PCDF in the EU (MSC-E 2006) Balance for transboundary transport of PCDD/PCDF in EU Member States based on modelled EMEP data (Source: MSC- E-Country reports 2006) Overview on modelled deposition balance and transboundary transport of B[a]P in the EU (MSC-E 2006) Balance for transboundary transport of P[a]P in EU Member States based on modelled EMEP data (Source: MSC-E-Country reports 2006) Range of annual deposition of PCB 153 in the EU (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Range of annual deposition of PCB 153 in the EU (Source: EMEP MSC-E)

11 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 1 1 Background and Objectives The POP Regulation (EC) 850/2004 (hereinafter referred to as POP Regulation) is the corresponding European legislation adopted in April 2004, in order to ensure a coherent and effective implementation of the Stockholm Convention and the POP Protocol under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution within the European Union. The regulation sets provisions regarding production, placing on the market and use of chemicals, management of stockpiles and wastes and as concerns measures to reduce unintentional releases of POPs. In this context MS are obliged to set up emission inventories for unintentionally produced POPs and implementation plans (NIPs) as well as appropriate monitoring and information exchange. The regulation requires regular reporting by MS and the European Commission on actual production and uses, stockpiles, waste management, releases and environmental levels as well as more general information on application of the law in its Article 12 (later referred to as Article 12 reports). For this purpose a standard reporting form (hereinafter referred to as Article 12 reporting form) has been developed by the Competent Authorities for the implementation of Regulation (EC) Nr 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Concerning waste management the regulation defines for wastes and operations to which Article 7(4)(b) applies concentration limits for 14 POPs substances and substance classes above which the POPs content in waste shall be subject to destruction or irreversible transformation. In exceptional cases waste above the limits may be otherwise managed with specified operations for specified waste types if destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the environmentally preferable option and other described conditions are met. Based on the Requirements of the regulation the European Commission shall, in accordance with Article 12(6), every three years compile a report on the application of the Regulation. A first report will have to be prepared in The report on application of the Regulation shall be integrated with the information available in the context of EPER1 and the CORINAIR Emission Inventory of EMEP2 and with the information provided by Member States under their reporting obligation under article 12 (1,2,3) to form a synthesis report. The report shall include information on the use of derogations according to article 7(4) concerning management of waste containing or contaminated with POPs (commonly referred to as POP waste). 1 Established by Commission Decision 2000/479/EC 2 EMEP (Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe)

12 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 2 Additional information on the state of implementation of POP related issues can be derived from National Implementation Plans (later referred to as NIP) and from direct reporting to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat pursuant to Article 15 of the Convention (hereinafter referred to as Article 15 reports). A summary of this synthesis report shall be forwarded to the European Parliament and to the Council and shall be made publicly available.

13 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 3 2 Summary on application of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 throughout EU Member States Information on the state of implementation of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 throughout European Member States can be derived directly from Article 12 reports as specified and foreseen in the Regulation text. Besides this relevant information may be derived from Article 15 reports to the Stockholm Convention secretariat and from the National Implementation Plans (NIP), recently elaborated and published by Member States to comply with Stockholm Convention requirements. MS Date of submission of Art. 12 reports MS Date of submission of Art. 12 reports AT 18 February 2008 IT 31 January 2008 BE 18 December 2007 LT 05 November 2007 BG 02 November 2007 LU 31 October 2007 CY 02 November 2007 LV 20 April 2009 CZ 21 September 2007 MT not submitted DE 04 November 2007 NL 02 November 2007 DK 05 November 2007 PL 19 October 2007 EE not submitted PT not submitted ES 12 January 2009 RO 15 May 2008 FI 09 November 2007 SE 31 October 2007 FR 07 November 2007 SI 28 September 2007 GR not submitted SK 12 December 2006 HU 25 October 2007 UK 31 October 2007 IE 21 December 2007 Table 2-1: Submission of Article 12 reports by EU Member States As illustrated in Table 2-1 by the elaboration of this report, 23 MS submitted reports to the European Commission as required according to article 12 of the Regulation (EC) 850/2004. No reports have been provided by Estonia, Greece, Malta and Portugal. Consequently all information provided and conclusions drawn do not cover these seven Member States unless specifically mentioned. A detailed list with information on Contact Officers for Article 12 reporting is provided in Annex 1.1.

14 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 1 Table 2-1 gives an overview on the information provided in the Member State reports with respect to implementation of POP Regulation requirements. On this basis it can be concluded that Regulation (EC) 850/2004 is largely implemented as concerns intentionally produced POPs.. POPs are not produced and generally not placed on the market or used in any of the reporting Member States except of permitted application of PCB and Lindane in highly restricted uses. Notified POP stockpiles remain in some Member States but are restricted to PCB containing equipment and unspecified obsolete pesticides. Measures to identify, characterise and minimise sources such as implementation of IPPC requirements (BAT, permitting) and establishment of emission inventories have been taken in all reporting countries. Likewise measures for information exchange, awareness raising, information of the public, and training are reported consistently, although not at the same level of detail. Monitoring is generally conducted in all countries where Article 12 reports were provided ; but the dimension of monitoring is diverging and information sometimes is not very precise. As concerns release inventories for unintentionally produced POPs (air, water, land), technical assistance and penalties the provisions of the regulation are not fully met in all Member States. Furthermore National Implementation Plans have not yet been elaborated in all Member States, some not even yet being party of the Stockholm Convention. A more detailed description of the state of application of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 is provided in the specific subsequent chapters of this report.

15 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 2 MS Date of the report Contacts A.II.1- Production A.II.2-Placing B.II-Stock Overview B.II-Stock PCB B.II-Stock DDT B.II-Stock HCH B.II-Stock other B.III-Release data available AT x no yes no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air, water, soil BE x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks BG x no export PCB x no stocks no stocks no stocks only to air CY x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks only to air and land CZ x no no PCB x no stocks no stocks no stocks air, water, land, off-site transfers DE x no yes no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air and water DK x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks not specified EE ES x no no PCB, HCB x no stocks no stocks x EPER data air, water FI x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air FR x investigation no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air GR HU x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no release data IE x no yes x no stocks no stocks no stocks air IT x no no PCB x no stocks no stocks no stocks air, water (EPER) LT x no yes PCB, waste pestizides x no stocks no stocks waste pestizides air, water, land, product, residue LU x no no PCB x no stocks no stocks no stocks not specified LV x no no PCB x no stocks no stocks no stocks PCDD/F & PAH: air, water MT NL x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air PL x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks to air PT RO x yes yes no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks All four POPs into air SE x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air, water, waste, product SI x no no PCB x no stocks no stocks no stocks air, water, land SK x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks air (water, land) UK x no no no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks no stocks to air

16 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 3 MS B.III - sources identify B.III sources characterise B.III sources minimise B.IV- NIP B.V- Monitoring B.VI- Information Exchange B.VI- Awareness B.VI- Information of public B.VI- Training B.VII- Technical Assisstance AT yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes x BE yes yes yes no other yes yes yes yes yes x BG yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no x CY yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no x CZ yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes x DE yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes x DK yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes x EE ES yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes x FI yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes x FR yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ~ GR HU yes no yes no no no no yes no no ~ IE yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes x IT yes yes yes no no yes yes yes yes yes x LT yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no x LU yes yes yes draft yes yes yes yes yes no x LV yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes x MT NL yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes x PL yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no x PT RO yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no x SE yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ~ SI yes yes yes draft yes yes yes yes yes no x SK yes yes yes yes other yes yes yes no yes x UK yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no x Table 2-2: Summary of information provided by Member States pursuant to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 B.VIII- Penalties

17 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 4 3 Production, placing on the market and stockpiles of Annex I and II POPs throughout EU Member States Production, placing on the market and use of substances listed in Annex I 3 of Regulation 850/2004 are subject to a general prohibition throughout the European Union since 20 May 2004 (Article 3). Specific exemptions on ongoing intermediate use or other specifications are only set for PCB, DDT and HCH. Export of the above mentioned substances whether on its own, in preparations or as constituent of articles - is banned throughout the European Union by Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 304/ Production and placing on the market of Annex I and II substances Member States are obliged to report on production and placing on the market of Annex I and II substances in the framework of reporting under Article 12 of the regulation Production According to reporting under Article 12, Annex I and II substances are not produced in any of the EU Member States except Romania, where Lindane was produced in quantities of 90,000 Kg in 2005 and 12,000 Kg in There was no production of Lindane in Romania anymore in This is supported by Article 15 reports to the Stockholm Convention, stating that substances listed in Annex A and B of the Stockholm Convention or Annex I and II of the European POP Regulation have not been produced since 2004 at the latest. For Spain it has to be noted that reporting does only cover 2007 and For Latvia the reported information covers the year France stated a principal possibility of production of relevant substances (HCB, toxaphene, lindane) on the basis of pre-registrations performed under REACH. An investigation shall be performed in 2009 to clarify the issue Placing on the market According to reporting under Article 12 (including reports 2008), Annex I and II substances have been placed on the market by Austria, Germany, Ireland and Romania in accordance with the rules. Austria, Germany and Ireland reported about small amounts of lindane placed on the market as veterinary drug and/or for public health purposes in treatment of head lice. 3 Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorbenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, PCB, DDT 4 Concerning export and import of dangerous chemicals Official Journal of the European Union L 63 of 6 March 2003

18 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 5 Uses have been phased out during 2007 in order to meet the deadline set. In its report for 2008 Ireland stated an unforeseen minor import of Lindane (~300 g) to the country from the UK until March, which however was recalled from the wholesalers (~450 g) and returned to the producer Bulgaria reported on cases of export of PCBs and obsolete pesticides to Germany and the Netherlands for disposal from 2005 to Romania reported on export of locally produced Lindane to Spain in 2005 and 2006 in quantities of 7,800 and 12,000 kg. There was no export anymore in This is confirmed by Spanish information for the years 2007 and France stated a principal possibility of import/export of relevant substances (Aldrine, toxphene, chlordane, DDT, Dieldrine, heptachlor, HCB and lindane in products) on the basis of customs declarations. An investigation shall be performed in 2009 to clarify the issue. Verified import for laboratory use (exemption) took place for dieldrine, heptachlor and HCB in small quantities (25 g, 2 kg, 21 kg respectively). In addition there is suspicion of an illegal export of lindane (290 kg, 2500 kg) to the Ivory Coast which is currently under investigation. Germany reported the exported to Venezuela 5 in quantities of 550 kg (2007) and 300 kg (2008). Latvia did answer no, but the reported information covers only the year (For details see Annex 1.2.1(BG) and Annex (IE)) Exemptions (Articles in use with POP constituents in accordance with Article 4 of the POP Regulation) According to Article 4 the prohibition of production, placing on the market and use of substances listed in Annex I and the restriction of production, placing on the market and use of substances listed in Annex II shall not apply in case of a substance used for laboratory scale research or as reference standard, in case of a substance occurring as unintentional trace contaminant, in case of substances occurring as constituent of articles produced until six months after entry into force of the Regulation. Following reporting under Article 12 there is no use of Annex I and II substances for laboratory scale research in EU Member States. Only Lithuania reports on specific cases of import for use as laboratory standard reagent. (For details see Annex 1.2.3). However, it has to be taken into account that a number of Member States (e.g. RO, ES, LV) did not address this question at all Use as intermediate As specified in Annex I the use of POPs in restricted applications is confined to DDT and HCH. Member States may allow the existing production and use of DDT as a closed-system 5 C.A Laboratories Asociados, Avenida Anton Philips, Zona Industrial la Hamaca, Maracay, Estado Aragua

19 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 6 site-limited intermediate for the production of dicofol until January 2014 in accordance with Article 4(3) of Regulation 850/ (This exemption will have to be reviewed by in the light of the outcome of the evaluation in the framework of Directive 91/414/EC concerning the placing on the market of plant protection products). By way of derogation Member States may allow the use of technical HCH as intermediate in chemical manufacturing and of products in which at least 99% of the isomer is the gamma form (lindane) as public health and veterinary topical insecticide until According to the reporting under Article 12 there is no use of DDT as intermediate in the EU. This observation is confirmed by Member State reports pursuant to Article 15 of the Stockholm Convention 7. Information on historic production can be derived from other information sources such as e.g. NIPs. According to this source, production, marketing and use of POPs has been prohibited in accordance with European legislation or even earlier by national legislation between 1970 and the mid eighties. A compilation of information on historical production and use available in NIPs is provided in Annex Article 15 reports to the Stockholm Convention, state that substances listed in Annex A and B of the Stockholm Convention or Annex I and II of the European POP Regulation have not been exported from or imported into the European Union, nor been used since 2004 at the latest. Information about import/export amounts for previous years was provided by Germany and the Netherlands in their Article 15 reports. In addition the reports in part contain information on the date of entering into force of bans in specific Member States (see Annex 2.1.6). 3.2 Stockpiles of pesticides and PCB (permitted use) According to Article 5 of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 stockpiles of intentionally produced POPs (Annex I and II) have to be either managed as waste in accordance with Article 7 or have to be notified to the competent authorities if exceeding 50 kg. The obligation to notify (Article 5(2)) applies to each holder of a stockpile greater than 50 kg, which consists of or contains an Annex I or II substance, for which use is permitted. Requested information comprises nature and size and has to be annually up-dated. Member States must monitor the use and management of notified stockpiles (Article 5(3)). Pursuant to Article 12 of the EU POP Regulation summary information compiled from the notifications concerning stockpiles of Annex I and II substances pursuant to Article 5(2) has to be transmitted to the European Commission every three years. Article 5 (2) stipulates that all stockpiles greater than 50 kg consisting of or containing substances listed in Annex I or II and the use of which has been permitted have to be notified 6 Notification of Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention 7 BE, CZ, CY, FR, DE, NL

20 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 7 to the competent authorities, which shall monitor use and management of the notified stockpile. According to the information compiled in Annex I and II this theoretically concerns PCB (articles in use until 2010), DDT (production and use an intermediate until 2014) and HCH (technical HCH and lindane until ). Based on provided Article 12 reports limited stockpiles pursuant to Article 5(2) are still present in a number of EU Member States. All reports are related to PCBs. Notified stockpiles of DDT or HCH are not reported. 8 Member States, i.e. Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Slovenia, reported in their three annual reports the presence of notified stockpiles of substances listed in Annex I or II and of which the use is permitted. All other reporting countries 8 reported not having any stockpiles of neither PCB nor other POP. A detailed compilation of reported information on stockpiles is presented in Annex According to article 15 reports strategies for identification of stockpiles, products, articles in use and wastes are in place in all of the reporting Member States. This includes strategies for waste management and final destruction. (See also Annex ) PCB PCB containing articles already in use at the time of entry of the regulation are allowed to be used in accordance with the provisions set in Directive 96/95/EC. Member States have to ensure that inventories are compiled of equipment with PCB volumes of more than 5 litres. Final elimination of PCB containing equipment is scheduled for 2010 (Article 3). In addition Member States had to compile inventories of PCB containing equipment (above 50 ppm) by 1998 and to up-date the inventory regularly (Article 4). In addition the requirement of identification of wastes containing PCB in quantities above 50 ppm is part of the European Community Implementation Plan. The following table gives an overview on the reported stockpiles of PCBs (both permitted and non-permitted use) and principal management measures on the basis of reporting under article 12 ( , 20 countries). 8 (AT, BE, CY, DE, DK, FI, FR, HU, LV, NL, PL, SE, SK, UK)

21 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 8 MS Quantity Unit Nature Location Management measures BE-WA 8,696 items known Thereof 6740 items have already been disposed off by 2007 BE-FL 13,453,000 kg estimated mass of items BE-BR 1,621,400 kg in 3772 items estimation following CLEEN methodology 2007 (total mass 4,864,550 kg) BG 630,973 kg PCB contained in inventoried equipment known known known Inventory and elimination Inventory and elimination Inventory Labelling Decontamination, phasing out, disposal CZ 18,962,000 kg PCB liquids in pieces known Inventory and elimination ES 51,291,000 kg PCBs not further specified known Inventory status Dec 2004; elimination ongoing or foreseen IE 70,256 l PCB contained in inventoried equipment known Inventory and elimination IT 4,371,239 kg PCB liquids in 9725 items known Inventory and elimination LT 380, ,000 kg PCB known Inventory and elimination LV 55,000 kg Total mass PCB containing devices known No information LU 166 kg PCB known Inventory and elimination SI 398,762 kg equipment (transformers or capacitors) known Total ~91,248,796* kg known Inventory Export for disposal Table 3-1: PCB stockpiles reported pursuant to article 12 of the EU POP Regulation * without items BE-WA, liquids and total mass mixed Although Belgium stated not having remaining stockpiles of PCB, figures for PCB stockpiles were given for the different regions, without precise information which year they refer to. In Bulgaria measures taken to manage PCB containing equipment include the inventory of equipment, containing PCB with dielectric volume more than 5 dm 3 (finalized 31/07/2007), labelling and decontamination, phasing out and/or disposal of equipment, containing PCB not later than 31/12/ pieces of equipment in 73 companies are waiting for analyses. First samples did not contain PCBs. (for more details see Annex ). According to the latest annual report from 2008 a larger quantity (~200 tons) of transformers, capacitors and PCB oils has been exported to Germany and the Netherlands in 2007 and 2008 (see chapter 3.1.2) In the Czech Republic a PCB inventory is provided since pursuant to the Act No. 185/2001 Coll. on Waste and other acts. The inventory has been updated in March 2007 with

22 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 9 the following results: 221 companies operate, own, manage or store equipment in/out of use containing or potentially containing PCBs. The following table shows the current situation of notified PCB stocks in the Czech Republic and related management measures. Quantity Unit Nature Location 18,962,000 kg PCB liquids known in 18,555 pieces equipment containing PCB liquids known and 7,026 tonnes equipment with PCB (not specified) known and 3,490 tonnes equipment waiting for analyses, possibly containing PCBs in 9,099 pieces equipment waiting for analyses, possibly containing PCBs known known Table 3-2: PCB stockpiles in the Czech Republic Ireland: The PCB inventory 2002 estimates 21 confirmed or suspected large holdings (> 5 litres PCB oil) comprising a total of 67,050 litres of PCB oil. It should be noted that many sites in 2001 contained large electrical units manufactured prior to 1986 which had not been tested for PCBs. In accordance with the Irish PCB Regulations (SI 163 of 1998) such units have been assumed to contain PCBs and have been included in the inventory as large holdings. Small holdings (> 5 litres) are not subject to notification but information is sought. A total of 169 small holdings have been notified, comprising a total volume of 3,206 litres of PCB oils. An update of the National PCB Inventory started in 2007 and shall be completed in This inventory involved over 1000 locations and over 100 site visits including industry, hospitals, prison etc. Preliminary findings indicate that there are not substantial quantities of PCBs remaining in equipment and plant in Ireland. ( Italy: In the period of the items inventoried for Italy had PCB contents above 500 ppm. A detailed illustration of the regional distribution of the items is provided in the second volume of the Waste Report 2006, available at IT/APAT/Pubblicazioni/Rapporto_rifiuti/Documento/rapporto_rifiuti_2006.html Latvia: In the context of a ANO/WWF project Collecting and utilising PCB in ESM 596 tonnes of PCB containing devices have been collected and destroyed in According to project results another estimated 55 tonnes of PCB containing equipment (capacitors) are in operation in 40 companies (reported as non-permitted use). Lithuania: According to the requirements of the Rules on PCB/PCT management adopted on 26 September 2003 by the Order No 473 of the Minister of Environment, holders of equipment containing PCBs shall compile an inventory of equipment where PCB content exceeds 5 dm 3 and equipment containing PCBs from 0.05% to 0.005% by fluid weight and PCB-containing equipment must be decontaminated and/or disposed by the end of 2010 at the latest. The updated inventory reports are submitted to the Regional Environmental Protection Departments annually. The major part of the equipment identified in Lithuania is still in operation. A substantial

23 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 10 quantity of equipment containing PCBs is used in water supply/treatment, energy production/distribution, petroleum processing, metal processing companies and other sectors of industry. In summary the total amount of PCB-containing equipment in Lithuania is estimated to be 1,100 1,300 tonnes of equipment containing around tonnes of PCB. Luxembourg has reported small notified stockpiles of PCBs of which the use is permitted and of which the use is not permitted. The use of PCB liquids containing more than 500 mg/kg PCBs is restricted since (obligation for elimination). The use of PCB liquids containing more than 50 mg/kg PCBs will be restricted after (obligation for elimination). Owners of corresponding equipment are informed. The inventory of Luxembourg differentiates the PCB liquids according to their PCB content. (For details see Annex ) In Spain until , 51,291 tons of PCB, have been identified by the National Inventory on PCBs (see stockpiles of non permitted use). Equipments containing PCBs are being decontaminated and eliminated DDT Reporting under Article 12 of Regulation 850/2004/EC does not indicate the presence of notified stockpiles of DDT HCH Reporting under Article 12 of the POP Regulation does not indicate the presence of notified stockpiles of HCH.

24 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Stockpiles of pesticides and PCB (non-permitted use) According to Article 5 of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 stockpiles of intentionally produced POPs (Annex I and II) have to be either managed as waste in accordance with Article 7 or have to be notified to the competent authorities if exceeding 50 kg. The obligation of management as waste (Article 5(1)) applies to all stockpiles consisting or containing any POP substance for which use is not permitted (see waste management). Based on reported information limited stockpiles pursuant to Article 5(1) are still present in a number of EU Member States. In the case of Luxembourg these are PCBs in concentrations above 500 mg/kg. The use of liquids with PCB contents above 500 mg/kg is restricted since the 1st January 2006 according to the reglement grand ducal du 24 fevrier Latvia reports about estimated 55 tons of PCB containing equipment still in use (see chapter 3.2). Slovenia indicates that there are no stockpiles of substances of which the use is permitted but that there are stockpiles of which the use is not permitted. All specifications concerning stockpiles are related to PCBs. PCB stockpiles in Slovenia were identified in the years The PCB equipment that is still in use was inspected, doesn't show any leakage and is operating safely. Most of the PCB stockpiles PCB equipment that was not operating safely was disposed before the year (For details about the inventory see Annex 1.3.5). PCB equipment (capacitors, transformers and PCB containing oils) is exported either to France, Germany or Austria for disposal (D10 and D12). Spain reports about stocks of PCB and current stocks of HCB. Until the end of 2004, 51,291 tons of PCBs have been identified by the National Inventory on PCBs. Equipments containing PCBs are being decontaminated and eliminated. In addition 5,000 tons of Lindane were identified in Bilbao. They were stored after an industry was closed in At this stage the stockpile is stored under controlled conditions. Additional information on stockpiles can be derived from NIPs and Article 15 reports. (For details see Annex 1.3.6) Other notified stockpiles Reporting under Article 12 of the POP Regulation indicates the presence of the following notified stockpiles: On the territory of Bulgaria there are no identified stockpiles of POPs pesticides, but there are stocks of obsolete and out-dated pesticides, some of which with unknown composition (see Annex 1.3.8). In Hungary there are no identified POP stockpiles, but there is a report about the estimated quantity of obsolete pesticides for each county in Hungary based on the work of the

25 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 12 inspectors of the Central Service for Plant Protection and Soil Conservation. The estimated POP content of the obsolete pesticide is about 5-20 %, but the treatment of these stockpiles (HWI) is the same in any case. The Elimination of these obsolete pesticide stockpiles is one of the priorities of the National Implementation Plan of Hungary. The estimated amounts of these stockpiles are 585 tonnes. Lithuania: According to the article 12 report there are stockpiles of Annex I or II substances of which the use is not permitted in Lithuania. The pesticide waste included in the Government pesticide waste management programme has been disposed (In total 3,280 tons from ). According to the Ministry of Environment there are still stockpiles of pesticide waste which have not been included in the Government programme. These stockpiles amount to 945 tons of pesticide waste. According to the Project on old pesticides management in Lithuania starting in 2007 waste landfill (840 tons), as well as remaining pesticides disposed in 2 pesticides sites after fire (105 tons) will be managed tons of old pesticide wastes (POPs amount is unknown) are still accumulated in one private company pending for final disposal. According to the Lithuanian law the waste possessors are liable for waste management, and in case the possessor is not identified, the respective municipality shall bear the responsibility for the management. Remaining stocks of pesticide reported in the Romanian NIP (2,516 t of obsolete pesticides disposed in 218 locations) where eliminated within a PHARE Project between December 2004 and October 2006, via export to and thermal destruction in Germany. According to information derived from National implementation plans, stockpiles of obsolete POP pesticides existed in Latvia. Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden state non-existence of larger known pesticide stocks. No information on the topic is reported in the French NIP (see Annex 1.3.7).

26 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D POP wastes and waste management In the European Union measures to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs from waste have been implemented by means of Regulation (EC) 850/2004. According to Article 7, waste consisting of, containing or contaminated by POPs shall be disposed of or recovered in such a way as to ensure that the POPs content is destroyed or irreversibly transformed by physicochemical treatment, incineration on land or use as secondary fuel if low POP concentration limit values in annex IV 9 are exceeded. Management of PCB waste has already been regulated by means of Directive 96/59/EC on the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCB/PCT). This includes a specific plan for management, phase-out and disposal of PCB-waste. The Article 12 reporting form does not request information on waste management, as this issue is covered by a separate form for reporting under Article 7. Information on this issue has so far not been provided to the project team but might be included later Use of derogations as referred to in Article 7(4) Council Regulation (EC) No 1195/2006 adopted low POPs concentration limit values for annex IV of the POPs Regulation. Values for low POP content limits (concentration limits) in annex IV of the Regulation provide the trigger level above which all POPs in wastes have to be destroyed or irreversibly transformed. Derogations from this requirement are allowed in accordance with Article 7(4)(b). Specific wastes can be otherwise disposed of in an environmentally sound manner when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the environmentally preferable option. The wastes for which this exemption may apply to are listed in annex V. The corresponding limits have been set by Council Regulation (EC) No 172/2007. The authorisation of alternative treatments in accordance with the methods listed in Annex V requires justified information of the European Commission and the other Member States. The derogations shall be reviewed in the light of international and technical developments before December 2009 (Article 7(7)) Pursuant to Article 12(6) of the EU POP Regulation the Synthesis shall include information on the use of derogations according to article 7(4). Information collection on the application of article 7(4) and the use of derogations is still ongoing. So far no Member State informed about authorisation of any alternative treatment method. In National Implementation Plans the use of a derogation for specific POP wastes as referred to in article 7(4)(b) has specifically been denied by Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the Slovak Republic. The other NIPs did not contain corresponding information. 9 Limits adopted by Council Regulation (EC) No 1195/2006

27 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Status of National Action Plans to identify and reduce unintentional releases According to Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention National Action Plans on measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production shall be drawn up by contracting parties and subsequently be implemented as part of the National Implementation Plan. Action plans shall include as elements an evaluation of current and projected releases including source inventories, an evaluation of the efficacy of related laws and policy, strategies to respond to the findings in the light of the overall objective of continuing minimization, steps for promotion of education and training, 5 yearly reviews and schedule for implementation. According to Article 6(3) of the European POP Regulation (EC) 850/2006 Member States shall communicate its action plan on measures to identify, characterise and minimise with a view to eliminating where feasible as soon as possible the total releases developed in accordance with its obligations under the Convention, to both the Commission and the other Member States as part of its national implementation plans, pursuant to Article 8. The action plan shall include measures to promote the development and, where it deems appropriate, shall require the use of substitute or modified materials, products and processes to prevent the formation and release of the substances listed in Annex III 10. Based on the information provided National Action Plans (NAPs) have been developed in 18 out of the 23 answering EU Member States. France and Hungary reported not to have developed a NAP. The current situation is demonstrated in Table 3-3. AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HU IE IT LT Has your country developed a national action plan on substances listed in Annex III to Regulation (EC) 850/2004? yes no X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 10 PCDD/PCDF, HCB (CAS No: ), PAHs ( benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene)

28 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 15 LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK Table 3-3: Has your country developed a national action plan on substances listed in Annex III to Regulation (EC) 850/2004? yes no X X X X X X X X Status of national action plans on substances listed in Annex III to Regulation (EC) 850/2004 ( ) X In Italy an action plan has not been prepared as the country even not yet is a party of the Stockholm Convention. Ireland is currently working towards ratification of both the Stockholm Convention and the POP Protocol. Thus it has not yet developed its National Implementation Plan, of which the action plan will be a part. The EPA is in the process of developing a National Implementation Plan incorporating an action plan for Annex III substances. In France actions to reduce unintentional releases of POPs are carried out in the framework of the provisions related to IPPC. The identification of sources is done by means of emission factors. One difficulty is to identify possible sources and reasonable actions to address them. The CITEPA manages an inventory of emissions into air for PCDD/F, PCB and HCB. Hungary: there is no specified action plan regarding to the substances listed in Annex III, but all of these substances are handled by other regulations. For example there are limit values for all the substances listed in Annex III in the case of Waste incineration. The National Implementation Plan also contains rules to minimise the POP emissions. Emission reductions are also expected from the launch of the BAT, BEP and IPPC regulations. In the UK the developed action plan is focussing on dioxins. Additional information on the situation in other countries can be derived from NIPs. Detailed information on the actions concerning unintentionally released POPs in the different National Implementation Plans is presented in Annex and

29 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Measures to identify sources Austria: Austria compiles an Air Emission Inventory ( Österreichische Luftschadstoff- Inventur OLI ) which is updated annually. For the purpose of the action plan this inventory has been further developed to be able to classify the emissions according to the source categories of Annex III of the Stockholm Convention. Due to limited data available, so far, no inventories (apart from the EPER) have been established for water and land. For surface waters an emissions inventory will be operated from The relevant sources of releases into these media have been identified via several studies (further described in the action plan). Belgium: In Belgium measures for identification of sources are in the responsibility of the individual regions In Wallonia main measures taken to identify sources, are the implementation of the IPPC Directive (including the obligation of permitting and reporting to EPER) and the establishment of PCB inventories. In Flanders the Environment Agency develops yearly emission inventories for furans and dioxins (and many other pollutants). She also measures the deposition of dioxins, furans and PCB 126. For details see Annex In Bulgaria measures include the compliance with the provisions of existing national and European legislation: (1) Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (2) Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (3) Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 (4) Environmental Protection Act, (SG 91/ , last amendment 82/ ). (5) Clean Air Act, in force from (6) Law on Protection against Harmful Impact of Chemical Substances and Preparations (LPHICSP), (SG 10/2000, last amendment 82/ ). Cyprus: Both the Dioxin Toolkit and the EMEP/Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook are used to check which of the listed sources are found. Czech Republic: The measures are parts of the National Implementation Plan for Implementation of the Stockholm Convention in the Czech Republic. These measures are mainly included from the legal framework point of view in: Act No. 185/2001 Coll., on Waste and other acts, as amended. Act No. 356/2003 Coll., on chemical substances and chemical preparations, as amended. Data particularly covered by Government Regulation No. 368/2003 Coll., on the integrated register of pollution. Germany developed measures to identify sources of substances listed in Annex III on the basis of the inventory on these substances. The inventory has been finalized in October 2007 and is considering the reporting procedure of the POP Protocol of the UNECE and of the Stockholm Convention

30 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 17 Denmark: The historic measures on identification of sources are described in our national implementation plan, especially in part (Unintentional production of dioxin, HCB and PCB) and in annex 1 (Action plan for reduction of emissions from unintentional production of dioxin, PCB and HCB including emissions inventory). For PCDD/PCDF and PAH the sources are identified in accordance with the EMEP/ CORINAIR Guidebook 2006, third edition. In summer 2007 a study under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers on the identification of sources of HCB and PCB and, if possible, the quantification of emissions was launched. The study is expected to be finalised by the end of this year. In Finland current measures to identify sources focus on the elaboration of emission inventories. An air emission inventory for PCB is underway and will be available in February France: Identification of emission sources and emission targets for 2005 and 2010 shall be reached by a three phase approach comprising 1) inventory of concerned installations and a balance of their releases 2) regional action plans in cooperation with operators of industrial installations in order to (i) better know and manage releases, (ii) take individual measures to reduce releases and (iii) to install an environmental monitoring programme. 3) provisions at department level for all installations concerned. Hungary: Measurement program in the field of considerable industrial POP emitters, like power plants, iron and non-ferrous metal producing and processing. In the program one POP emitting sector is monitored each year. During the program, we measure the POP s in air emission, waste water (if the is regarding the technology) and technological residue. Ireland: Identification of sources is performed by means of emission inventories using the EMEP/CORINAIR methodology and the UNEP Standardized Toolkit. In detail measures developed by Ireland to identify sources of substances listed in Annex III include: a) European Pollution Emissions Register / E-PRTR b) PCB Inventory; The EPA is currently updating its National PCB inventory. 4) Dioxin and Furan Inventory to air, land and water (EPA 2002) 3_synthesis.pdf c) POPs Inventories to air, water and land for 1990 and 1995 to 2005 (EPA project) d) Risk based assessment procedures for historic unregulated waste disposal sites. e) National Hazardous Waste Management Plan ( and ) see and For details see Annex Italy: Principal measures for source identification used in Italy are the national emission inventory and the national INES (Inventario Nazionale delle Emissioni e loro Sorgenti) registry. The inventory is annually up-dated in order to meet the obligations under the

31 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 18 Emission Ceiling Directive (2001/81/EC), the CLARTAP Convention and UNFCCC. All Annex I-III substance, plus PCP and SCCP are taken into consideration in the emission inventory, whereas INES contains the information on IPPC sources. Pursuant to the PRTR Decision the data collection in the coming years will also comprise releases to land. INES data are publicly accessible at Latvia: Identification of sources for POP emissions is mainly based on a DANCEE project 2002, where major source sectors have been identified on the basis of estimated activity data and emissions factors. In addition a screening for contaminated sites (POP pesticides and PCB) has been performed in the framework of the UNDP/GEF project Preparation of a national implementation plan. This screening revealed overall low pollution with local contamination (below remediation needs) in some sites. Lithuania: The procedure for submission of information on sources of pollution and basic pollutants emitted (released) from them, determined by the Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania - requires the enterprises to provide information on the emission of pollutants, including dioxins, furans and HCB, to Regional Environment Protection Departments of Lithuania. Luxembourg: The main emission sources are identified during the IPPC authorisation process. According to article 7 of the relevant law (loi modifiée du 10 juin 1999 relative aux établissements classés) the licenses for IPPC installations must indicate the emissions into air, water and land. PCDD/F have particularly to be taken into account for the authorisation of release limits. The conditions for authorisation are generally based on BAT. Due to specific provisions on the environmental quality it may be necessary to require even the use of techniques better than BAT. In Poland identification of emission sources has been performed by means of an Inventory of Dioxin and Furan Releases (2002). The results obtained were used to estimate emissions and releases of PCDDs/PCDFs, HCB and PCBs into the environment and products for In Romania the identification of sources is based on Stockholm Convention requirements. A Study on elaboration of the national annually persistent organic pollutants emissions inventory listed in Stockholm Convention as elaborated in This study presents among others the localization of the emissions sources, relevant activity sectors for intentionally and unintentionally produced POPs, emissions levels per activity and per emission sources, the calculation methodology of emission factors for air, water and soil, and a prognosis of POPs emissions. The results of this study were used for the estimation of PCDD/PCDF, HCB, PCBs and PAH emissions into environment. Slovak Republic: In the report there is no specific information on identification of emission sources, but it is stressed that implementation of IPPC legislation and the requirement of BAT and BEP implementation itself represents an efficient tool to control all polluting substances, including POPs.

32 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 19 Slovenia: The identification of sources is performed by means of the National Emission Inventory (NEI) according to the EMEP/CORINAIR methodology. The NEI currently covers air emissions only but is subject of continuous development. For details see Annex Spain: Since 2000 the Spanish Ministry of Environment has established a National Inventory on Dioxins and furans. In order to continue with this work, in 2007, the Spanish Ministry of Environment signed an agreement with the CIEMAT, a public research agency for excellence in energy and environment and the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council). The main plan is the development of a plan for the characterization of POP emissions (Dioxins and furans, HCB, PCB and HAPs) and will update and maintain the inventories on atmospheric, effluents and soil emissions. Sweden: Surveys have also been carried out and inventories have been established by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for the sectors of the ferrous and non ferrous metal industry, pulp and paper industry and waste incineration as well as for contaminated soils and sediments. The Netherlands report the instrument of environmental permitting as major measure to identify sources. In the request for licenses for sources known from literature to potentially emit POPs, information has to be submitted about the sources. In a number of cases an environmental assessment report is requested before the license is granted. The UK: The measures developed include source reduction measures and exposure reduction measures. The details are outlined in the UK Dioxin Action Plan which is a part of the UK National Implementation Plan Measures to characterise sources Austria: In the Austrian action plan (currently under preparation) the sources of substances listed in Annex III to the EU POP Regulation are further characterized. Belgium: See chapter Flanders in addition reported on assessments of PCDD/PCDF and PCB contamination near waste treatment plants for further source characterisation. In addition an assessment concerning PAH s was undertaken. Bulgaria: Effective enforcement of existing legislation e.g. the Environmental Protection Act, (SG 91/ ) and the Clean Air Act (SG 45/ ) is regarded as appropriate measure for source characterisation. This includes the regulation of emission limits for PCDD/PCDF, PCBs & HHB from Stationary Point Sources, the application and enforcement of existing Bulgarian legislation implementing the Seveso Directive and the IPPC Directive. Cyprus: Data for further source characterisation including activity rate is obtained through enforcement of the Atmospheric Pollution Control Law (Law 187(I)/2002) and Water and Land Pollution Control Law (Law 106(I)/2002).

33 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 20 Czech Republic: The measures for source identification are part of the National Implementation Plan and are mainly set in Act No. 185/2001 Coll. on Waste and Act No. 356/2003 Coll. on chemical substances and chemical preparations. Requirements for data collection are particularly covered by Government Regulation No. 368/2003 Coll., on the integrated pollution register. Denmark: The emission sources of PCDD/PCDF and PAH are characterised by using the available emission measurements. In instances where measurements of the respective source category are not available the default emission factors in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook are used. A specific study on HCB and PCB also involves source characterisation. Finland: see chapter France: no further specification. Germany: An action plan for reduction and minimization of substances including characterization of sources of substances listed in Annex III is currently under formal coordination and will be available in November This action plan is created on the basis of a well investigated emission inventory, release projections and evaluation for reductions scenarios. The challenge was to coordinate available release data and projections with control data from the Federal States, results from research programmes and earlier reported figures to the UNECE reporting process of the UNECE Protocol. In Hungary there exists a measurement program in the field of considerable industrial POP emitters, like power plants, iron and non-ferrous metal producing and processing. In the program one POP emitting source sector is monitored each year. Monitoring includes POP emissions into air, waste water and production residues. Ireland: The EPA report air emission inventories under the Convention for Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution for Annex III POPs (PAHs, HCB, Dioxins/Furans) every year. (see Recommendations on characterisation of sources, if any, from the inventory study currently underway will be considered in future inventory calculations. Italy: POP release data in the national inventory are described as function of the different source categories and subcategories pursuant to the NFR (nomenclature for reporting) classification of CLRTAP and UNFCCC. For details see it.eionet.eu.int:8980/public/irc/circa-it/reportnet/home or Latvia: Measures to characterise sources are mainly producer/operator based. According to environmental legislation industrial operators have to provide annual information on air and water emissions to the State Environmental Service (NES) via State Statistic Report forms. In addition the marine monitoring under HELCOM, as well as food monitoring is reported as measure for source characterisation. Lithuania: The information on pollution sources determined by the Order of the Minister of

34 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 21 Environment of the Republic of Lithuania requires the enterprises to provide information on the emission of pollutants, including dioxins, furans and HCB, to the Regional Environment Protection Departments of Lithuania. Luxembourg: see chapter Poland: see chapter Romania: IPPC and E-PRTR requirements are established as measures for source characterisation. For the activities under the IPPC Directive 2008/1/EC sources characteristics are to be described in the application forms for the environmental integrated permits. Generally, measures established in the environmental integrated permit foresee the reduction or prohibition of POPs emissions. According to Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 E- PRTR emission value, including for POPs substances listed in Annex II of the EPRTR Regulation are to be reported if emission thresholds values are exceeded. Slovak Republic: see chapter Slovenia: Since 2000 POP emissions are included in the annual reports to OSPARCOM- HELCOM UNECE and are also reported according to the POPs Protocol. Releases of PCDD/PCDF are calculated according to the Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. Activity data are provided from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning; but the Environmental Agency obtains much of its data through other activities, which are performed under the Environmental Protection Act. The best emission factors were estimated based on plant communication collected via a questionnaire for ten main source categories and their subcategories. The main source categories for PCDD/DF releases in Slovenia were identified in the Operative programme for identification, definition and reduction of releases of Persistent of Organic pollutants. Spain: The work plan to be developed by the CIEMAT and CSIC includes the study of new industrial activities generating POPs and the evaluation of the characteristics of the installations in collaboration with the autonomous regions and the industrial sectors. Sweden: see chapter The Netherlands did not respond to this issue but asked for clarification of the meaning. The UK has a well established source inventory for emissions to air, this may be found at: Further work is in progress with view to developing a comprehensive multimedia inventory.

35 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Measures to minimise sources Austria: Directive 96/61/EC (the IPPC Directive) is regarded as major instrument for emission reduction from industrial sources. The legal requirements are implemented in national law. For PCBs the requirements of the PCB Directive have been implemented and enhanced. The production and placing on the market of articles containing PCBs, terphenyls, naphthalenes and diphenylmethanes (including ugilec substances), the use of hydraulic equipment containing more than 30 ppm of PCBs and refilling is prohibited. The Austrian Water Act stipulates the preservation of groundwater of drinking-water quality throughout the country. It aims to ensure that Austria will not have to draw on the treatment of surface water in order to generate drinking water. Comprehensive measures serve the implementation of this goal. Sector specific ordinances which have to reflect the current state of the art regulate direct and indirect waster water emissions from various activities (e.g. for POPrelevant activities such as flue gas treatment, pesticides production, coke ovens). According to Article 16 of the Austrian Waste Management Act 2002 wastes containing POPs have to be incinerated or destroyed by an equally effective method. Protection of the soil is ensured via the Landfill Ordinance, the Compost ordinance (federal level) and ordinances on sewage sludge and protection of the soil (on states level). As concerns domestic emission sources emission reduction is currently aimed at by means of emission limit values for dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and organic carbon; prohibition to install boilers and stoves without type approval, prohibition of waste burning, (multi) annual inspections of certain types of boilers. Nevertheless further reduction measures are needed (e.g. strengthening of emission limit values and quality requirements in the regulation on States level, effective funding of low-emission installations to further sped up the exchange of old firing facilities, information campaigns for the public (prevention of co-incineration of waste in small combustion installations, proper disposal of ashes and soot)). Belgium: Measures for source minimisation are reported separately for the different Regions. In Wallonia since 1992 several legal acts implement the EU legislation, to limit emissions from industrial activities and waste management. For industry the major instrument is implementation of the principles of the IPPC Directive through environmental permits. For PAHs, a program for reduction of releases into water has been implemented since PCBs are regulated via the "arrêté du Gouvernement wallon" on the disposal of PCB/PCT In the Flemish Region legislation to restrict the production and trade of PCB s is established since According to the phase-out plan all registered and non-registered equipment had generally to be destroyed before the end of 2005, except an exemption had been provided for a registered appliance until at the latest. Dioxins are addressed in the Flemish Environmental Policy Plan ( , MINA 3) including the general air policy strategy and the hazardous substances strategy; In addition a specific dioxin reduction programme is currently implemented.

36 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 23 In the Brussels-Capital Region PCB are regulated via a number of legal Acts. There is no storage of waste containing PCB/PCT in the Brussels-Capital Region. Nearly all the equipment has been identified. For PCDD/PCDF and HCB emission quality standards for municipal wastes incinerator, second production of lead and crematoria have been set or been derived from European legislations. If necessary environmental permits contain specific technical provisions such as requirements for flue gas treatment, DeNOx with effect on PCDD/PCDF releases, etc. PAHs are covered by the Arrêté ministériel du 18 mars 2005 which shall result in a reduction of releases into water. Furthermore POP releases are addressed in a number of waste management plans, the first of which covers the period of (MB. 02/02/2000). Bulgaria: Reported measures comprise the promotion of the application of available, feasible and practicable measures for a realistic and meaningful level of POPs release reduction or source elimination. This shall be achieved by including BAT and BEP provisions in the IPPC permits for the facilities from energy, metallurgy, chemical and cement industries. In addition Bulgaria refers to National Legislation in the fields of environmental protection and air quality as instruments to minimise emission sources. Cyprus: Various measures to reduce uncontrolled burning have been taken. These are explained in detail in the National Implementation Plan. (see page 36 of the NIP) Czech Republic: The measures are parts of the National Implementation Plan for Implementation of the Stockholm Convention in the Czech Republic. These measures are mainly included from the legal framework point of view in: Act No. 185/2001 Coll., on Waste and other acts, as amended. Act No. 356/2003 Coll., on chemical substances and chemical preparations, as amended. Data particularly covered by Government Regulation No. 368/2003 Coll., on the integrated register of pollution Denmark: Measures are developed for PCDD/F (generally also considered to reduce emissions of HCBs and PCBs), PCB and PAH. The historic measures taken to minimise sources are described in the national implementation plan. Such measures include the development and implementation of a dioxin action plan in the period The main initiatives giving rise to significant reductions in releases of dioxin have been: Establishment of systems to remove specifically dioxin from flue gases at incineration plants and industrial installations with high emissions of dioxin Establishment of improved flue-gas cleaning systems at large installations for combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels (not specifically aimed at dioxin) The ban on using PCPs The ban on private burning of waste The strategy to limit burning of PVC at incineration plants Currently Denmark is intending to develop treatment requirements for flue gas purification residues to further reduce PCB emissions. In addition the Danish EPA is currently

37 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 24 undertaking a large scale information campaign to improve the firing habits of Danish residents, including financial support to replace old stoves with new and more efficient stoves. This is expected to reduce emissions of particulates as well as of PAH. Besides this Denmark is introducing mandatory environmental standards for residential wood burning appliances based on limits for particle emissions from In Finland the following measures have been taken to reduce POP emissions: Regulate emission requirements for stoves, furnaces, and boilers to be placed on the market. Other measures will include ensuring proper combustion by means of instructions and training Provide citizens with education on the combustion of wood and other biofuels. Pay special attention to the good management of PCDD/F and PCB releases in the environmental permit process when dealing with industrial processes, energy production, and waste incineration. Improve companies awareness of POPs, their management, and obligations concerning their release. Permit applications will examine the possible formation of dioxin and furan releases in industrial and energy production processes. Produce new data on POPs generated during industrial processes and combustion to support the environmental permit process and companies voluntary environmental management systems. Take measures to reduce traffic related emissions and landfills In France measures to reduce releases of PCDD/F have been taken since the early 1999ies in the field of waste incineration. The relevant EU provisions are transposed into national law. In addition dioxin emissions are targeted in the "National Health and Environment Plan" (PNSE) for This plan envisages a reduction of dioxin emission by 85% in 2010 compared to Specific actions are taken in the relevant industry sectors, particularly in municipal waste incineration, iron and steel production, secondary aluminium production and metal smelting with cupola melting furnace. The reduction programme concerns IPPC installations and will be broken down to all installations concerned. For more details see Annex Germany: The major measure taken for emission reduction from industrial sources is the implementation of the IPPC Directive (96/61/EC). For installations covered by the IPPC Directive the requirement to use the best available emission reduction techniques for chemicals listed in Annex III of Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 has been fulfilled. The centrepiece of national legislation for reduction of air emissions is the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG). Its provisions apply to the construction and operation of installations and to the manufacture, placing on the market and import of installations, fuels and other relevant substances. The requirement that BAT has to be used, has been implemented in the individual Immission Control Ordinances (BimSchVs) and in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft), which stipulate limit values for maximum concentrations in

38 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 25 atmospheric emissions from certain installations (large combustion plants, waste incinerators, crematoria, metal industry,etc). Combustion installations that do not require a license under Article 4 of the Federal Immission Control Act are subject to the provisions of the Ordinance on Small- and Medium Scale Combustion Plants. Requirements relating to the discharge of effluent into water bodies are set out in permits and licenses granted under water law, as defined in Article 2 ff. of the Federal Water Act (WHG). All these requirements are based on the use of BAT. The IPPC Directive is implemented in secondary legislation at state level. In addition to legal measures further need for action was identified with respect to stationary sources and a minor source (smoke munitions for military training purposes; action plan for completely phasing out the use of smoke munitions by 2014 ) According to the National emission inventory prepared in the preparation of the National Action Plan, significant emission reductions could be reached by further control measures in sintering plants (limit values not yet correspond to BAT) and residential combustion facilities (planned amendment of the First Ordinance on the Federal Emission Control Act (1. BImSchV)), accidental fires (fire prevention) and open burning of waste (awareness raising). For more details see Annex Hungary: To reduce POP releases limit values for all the substances listed in Annex III have been set for waste incinerators. That measure caused closure of many waste incinerators in In Ireland focus is put on the following measures to reduce POP releases: EPA Licensing ( see BAT guidance notes for various industrial sectors. (see Public information campaigns Race Against Waste, EPA media campaign on backyard burning and illegal waste collection see and For more details see Annex Italy: In order to minimise releases various European emission norms have been adopted for industrial source sectors. Specific measures besides other are also contained in the specific permit documents.

39 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 26 In Latvia the following measures are to be taken stepwise until 2020 in order to reduce POP impacts: Ensure compliance of National legislation with Convention and Community requirements Solve waste management problems related to historic pesticide use Establish appropriate institutional and technical infrastructure for environmentally sound PCB management (collection, transport, elimination) Improve and expand POP monitoring Improve preventive measures to minimise accidental fires and waste combustion Complete planned assessment and management of polluted sites Create information exchange system for local, regional and international institutions and effectively attract and use international financing Establish information and education programmes related to legal requirements, sources and POP related risks Collect human and food data for further policy planning, Focus on point sources first Develop efficient cooperation between all involved stakeholders Lithuania: Reduction of unintentional POP releases is mostly addressed via IPPC permits. Measures to minimise releases to the environment of unintentional POP as determined in the Action Programme comprise the following: Manage obsolete pesticides including POPs pesticide, to collect, store, decontaminate and/or dispose of PCB containing oil and equipment Develop the public municipal waste management system, which allows the collection and handling of more waste and thus the amount of waste incinerated in households will be reduced Educate the general public and other interested parties regarding sorting of waste, to disseminate knowledge on POPs, to disseminate information material on the environmental and human health impact of POPs and prevention of their formation The Order of the Minister of Environment On Environmental Protection Requirements for Waste Incineration defines conditions of operation, limit values for dioxins and furans and technical requirements. The problem concerning incineration of medical wastes is being solved. The programme of Medical Waste Management in Health Service Establishments for was developed and approved, which includes measures enabling to reduce risk related to inadequate management of medical waste. Holders of PCB containing equipment (> 5dm3) are obliged to ensure decontamination and/or disposal without any delay and not later than December 31, 2010 and must provide the respective Regional Environmental Protection Departments with upgraded inventory reports.

40 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 27 Poland: The 2002 National Strategy for Environmental Protection against Persistent Organic Pollutants 11 includes emission reduction measures divided into those reducing the actual generation of dioxins and furans and to those determining reduction of their releases into the environment. In addition the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention, includes 11 measures aiming at the reduction of persistent organic pollutant emissions from both the industrial and the municipal sector. One measure is the Polish- Danish project on the Reduction of Dioxin Emission from the Metallurgical Sector in Poland. Furthermore IPPC legislation has been implemented. In this context industry, including the metallurgical sector, has undergone restructuring by eliminating the majority of blast furnaces and complete elimination by 2003 of open-hearth furnaces. More effective air pollution control systems (APCS) are being implemented, for instance, in copper, zinc and lead metallurgy. In relation to the reduction of PAH emissions the following measures were taken: elimination of small outdated coke production plants at steel works Changes in the aluminium production technology (Soederberg process) Modernization of coal electrode production technology Improvement of quality of diesel fuels In the domestic sector successive modernisation is being carried out, especially as concerns single furnaces or stoves, flue gas cleaning from coal-fired boilers and the construction of small highly efficient boilers fired with oil or gas. Measures include: Development of central heating systems to eliminate individual furnaces or stoves in densely populated areas Modernisation of heating systems fired with coal and biomass A progressive change in the fuel structure aiming at the elimination of low-quality hard coal used in individual households Public education related to threats and hazards resulting from the use of lowperformance furnaces and boilers or burning of certain types of wastes. For more details see Annex In Romania the measures to reduce the emissions of substances listed in Annex III focus on large industrial sources namely in the energy sector and on the agricultural sector. Awareness raising on negative impacts is an element of emission reduction. In detail the following measures are reported as priority measures in the country: 11 /Dioxin_Inventory_Report_for_Poland.pdf

41 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 28 Stepwise modernization of large combustion plants using BAT and BEP; Implementation of modern systems for air pollution control Introduction of legal regulations on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC); Establishment of standard emission limit values for waste incineration and coincineration Environmental sound management of POPs stockpiles, collection, storage and decontamination and/or disposal of equipments containing PCBs. Sustainable development of agriculture by promoting utilization of the products which presents a low risk or which have no risk for the environment; Education and public awareness on impacts of POPs emissions on human health and environment. Slovak Republic: The legislation in compliance with the EU legislation is gradually enlarging the general requirement to apply BAT and BEP. This requirement itself represents an efficient tool to control all polluting substances, including POPs. Special problems are the POP emissions from uncontrolled burning and non-industrial processes. For these source categories implementation of BAT is not possible, therefore different tools such as involvement of public and an overall public awareness raising on POPs have to be applied. Slovenia: The Environment Protection Act (OJ RS, No. 41/2004, 17/2006, 20/2006) requires that all major stationary emission sources (existing and new) have to apply for an integrated environmental permit (for larger so called IPPC installations and for smaller installations). For the existing industrial installations permits are in preparation. The emission reduction requirements in permits are based on BAT. PCB containing equipment is considered hazardous waste when taken out of use and has to be treated accordingly. The Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning also defined the measures on how to eliminate electrical equipment (capacitors or transformers) contaminated with PCB from 2003 to Slovenia has taken all necessary measures to ensure that all PCB/PCT containing material in the environment will be disposed until The Action plan of reduction and minimization of releases of PAH, PCDD/F and HCB is already in procedure of governmental improvement. For more details see Annex Spain: The Spanish NIP on POPs includes a number of measures for the reduction of unintentional releases of persistent organic pollutants. Sweden puts a focus on collection of measurement-based data for primary sources, which reliably show how large emissions of unintentionally produced substances are under varying conditions. The importance of self-monitoring by the competent authorities in connection with supervision and licensing of operations is emphasised. Guidance to operators on how to improve self monitoring may be provided by trade associations. There are some sectors where further measures to reduce releases may be necessary. One example is the metallurgical sector, where there is still reasonable scope to reduce emissions into air, in particular of dioxins. Another area in which further measures may be necessary is the burning of bio-fuels and other alternative fuels. Further studies need to be made of the contributions of secondary and diffuse sources to overall environmental loadings of POPs.

42 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 29 To reduce releases from households information and guidance are seen as key instruments, alongside general regulations and their enforcement. Consequently there are on going information campaigns. Furthermore extensive work to identify and remediate contaminated soils in Sweden is undertaken. Finally projects are ongoing to estimate the loading from longrange atmospheric transport. Sweden will continue to contribute to international efforts and is currently financing a UNEP Chemicals project on open burning of waste. In The Netherlands emission reduction is largely based on implementation of the IPPC Directive. To source sectors subject to IPPC, licenses are granted following national law. The licenses may contain conditions on emissions. The UK s legislation on unintentionally produced POPs is delivered through a combination of action at the national, European Union and international level. In the UK, control measures via legislation and abatement technologies have led to a significant reduction in dioxins, HCB and PCB emissions to air, water and land. For PAH there is separate legislation aimed at reducing emissions to air, water and land. These measures include a combination of pollution control equipment or substitute process technologies. Details of controls measures are in Section 5.7 of the UK National Implementation Plan. The measures developed include source reduction measures and exposure reduction measures. Significant reductions in emissions have been achieved by putting control on: industrial processes such as municipal waste incineration, metal processing, plants, power stations and chemical manufacturing plants; open agricultural burning; marketing and use controls on chemicals contaminated with dioxins and HCB; and vehicular emissions. During the last 10 years these measures have substantially reduced emissions to the environment and concentrations of these chemicals in food: approximately 60% reduction in emissions of dioxins to air; approximately 75% reduction in emissions of PCBs to air; approximately 70% reduction of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs levels in food; approximately 90% reduction in emissions of HCB to air. The details on further measures are outlined in the UK Dioxin Action Plan which is a part of the UK National Implementation Plan Measures to promote development of substitutes and alternative processes The POP Regulation (Article 6(3)) states that the action plan shall include measures to promote the development and, where it deems to be appropriate, shall require the use of substitute or modified materials, products and processes to prevent the formation and release of the substances listed in Annex III.

43 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 30 Whereas there is no response to this topic in the Article 12 reports, some information can be derived from NIPs. Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Spain, Sweden and UK discuss measures in their Action Plans. Measures range from general referral to BAT and IPPC, over referral to national legislation, government plans related to chemicals, closure of small installations, presentation of substitutes for specific uses to a proposal for establishment of common criteria and an EU wide inventory on possible alternatives. The reported Information is summarised in Annex Strategy to identify contaminated sites Identification and remediation of contaminated sites is one measures to reduce unintentional releases of POP into the environment. Thus corresponding activities can give a helpful indication about the state of implementation of related legislation. Information on this topic can be derived from NIPs and Article 15 reports. Based on the information from NIPs it can be concluded that registers or inventories on contaminated sites are already available in a number of Member States (e.g. FI, DE, CY, SK, SE), investigation has started in the framework of the WFD (RO), corresponding actions are planned (LV, LT, BG) or no specific information is available so far (FR, ES). Additionally information is available for Belgium and the Czech Republic in reporting under Article 15 of the Stockholm Convention, both reporting inventory information available at least to a certain extent. A compilation of information is provided in Annex Priority to alternative processes in permitting According to Article 6(3) of the EU POP Regulation Member States shall, when considering proposals to construct new facilities or significantly modify existing ones using processes that unintentionally release POPs, give priority to consideration to alternative processes, techniques or practices, which have similar usefulness but which avoid formation and release of POPs. Some information can be derived from NIPs (BG, RO, SK, ES, SE, UK), but except of Sweden is very global and general (see Annex ) Action plans for intentionally produced POPs Although not in the very focus of the information pursuant to Article 12 of the EU POP Regulation, actions related to management of remaining stockpiles or implementation of existing bans will contribute to the overall aim of release reduction. Some information on this issue can be derived from NIPs. According to this information, actions are mainly foreseen in new Member States and focus on enforcement of the existing legislation (BG, LV, LT), detection of potential remaining stocks in agricultural storing facilities (CZ) or decontamination of remaining PCB equipment (CY). No specific measures seem to be planned in Romania and the Slovak Republic. From old Member States Spain expressed the need to expand the knowledge on historical production, remaining stocks and illegal trade and plans to increase monitoring in areas with intense agricultural activities, while Sweden reported on ongoing programmes to collect remaining small stocks in private households and enterprises (see Annex )

44 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Actions concerning knowledge on priority sources and environmental levels Knowledge on priority sources and environmental levels is a prerequisite to target activities for further reduction of POP releases. Thus the necessity to increase knowledge on emission sources as well as planning for specific measures therefore have been reported by Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, Spain and the UK (see Annex ) Actions concerning detection of arising hazards This topic still seems to be a focus of POP related measures in some Member States, so that information compiled in NIPs shall shortly be reported. A specific focus on and an active role in detection of new POPs was stated by Denmark, Finland, Germany, Slovak Republic, Sweden and the UK. France refers to REACH as appropriate instrument for systematic assessment of chemicals (see Annex ) Actions concerning research and development Also information on research and development is not addressed in Article 12 reports but seems to be a focus of POP related measures in some Member States, so that information compiled in NIPs shall shortly be reported. Specific research related activities are planned in almost all the Member States for which NIPs are available. Depending on the level of knowledge already present in a country activities range from research in environmental and health impacts over research in new substances to research in emission sources as well as substitutes or alternative processes (see Annex ) 3.6 Status of National Implementation Plans The EC POP Regulation sets out provisions on the procedure and intra-community communication of NIPs (Article 8) to be elaborated pursuant Article 7 of the Stockholm Convention. 24 of the 27 Member States of the EC have ratified the Stockholm Convention following the status indicated on the Convention web page 12. Thus they have to elaborate a NIP and submit it to the Convention Secretariat within a two years period from ratification. By elaboration of this report: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom have submitted their NIP to the Convention Secretariat Greece, Portugal and Slovenia have not yet submitted their NIP although the two year period has elapsed; On this basis it can be concluded that so far 21 EU Member States out of 27 have developed NIPs and provided them to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat, whereas 3 MS did not meet the deadline set. 12 (

45 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 32 Estonia is to prepare its NIP until Ireland, Italy and Malta have signed the Convention but not yet taken further steps Table3-4 gives an overview on the status of ratification of the Stockholm Convention, the submission of NIPs as well as the individual deadlines for submission according to Article 7 of the Convention. Information on the foreseen date for adoption of the Convention and on Submission to the European Convention and other EU Member States is included where available. Hungary and Poland has developed draft NIPs already some time ago. There is no information on a deadline or submission for these two countries on the Stockholm Convention website. As there is no official communication of the plans so far they have not been evaluated. Further information on the preparation of NIPs can be found in Annex 1.5.

46 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 33 Member State Ratification of the Stockholm Convention NIP submitted to Convention Secretariat Deadline for submission AT Yes 28 Aug May 2006 BE Yes 06 Feb Aug 2008 NIP submitted to European Commission BG Yes 27 Sep Nov 2007 NIP submitted to Member States CY Yes 16 Oct Jun Sep Sep 2007 CZ Yes 08 May 2006 DE Yes 01 May 2006 DK Yes 18 May 2006 EE 1 Yes No 05 Feb 2011 ES Yes 20 Mar 2007 FI Yes 17 May 2006 FR Yes 26 Feb 2007 GR Yes No 01 Aug 2008 HU Yes No info 3 12 Jun 2010 IE No n/a n/a IT No n/a n/a LT Yes 06 Apr 2007 LU Yes 07 Aug May 2006 LV Yes 07 Jun 2005 MT No n/a n/a NL Yes 30 May 2006 PL Yes No info 3 No info 3 PT Yes No 13 Oct 2006 RO Yes 12 Apr 2006 SE Yes 23 May 2006 SI Yes No 16 Aug 2006 SK Yes 12 Dec 2006 UK Yes 17 Apr Apr Apr 2007 Table3-4: Status of ratification in EU Member States of the Stockholm Convention and submission of NIPs 1 Estonia is not party to the Convention 3 Poland and Hungary have prepared a Draft NIP Not relevant Not relevant as long as Stockholm Convention not ratified Deadline pending MS has failed to meet the deadline

47 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Public participation in development of NIP According to Article 8 of the POP Regulation Member States shall give the public early and effective opportunities to participate in the process of drawing up their implementation plans. Based on Article 12 reports public participation is carried out in the Member States in the following way: Austria: A draft NIP was presented to interested groups in a first meeting at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management in February In December 2007/January 2008 the draft was available for an internet-consultation for a period of six weeks. The comments brought in, are taken into account in the final version of the NIP. The final version has to be approved by a decision of the Austrian Ministers Council and will be submitted to the Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention in accordance with the obligations of the Convention. In Belgium Information on the NIP s proposal shall be published on the corresponding authorities websites (Federal and Regions). In Bulgaria a number of experts, representatives from interested institutions, ministries, universities, organizations, NGOs, etc., included in the National Coordinating Committee (NCC) took part actively within the process of formulating and development of the NIP. The NIP is published in hard copies in English and Bulgarian language and widely disseminated amongst the public. (see also or In Cyprus (i) the municipalities were asked for their contribution about 12 months before the first draft of the NIP (ii) a one day seminar was organised for this purpose about 6 months before the first draft and (iii) the public was also informed through a web page 6 months before the first draft. In the Czech Republic, during the process of preparation of the NIP there was a group of people, scientists, researchers, university teachers and NGOs members involved. All of them were asked to send their comments to 4 proposals of the NIP during 3 years preparation period. The final opened inter-ministerial discussion was also attended by representatives of NGOs. In Denmark relevant NGO s and the main industry interest organisation (Dansk Industri) participated in a monitoring group throughout the NIP elaboration. The Final draft was sent in a public hearing to 74 likely stakeholders. In Finland the public was informed through mass media about both the initiation and completion of the NIP preparation. After the first draft was prepared, it was opened for public commenting and stakeholders were invited to a discussion seminar in the Finnish Environment Institute premises for comments. Presenting comments was also made possible through a web service for a period of 30 days. A dedicated POP web site was opened for POP information sharing ( and a brochure about POPs was published.

48 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 35 In France, the plan has been elaborated by the "Ministère de l Ecologie et du Dévelopement Durable" (MEDD) and has been discussed by the "Commission des Produits Chimiques et Biocides". This Commission includes several ministry departments, chemical industry, health, consumer and environmental associations, labour unions and public institutions competent in the field of biocides. More information on the Commission is available at Germany: The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety held two meetings in Bonn (11 November 2004, follow-up meeting on 15 November 2005) with the principal interest groups (representatives of the Länder (German Federal States), relevant departments within the Ministry, industry representatives, NGOs) to plan the measures to be taken under the National Implementation Plan. In the development of the emission inventory the German federal States were involved on a broad basis for data inquiry. In Hungary informative conferences were organised for the professional and nongovernmental organisations, where they could explain their opinions and recommendations for the NIP. In Ireland the EPA intends to give the public and relevant stakeholders early and effective opportunities to participate in the development of the NIP for Ireland. It is intended that this participation will commence in early Key stakeholders have already been notified of the intention to prepare a National Implementation Plan. Italy has not yet started preparation of a NIP, but will give the public and relevant stakeholders early and effective opportunities to participate in the development when the process is started. Latvia: The measures in the NIP have been elaborated in close cooperation with key public authorities (for environment, industry, agriculture, health, public administration and transport), stakeholders, research institutes and universities. In Lithuania, during the process of development of the NIP the survey on the public opinion and knowledge level concerning POPs was conducted. The aim of the survey was to take the gauge on views and knowledge level by different groups in the society concerning POPs, as well as requirements of the Stockholm Convention, to identify the gaps and needs of information as well as methods for disseminating such information. The following target groups were questioned: farmers, heads of rural communities, representatives of academic institutions, representatives of enterprises possessing PCB containing equipment or potentially emitting dioxins and furans, representatives of healthcare establishments, women s and children s organizations and other NGOs. In the process of development of NIP the POPs information campaign directed towards the society and the interested groups was conducted. During this campaign the seminars on POPs related implications were organized to the public, on PCBs to the enterprises. Several publications were prepared (brochures for enterprises, academic institutions, healthcare establishments, society, posters, flyers, stickers), TV and radio programs on the impact of POPs on health and environment took place, the cycle of articles in the newspapers appeared in the national mass media.

49 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 36 The draft NIP of Luxembourg has been presented to the several authorities and institutions. Including several ministries and competent authorities, cities and communities where POP emitting industrial installations are located, national ecologic associations, public research institutions and the relevant industry association (FEDIL). The comments received have been discussed at a conference at the environmental ministry and where taken into account for the finalisation to the NIP. The draft NIP will be published electronically. The public participation period last at least 1 month. It is announced in 4 of Luxemburg s daily newspapers. The interested public can provide comments and observations within 1 month. In Poland public participation in the development of the NIP was ensured through (i) the activity of the national Steering Committee for the GEF Project enabling activities to facilitate early action on the implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (GF/POL/01/004), and (ii) a series of seminars and workshops organised during different phases of the development of the NIP. The results obtained under the GEF Project (i.e. POPs inventory results, major goals and priorities of the NIP and consecutive drafts of the Plan) were presented by the National Project Manager at a number of meetings with the Project Steering Committee. The Committee was designated by the Minister of the Environment to coordinate and supervise the Project. Among its members were the representatives of all the stakeholders: ministries and public institutions involved, scientists, the industry sector and NGOs. Comments provided by the members of the Steering Committee were taken into account during the preparation of the Project. Furthermore, four workshops have been organised between 2002 and 2004 for the representatives of the public. Additionally, many Project-related documents, detailed reports and analyses have been developed, which are available on the Internet on a website presenting the results obtained under the GEF Project in Poland ( In Romania the measures included in the National Implementation Plan were established after intense consultations of representatives of the central public authorities (for environment, industry, agriculture, health, public administration and transport), the local public authorities (environment, city halls, health, water, phytosanitary directorates), stakeholders, research institutes and universities (University Polytechnica Bucharest, Plant Protection Institute, Central Laboratory for Phytosanitary Products, Public Health Institute), and NGOs (Women Association, Environmental Experts Association, Environmental Journalists Association). In the Slovak Republic cooperation within a special ad hoc working group with several stakeholders including non-governmental organisation, research institutes and universities was ensured in the phase of the development of the NIP. In Slovenia, NGOs participated at the NIP preparation through the membership in a National Coordinating Committee and working groups. Additionally 3 awareness raising workshops for all stakeholders were performed. All relevant information from workshops, Conference of Parties of Stockholm Convention, measurements is available at the web pages of National Chemicals Bureau and Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Spain: The National Plan for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention and Regulation 850/2004/CE on POPs has been elaborated through a National Coordination

50 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 37 Group (NCG) that supposed a coordinating mechanism and a process organization, involving all the stakeholders (near 200 people from public administrations, NGOs, consumers, trade unions, scientists and industrial sectors). The NCG comprised a Technical Group, with 6 subordinated working groups (dependent on the Technical Group) that were commissioned to develop and draft the chapter on: inventories, substitution, BAT and BEP, monitoring, public information and awareness and coordination and financial issues. On June 22, 2006 the NCG approved the final draft of the NIP. After the approval of the NIP by the Council of Ministers the 2nd of February 2007 the NCG met in order to define the work plan for the implementation of the NIP. In Sweden, a reference group with all relevant stakeholders was created and invited to comment on the draft at three occasions. Based on the information provided in the NIP, all stakeholders active in the development of the NIPs are members of the national POP network established as an information exchange platform for further implementation. In the Netherlands approximately 30 stakeholders were approached actively. The general public was informed on the possibility to deliver comments through some national newspapers. In the UK, DEFRA consulted publicly the UK National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention, as part of a wider consultation exercise, the draft POP Regulations were also included. Over 170 consultees were invited to provide comments and the consultation closed in March 2007 after 3 months. In the National Implementation plans available for assessment, information on assurance of public participation is scarce. According to information presented in NIPs early participation of the public has also been assured in Latvia, Romania and Spain. A compilation of the information compiled in NIPs is provided in Annex

51 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Monitoring According to Article 9 POP Regulation, the European Commission and the Member States shall establish, in close cooperation, appropriate programmes and mechanisms, consistent with the state of the art, for the regular provision of comparable monitoring data on the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs as identified in Annex III in the environment, following the general obligation for the parties under Article 11 of the Stockholm Convention to perform research, development and monitoring activities within their capabilities. On European scale measures for monitoring are established as part of the Community Implementation plan. This chapter provides a general overview on POP monitoring activities in EU member States as reported via Article 12 reports and NIPs. For evaluation of monitoring results see chapter 5. In the Article 12 reports numerous monitoring activities are named. But it has to be stated that the level of detail requested in the Article 12 reporting form has not been completely met in many of the answers. So either information detail (number of samples, compartments, substances, results) was missing or only provided as a link to national databases, or information was presented a the level of single congeners. In addition only in part monitoring specifications were provide for the years 2006 and Thus a summary evaluation of the information and the elaboration of a consistent overview on the situation as concerns monitoring and monitoring results in the EU can not be performed in the scope of this project on the basis of Article 12 report information. Austria has no specific monitoring programmes of dioxins, furans and PCBs. However, several studies have investigated and determined environmental concentrations of POPs. Activities comprised ambient air (PCDD/PCDF, PCB), emissions from metallurgical installations, domestic combustion, traffic and bonfires (PCDD/PCDF), food and feed (PCDD/PCDF, dl PCB), soils (POP pesticides, PBDE, PCDD/PCDF, PCB, other new POPs), water PAH, and POP pesticides, PCB). Further activities are carried out at Länder level (e.g. alpine lakes, waste, water, sewage sludge, biogas slurry). For more details see Annex In Belgium POP monitoring is in the responsibility of the different Regions and thus is reported separately. In Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region information is scarce, only referring to EPER and PCDD/PCDF air emission inventory (Flanders) or Release inventory air for PCDD/PCDF and PAH (Brussels). In Wallonia the report refers to EPER and in addition provides detailed information on monitoring activities in water. Currently the water monitoring covers PCB, but shall be extended to other substances pursuant to the obligations of the Water Framework Directive. (for details see Annex 1.6.2). For Flanders the existence of a monitoring system (emission inventory for all 12 POPs, surface water, sediments, deposition) has been reported via the Article 15 report (see Annex ). Bulgaria: According to the Article 12 report there is no specific POP monitoring is performed. But monitoring is established for PCB in soils and groundwater. POPs releases in to the air are calculated by balance determination. Details are available for the monitoring of PCBs in

52 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 39 soil and in groundwater. A compilation of the provided information is presented in Annex Based on the information provided in the NIP monitoring activities are performed in air, water, soil and food under the national environmental monitoring system (NEMS). In Cyprus monitoring of PCBs is carried out through water analysis in the major dams and analysis of samples of the soil, following the disposal in 1986 of transformer fluids (Askarel) in an uncontrolled manner in the area of Kato Polemidia in Limassol 13. Based on the information from the National Implementation Plan POP monitoring includes regular emission measurements form IPPC installations and periodic analysis of food and drinking water. Monitoring of human breast milk has been performed once resulting in low contamination levels. (see also Annex 1.6.4) In the Czech Republic according to the Article 12 report, there is a very broad and long-term system of POPs monitoring, including ambient air (active measurement as a part of EMEP; passive sampling national network), water, sediment, soil, biota and human monitoring 14. In Denmark, all main national monitoring on the environment will be contained in the recently developed NOVANA programme for PCDD/PCDF as well as PCB. It replaces the earlier NOVA programme, which was established in 1987 in order to follow development in the aquatic environment and record the effects of the reduction in discharges. NOVANA is in a start up phase. The administration of NOVANA is presently being transferred from the National Environmental Research Institute to the Agency for Spatial and Environment Planning under the Ministry of the Environment (By- og Landskabsstyrelsen). NOVANA includes monitoring of feed, food, mussels, fish, sediments and point sources. Results are published annually. In addition air, deposition, soil and groundwater were and are investigated on a case-by- case basis in specific studies. In Finland the concentrations of various POPs are routinely monitored in organisms, surface waters, and rainwater. Some data series extend back to the 1970s. The longest data series cover concentrations of DDT and PCBs in coastal and inland water organisms, but since the early 1990s these and other POPs have also been monitored in terrestrial ecosystems. The most detailed data are available on fish (Baltic herring, pike and vendace) and Baltic mussel (Macoma Baltica). Baltic herring is an important food source for predatory fish, seals, many seabirds and people. PCB concentrations are also measured in sediments in inland waters downstream of industrial sites and towns and cities. In France, the Ministry of Environment (MEDAD) and other public institutions (e.g. ADEME, IFREMER, MEDD) have commissioned numerous relevant studies on POP concentrations in environmental compartment. Studies investigated PCDD/F contamination in soil, human exposure, human milk concentrations, and concentrations in certain waste or incineration 13 For details see: Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances: Mediterranean Regional Report 14 Specific monitoring data: and

53 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 40 slags and exhaust gas (dioxin emission inventory from incinerators 15 ). They focussed on determination of emission factors form burning of wood, physical chemical properties and transfer coefficients as well as on monitoring around waste incinerators (legal obligation of HWI operators according to the "arrêté du 20 september 2002"). Monitoring for PCB and POP pesticides (see specific ministerial plan 16 ), focuses on water, sediment and aquatic biota, on correlation between different congeners and risks from food. Repeated measurements of DDT and PCB have been realised since 1979 in several molluscs along the French coast. The water agencies are monitoring certain POPs in surface water and sediment (e.g. since 2006 (i) aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, endrin and heptachlor (12 samples per year at 122 points) (ii) HCB, PCB in sediments (1 sample at 200 points) (iii) aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, endrin and heptachlor (4 samples at 16 points in water; HCB and PCB are analysed in association with suspended matter). In 2005 a monitoring programme of the aquatic compartment comprising more that 200 sample points has been carried covering chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, PCB and HCB 17. In 2004 PCDD/F and certain dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs where analysed in 70 different food samples. In 2006 the focus is on PAH in fumed or dried animal based food items. Fish products are monitored for pesticides including DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, endrin, HCH and heptachlor 18. Drinking water is monitored for pesticides including lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, HCH, HCB and DDT 19. A short description and a reference to the information sources is given in the report. A compilation of specific references is provided in Annex Germany: Germany does not have a specific national monitoring programme for POPs, but has regular monitoring in different compartments in the framework of European or international agreements and participates in several international monitoring networks. Monitoring covers the substances requested by the obligation or agreement. This includes PCDD/PCDF and PAH, but also PCB, HCB, POP pesticides and a number of POP candidates. Measurements are regularly performed in a number of background stations for air quality, at all large surface water bodies(water, sediments) in the marine environment (biota, sediments, water), soil (long-term observation sites), food and feeding stuffs, sewage sludge and biota. In addition monitoring is performed in the framework of international projects or at state level for human exposure (milk, blood). Monitoring results are stored centrally in the environmental specimen bank 20, the Dioxin Data base 21 and various compartment related data bases 22. Further details as well as time trends are described in the 15 see 16 see 17 Results: 18 Results for 2004: 19 Results for 2001 to 2003: E.g. www. Umweltbundesamt.de/hid/index.htm,

54 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 41 attachment 3 to the German article 12 report. Hungary: According to the Article 12 report, financial circumstances are such that a monitoring programme on the current presence of PCDD/PCDF and PCBs in the environment could not be started. But for 2008 Hungary would like to include immission measurements in the surroundings of industrial emitters into the industrial POP measurement project. In 2007 Hungary participated in a 3 month POP passive deposition sampling pilot project (5 background sites in Budapest, PAH, PCB, some chlorinated pesticides) which was coordinated by the RECETOX Institute (Brno, Czech Republic). The analysis of the samples will be ready for the beginning of the next year. In Ireland monitoring has been performed in cow milk, air, marine environment and food & feed. A report for milk monitoring undertaken in 2006 is to be published shortly by the Agency. is proposed that this dioxin monitoring exercise will be undertaken annually to indicate if there is a trend in dioxin levels. In addition PCDD/PCDF monitoring is performed in a number of IPPC sector. A review of the licences in a number of other sectors shall allow determining the necessity for monitoring of Annex III substances from these sectors. Furthermore it is intended that a number of POPs substances will be monitored under the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. Besides this, Ireland participates in a global POPs monitoring project called GAPS (Global Atmospheric Sampling). The GAPS monitoring station is based at Malin head, in County Donegal. This programme monitors PCBs, DDT, Aldrin, Lindane as well as a number of emerging POPs such as endosulfan (see ). Monitoring in seawater is performed at designated shellfish growing areas and includes DDT, PCBs, Dieldrin, Aldrin, HCH and HCB 23. The monitoring programmes for POPs substances in food and feedstuffs include dioxin, PCB and emerging POPs such as brominated flame retardants. A recent report on fishery products 2007 is available at A National Food Residue Database (NRFD) covering PCBs, PAHs, Dioxins has been set up by Teagasc, the Agriculture and Food Development Authority under the Department of Agriculture and Food. It is available for public access through In Italy so far there is no National POP monitoring programme, but a regional levels a number of studies and plans for POP monitoring have been performed since early or mid Monitoirng covered different POPs (mainly PCDD/PCDF, PCB and PAH) and different environmental compartments such as air, soil, vegetation, food or humans. (for more details see Annex ). In Lativa POP monitoring is performed in the framework of four National monitoring programmes such as: Food monitoring: PCB in animals and animals products; Pesticides in plants nad products of plant origin State supervision program on dioxins: PCDD/PCDF monitoring in Baltic fish Drinking water monitoring: B(a)P, POP pesticides, PCB and total PAH 23 For more information see :

55 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 42 Marine submonitoring programme: PAH in sediments, PCB and DDT in porgy, herring and mussels Lithuania: The national environmental monitoring programme is focussed on the presence of PCB and POP pesticides in surface water (next round 2008 including measurements in the Baltic Sea). In addition Lithuania participated in the Pilot study on the presence of POPs in the ambient air: Application of passive sampler for monitoring of POPs in ambient air ( Part II: Pilot study for the development of the monitoring network in the Central and Eastern Europe (MONET_CEEC, 2006) for the development of a monitoring network for POPs. As air concentrations for PCBs, DDT and HCB are very low, it has been decided that monitoring in 1-2 background sites will be enough (next round 2009). Another programme is related to PCDD/F monitoring in ambient air. In addition monitoring is realised for live animals and products of animal origin in accordance with Council Directive 96/23 and the national sample-taking plan for feedstuffs monitoring (responsibility of State Food Veterinary Service) Details on the Lithuanian monitoring are presented in Annex Analytical results on PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCBs in Baltic Fish for the years 2004, 2005 and 2006 are provided in Annex Luxembourg: In 1993/1994 a detailed study on immissions of PCDD/F to air, soil, sediments and plants has been carried out. The study is currently updated with respect to PCDD/F. The update will also include monitoring data on PCB, HCB and HAP. The evaluation of results is currently ongoing. In addition a Biomonitoring grid has been established in the frame of air quality monitoring activities. The grid has continuously been developed since It comprises actually 12 to 14 sample sites to control the levels of PCDD/F, PCB and PAH. One focus is concentrations in industrialised urban areas. 4 measurement campaigns are realised each year in order to ensure continuous monitoring. For details and selected results see Annex ). In Poland monitoring on the presence of PCDD/PCDF and PCBs in the environment has been established to a limited extent covering a limited scope of measurements. According to the Act on the Environmental Protection Inspection, the State Environmental Monitoring (PMŚ) network is a system of measurements, assessments, evaluations and projections of the state of the environment. So far there has been no separate monitoring programme for PCDD/PCDF. PCB is monitored in selected compartments (e.g. water in rivers since 1992, river and lake sediments since 2004). Measurement results are collected in databases, such as (i) JAWO database (river monitoring water quality) managed by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW) and (ii) GEMONOS database (geochemical monitoring of sediments) managed by the Polish Geological Institute (PIG). They are made available on request to those directly interested pursuant to the authorisation issued by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (GIOŚ). Furthermore, monitoring data on PCBs are generally accessible on the websites of GIOŚ ( and WIOŚ, as well as published regularly in a series of Environmental Monitoring Library such as The quality of rivers, lakes and the Baltic Sea and The results of geochemical examination of water sediments in Poland. In Romania a monitoring programme for the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs in the

56 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 43 environment is not yet established, but a monitoring programme for PAH and PCBs emissions in air and soil is under elaboration. Establishment and putting into operation of the relevant technical equipment is foreseen to be finalised in September 2008 so that first data are expected to be available during Slovak Republic: There is no specific POP monitoring program and none of the individual currently realised monitoring programs comprehensively covers the whole area of Slovakia. But evaluation of spatial distribution of dioxins, furans and PCBs can be carried out on regional level by combining the results of monitoring by several institutions. Slovakia is only in the initial phase of the implementation of the Stockholm Convention and thus processing of a methodology for a unified system of POPs monitoring on national level is only under the preparation. National Ground Water Quality Monitoring includes DDT, Heptachlor, HCB, and PCB. (January 1982 August 2007), the National Surface Water Quality Monitoring covers Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, DDT, Heptachlor, HCB, PCB (January 2003 August 2007) and the Transboundary Water Quality Monitoring Slovakia-Hungary provides data for Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, DDT, Heptachlor, HCB, PCB in water and sediments (January 2003 August 2007). Monitoring in food and feeding stuffs comprise PCB in milk, meat and feedstuffs; PCB and chlorinated pesticides in market basket and games and fishes. The target to ensure comparable POPs monitoring data is managed in cooperation of National authorities with the relevant national institutions involved on the basis of relevant activities prepared by the Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention with the aim to establish the Global Monitoring Plan and to ensure the Effectiveness evaluation at appropriate level. Slovenia reports on monitoring activities concerning PCDD/F and PCB. Details are provided in the Article 12 report for the monitoring of releases of PCDD/F for aluminium primary and metal production. Environmental monitoring covers PCBs in several matrices, i.e. in surface waters, sediments, groundwater, water sources, tap water, soils and in waste (for details see Annex ). Spain: Monitoring in Spain is based on the Environment Monitoring Network. This National initiative was approved in Air is the main analytical matrix because of time reaction, mixture, transport, etc. The samples are being collected with passive samplers. Soil samples are also being collected and analysed. During the three first campaigns of the program, summer and autumn 2008 and winter 2009, remote locations of the whole national territory were monitored. The data of the two first campaigns are now in a previous elaboration phase. The third campaign started at the end of December The following campaigns will also include hotspots of industrial and populated locations. The Network will establish tracking stations to provide data for a stable period of time. Substances analyzed in the collected samples are: PCDD/PCDF, PCBs Penta-BDE, Hexachlorbenzene and DDTs (DDT and metabolites). In addition a scanning of all other POP substances covered by the Stockholm Convention will be carried out. A national monitoring program within the Global Monitoring Plan framework and the implementation of the Effectiveness Evaluation Program was established in The objective is to create a harmonized framework to collect comparable monitoring data about

57 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 44 the presence of POPs substances included in the Annexes of the Stockholm Convention from all regions, in order to identify changes in levels over time, as well as to provide information on their regional and global environmental transport is present, and environmental and biological samples are analyzed. The First Regional Monitoring Report for the WEOG region includes data from the autonomous region of Catalonia. The objective of the monitoring network established in 1983 under the Department of the Environment and Housing of the Government of Catalonia, Spain, is to identify temporal and spatial trends in concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, in particular PCDD/Fs, coplanar PCBs and PAHs. Measurements of PCDD/Fs in air have been carried out since 1994 and starting from 2003 coplanar PCBs are also monitored. A National Environment and Health Biomonitoring Program still in draft stage, although regional initiatives are being started up. In Sweden the existing monitoring programmes do not cover all the substances covered by the POPs regulation. The substances excluded have been banned for a number of years and many of them cannot be found in Sweden. Screening for mirex, for example, was carried out in 2004, but no detectable levels could be observed in the Swedish environment. Aldrin and dieldrin are covered by the pesticide monitoring programme. Apart from the measurements in human milk currently being carried out in the framework of the Environmental Monitoring Programme, there are earlier time series of such data from breast milk banks, begun in 1972 (dioxins) and 1967 (PCBs). Freshwater fish are not analysed for PCBs and HCB on an annual basis at present, but only at less frequent intervals. Biological material is collected every year from 18 lakes and placed in a specimen bank. This material can if necessary be used to measure and perform retrospective analyses of dioxin levels, and to continue the annual measurements of PCBs and HCB in fish previously performed at certain sites. In addition to the National Environmental Monitoring Programme, various regional programmes are being undertaken, on varying scales. Extensive monitoring is for example being conducted in the Lakes Vättern, Vänern and Mälaren. For details see Annex The Netherlands: Dependent on the substance, the Netherlands can provide data for surface water, drinking water, suspended matter, sediment, biota, food and animal feed. These have to be gathered from various institutions. Obviously, the Netherlands is willing to submit such data on request in the case a specific question is raised and the aim these data will be used for is clear. In the UK DEFRA is responsible for environmental monitoring. Monitoring is focussed on ambient air concentrations for a range of pollutants including PCDD/PCDF and PCBs at rural and urban locations in the UK. The network was set up in 1990, with Lancaster University becoming the main contractor in The university is responsible for maintaining the six sites and for the analysis of samples from all of the sites. The sites include three urban (London, Manchester, Middlesbrough) and three rural locations (High Muffles, Hazelrigg, and Stoke Ferry). According to the National Implementation plans available for assessment, POP monitoring is also performed in Latvia (pesticides in food, PCDD/PCDF in fish and water) and Romania

58 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 45 (via the monitoring network of the Danube River Basin, emissions, ambient air, feed, food). No coordinated monitoring programmes, but the existence of monitoring data for a range of compartments has been reported by Spain. A compilation of reported information is provided in Annex Information exchange, awareness raising and educational measures Article 10 of Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 stipulates, that the Commission and Member States shall facilitate and undertake the exchange of information within the Community and third countries (10(1)) and as appropriate, shall promote and facilitate with regard to persistent organic pollutants: (a) awareness programmes (b) provision of public information (c) training On European scale measures to implement public information, awareness and education are established as part of the Community Implementation plan Information exchange According to the information provided in the Article 12 reports all countries except of Hungary have established specific information exchange measures. But in part measures described correspond more to information of the public (see chapter 3.8.3) than to information exchange within the country or to other Member States. Austria: An information exchange has been established between relevant authorities and experts dealing with POP issues. So far already three meetings of the Austrian POPs/BBT group organised by the UBA and the BMLFUW, have taken place. This platform should be used also for the information of the interested public, e.g. by a website or a regular newsletter. For autumn 2008 the installation of a POPs website in the framework of the umweltnet ( of the BMLFUW is foreseen. In Belgium the information exchange mechanism will be part of the country s NIP. In Bulgaria corresponding measures are particularly established through the NIP and the web-pages and In Cyprus information exchange is taking place through the Department of Labour Inspection of the Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance which is the coordinating and contact point between Cyprus and the European Commission for the implementation of Regulation (EC) 850/2004.

59 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 46 In the Czech Republic information exchange is ensured through the NIP and the National POPs Centre (CEEPOPsCTR) 24 which is going to be one of the Regional Stockholm Convention Centres in the world. Information exchange is done by the National POPs Committee where stakeholders, NGOs and academia (researchers and universities) are represented. Denmark has nominated a national information exchange focal point, and the information aspect is included in the NIP. Relevant information is made public via the homepage of the Environmental Protection Agency or other relevant agencies. Germany: An information exchange process should in future be repeated annually on a regular basis in context of the implementation of the Strategic Approach on International Chemicals Safety (SAICM). It is planned to cover the whole issue of international chemicals management including POPs. A first stakeholder meeting was held on 16 October In Hungary there is no information exchange as there was no interest of other countries. In Ireland the EPA and other bodies with POPs related work are responsible for information exchange. As Competent Authority the EPA has participated in POPs Competent Authority meetings in Brussels and will continue to do so The Health and Safety Authority (HSA), as competent authority for the REACH Regulation (EC No 1907/2006) and other chemicals legislation, has participated in the PBT subgroup of the Technical Committee on New and Existing Substances set up under the interim strategy for the management of PBT and vpvb substances. Ireland has contributed to relevant consultants surveys for the Commission. Italy mentions the participation in technical adaptation committee on POPs and the PBT group as subgroup of the technical committee of new and existing substances as major measure to assure information exchange. In addition Italy refers to the following events related to the topic: 1. Informal meeting of the Task Force on persistent organic pollutants, ISS, Seminar organised by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) Evaluation of PBTs: approach and regulations. Roma, ISS, Presentation on human biomonitoring of POPs in Italy at the International Conference European Environment and Health Action Plan Implementation. Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands, Latvia: The information on exchange mechanisms and tools in Latvia is limited. According to reported information the Latvian Environmental, Geological and Meteorological Agency is responsible for the development, maintenance and update of the environmental information system in Latvia. Various Databases of diverging content and accessibility that are directly or indirectly related to POPs are maintained by the different institutions responsible for monitoring (i.e. Latvian Environmental, Geological and Meteorological Agency, Food and 24

60 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 47 Veterinary Service, Public Health Agency, University of Latvia, Hydro-Ecological Institute, LU Institute of Biology). In Luxembourg the information exchange with the other parties of the convention is basically carried out at EU level in the framework of the obligations of directive 850/2004/CE and in the framework of the IEF (Information Exchange Forum) on BAT related to the IPPC activities. In Romania an information exchange system is established as described in the National Implementation Plan. Slovakia Republic: For ensuring the exchange mechanism on POPs was established National Focal Point (NFP) at the Slovak Environmental Agency based on the decision of the MoEnv of the SR No 11/ from 29. March The NFP is responsible for ensuring exchange mechanism on POPs and dissemination of the information on POPs between all stakeholders in the country. Further, NFP is responsible for reporting under article 15 of the Stockholm Convention and reporting under article 12 under regulation on POPs Slovenia: The NIP contains a special action plan with the title: Public awareness, informing and education. Information shall focus on women in fertility age, pregnant women, children, parents, teachers in kindergartens and schools, workers exposed to POPs substances, industrial sector, media, doctors and other health employees and politicians. A special homepage about POP and their environmental and health impacts is in preparation. Currently information about POP is available at the following websites: jpc.doc Spain: The Spanish National Centre for COP (CNR COP) was officially created in 2006, and begun operation in Serving as an information exchange mechanism is one of its main objectives. The Spanish NIP established the following tasks for CNR COP regarding information exchange: To foster synergies between existing inventories. To create a Information System on COP to gather and disseminate, in a transparent manner, existing information on stockpiles, uses, activities, BAT/BEP, emission factors and contaminated sites. To disseminate information on successful experiences on COP elimination or/and reduction. To monitor the development of the NIP, and to disseminate the outcome of its activities, taking into account the participation of the stakeholders.

61 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 48 The CNR COP website includes tools for the provision of information to the clearing-house services. This clearing-house function will be performed principally on the basis of a web-based facility currently under development. In Sweden the information exchange at international level is performed via the international Conventions such as Stockholm Convention and POP Regulation meetings and working groups. At national scale the POPs network has been installed as information exchange platform. Another platform is the forum for organic environmental toxins. In addition the websites of the Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate and the EPA provide information. The Netherlands don t provide specific information on information structures in their article 12 report except of a referral to the public consultation of the first NIP had taken place and there will be consultation for the following NIPs as well. In the UK it is standard practice when developing decision making on environmental policy to consult stakeholders and make information publicly available through a range of media including publications of consultations documents, research reports and the internet. Owing to health concerns, growing public interest and the environmental impacts of POPs, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is funding a Knowledge Transfer Network on POPs chaired by the University of Birmingham. The Network provides a platform for training, education and information exchange on POPs. A key objective is to train the next generation of scientists to give them the skills required to address the impact of POPs on the environment. The membership of the Network s Steering Committee is drawn from a wide range of stakeholders, in recognition of the need for integration of and close co-operation between stakeholders. Members include national, local, and regional authorities, the public, industry, and academia. Defra, the Environment Agency, the Food Standards Agency and LGC Promochem provide funds to support a training fund administered by the NERC POPs network. The training fund is open to applications for financial support towards meeting costs of training activities from UK based early-stage researchers. Since its launch in January 2005, the network training fund has contributed towards financing a number of early stage postdoctoral researchers and students to aid their research on POPs. (For more details see NIP chapters 8.1 and 8.2.). France, Finland and Poland report the existence of information exchange measures without further specifying them. Additional information on exchange mechanisms in Member States can be derived from NIPs. According to this information information exchange mechanisms have been established, whereas Romania does not address the internal information mechanisms within their territories. A detailed compilation of reported information is presented in Annex Awareness raising What concerns promotion and facilitation of awareness programmes with respect to POPs the following has been reported in Article 12 reports: Austria: The Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management

62 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 49 and the Federal Environment Agency publish information on the Internet for the interested public (e.g. on relevant legislations and regulations, POPs emission inventories, monitoring, studies). Belgium: on the website of the Federal Public Service for health food chain safety and environment 25 information shall be published about developments under the Stockholm Convention. Bulgaria conducted training workshops for experts and public awareness rising and participation in National and International Workshops and NGO Seminars. (For details see Annex 1.8.1) In Cyprus a one day seminar was organised for this purpose on Further events are being planned for the future, starting with another seminar on 23 November The Czech Republic cites the webpage of the CEEPOPsCTR 26 as the relevant source for information. According to the NIP appropriate POP waste management is the priority sector for awareness raising activities. Denmark: Problems associated with POPs are communicated at many levels and in many fora. In most cases, information on POPs is included in a slightly broader context with other hazardous substances. Major examples are the following: 1. Dioxin reports: As part of the dioxin action plan ( available (in Danish) to the public on the Danish EPA website at 2. A sensible stove for pure enjoyment: In 2000/2001, the Danish EPA launched the campaign Fyrer du med skrald ryger miljøet (heating with waste scolds the environment), followed in 2004 by the campaign Fyr fornuftigt - og få ren hygge (a sensible stove for pure enjoyment) (Annex 3 to the Danish Article 12 report see also: 3. The Booklet (in Danish) Korrekt fyring. Sådan udnyttes brændslet bedre (Correct heating. How to use firewood better) published by the National Building and Housing Agency. The booklet has now been updated and is distributed via the Local Government Denmark (LGDK) website ( 4. Say goodbye to PVC waste and impregnated wood: A Danish EPA campaign (2002) to tell the public that products containing PVC should not be thrown away with ordinary waste. ( 5. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA) website Alt om kost - smag for livet (all about diet a taste for life) ( provides information about dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs, harmful effects and what type of food is especially prone to containing the substances. The 2003 report Helhedssyn på fisk og fiskevarer (an overall view of fish and fish products) includes information about a number of POPs

63 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Within the framework of the Dansk Komite for Affald (DAKOFA) a number of initiatives have been completed in conferences and meetings to inform about and discuss the possibilities to reduce emissions of dioxin from waste incineration plants. Initiatives are listed in the Danish NIP chapter and of the English version. Finland: Awareness raising is included in the provision of public information aimed at reducing emissions of Annex III substances. According to the NIP PCB in sealants and good wood burning practices are the priority sectors for awareness raising activities France: No specific information is provided in the report. There is only referral to financial support provided by INERIS to actively participate in the "International Panel of Chemical Pollution" (IPCP 27 ). According to the NIP appropriate dioxin emissions is the priority topic for awareness raising activities. Germany: In future information exchange should be repeated annually in the context of the implementation of SAICM. In addition both the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety and the Federal Environment Agency publish information on the Internet for interested members of the public about new resolutions and developments under the POPs-issue relation the POP Protocol of the UNECE and the Stockholm Convention. A further tool for public information and awareness raising is the Dioxin Database at federal and state level, which remit is to acquire and collate measuring data acquired in Germany on the relevant compounds. Ireland: Awarenes raising on POPs is focussing on appropriate management of PCB containing equipment and on waste management including backyard burning of waste. The following projects have recently been launched: a) PCB Inventory Project b) Race Against Waste campaign c) EPA media campaign on backyard burning and illegal waste collection (media poster in report) d) Dump the Dumpers phone hotline The EPA launched this phone hotline in June 2006 to enable the public to call a low call phone number and report illegal waste activities. These calls can then be investigated by appropriate authorities and action taken where necessary. A total of 2184 calls were taken of which 75% related to fly tipping and burning of waste. In Italy there are agreements with research institutions and especially with the ISS in order to undertake activities for information distribution and awareness raising of the public. In this context it is foreseen to organise a National conference in the second half of In Latvia the only awareness raising activities so far have been performed in the framework of the UNDP/GEF project for preparation of the NIP. This included a public awareness raising campaign Stop POPs. During the campaign 70 publications and 20 electronic media 27

64 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 51 stories appeared in regional and national mass media. 20,000 brochures on POP have been printed, research projects for schools, discussions in municipalities and workshops for mass media have been organised. Lithuania refers to an action plan related to public awareness and education on the adverse effects of POPs on health and environment and on the opportunities for reduction of their release. Aims of the action plan are (i) to provide information on POPs, their negative impact on health and environment, their formation and accumulation in the environment, possible impact to the Lithuanian society and to interested groups and organizations; (ii) to ensure the active participation of the public in the process of developing of environment policy; (iii) to inform the general public about POPs with the help of all efficient ways of information dissemination and education, and in close cooperation between state, municipality institutions and non-governmental organizations. Poland has taken a number of measures, such as dissemination of information and awareness raising, financed via the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (NFOŚiGW), free access to information, further implementation of the programme for the reduction of the so-called low emission or accreditation of laboratories specialised in the field of POP analysis. The Ministry of the Environment, has prepared a document for the Parliamentary Commission for Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry titled The possibilities of eliminating or restricting production and use of substances containing persistent organic pollutants with a view of preparing Poland to implement the provisions of the Stockholm Convention (Warsaw, April 2006) in the framework of a campaign for raising awareness of politicians and decision-makers. In addition Poland plans to focus on education about domestic burning of wood and waste (only pure or clean organic matter), on further financial assistance for the activities of NGOs, and on promotion of methods to reduce unintentional emissions of POPs. In Romania the first initiative for awareness raising in the sector, was started in , with the Phare project Persistent Organic Pollutants in the environment - characterization, identification, information and public awareness funded by European Union and implemented in the NGOs sector by the Environmental Experts Association. Among the project results was the development of an information system concerning POPs, using efficient awareness tools such as brochures, workshop and seminar, and a dedicated web site ( and the establishment of a non-governmental information network (7 environmental NGOs) on POPs at the national level leaded by Environmental Experts Association. In the Slovak Republic: a specific awareness raising programme with regards to POPs does not exist yet. The problems are addressed within specific projects focused on specific POPs (i.e. GEF project Initial Assistance to the Slovak Republic to Meet its Obligations under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ( ), project Institutional Strengthening of the management of equipments containing PCB ( ) etc.) The Ministry s website provides updated information on NIP implementation, reporting data on POPs and other relevant information included the contact and mailing address of the NFP was established. Presently only a Slovak version is available but the English version will be available. An official Contact List of the National Stakeholders responsible for submission

65 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 52 of data on POPs to the NFP and the national Manual for ensuring the reporting under the Stockholm Convention and Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 has been developed as an activity of the NIP. Slovenia: The NIP contains a special action plan with the title: Public awareness, informing and education. Information and education shall focus on women in fertility age, pregnant women, children, parents, teachers in kindergartens and schools, workers exposed to POPs substances, industrial sector, media, doctors and other health employees, advisers for chemicals (about 1500) and politicians. A special homepage about POP and their environmental and health impacts is in preparation. The National implementation plan includes: (i) educational programs, public information (POP data); (ii) cooperation with the aim to classify additional chemicals as POP, (iii) Training in order to minimize and prevent POPs emissions in the scope of IPCC installations. Spain: Information and awareness raising in Spain is based on online information via websites and the programmes to be developed under the NIP. Spanish authorities provide information on POPs on the website of the Ministry of the Environment ( and on the CNR website: Apart from this, the NIP established an awareness and information programme, which is now under development. Sweden: The objective of the Stockholm Convention is part of the Swedish environmental quality objective A non-toxic environment The Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency maintain a continuous dialogue with relevant stakeholders concerning chemicals management, including management of POPs. The Netherlands took no measures to facilitate awareness, as NGO s are already wellinformed on the activities on POPs UK measures taken are outlined in section 8.1 and 8.2 of the UK National Implementation Plan. According to this information apart from ongoing activities in the filed of public education (e.g. Knowledge Transfer Network on POPs chaired by the University of Birmingham providing a platform for training, education and information exchange on POPs, making information accessible to the public),a specific campaign is planned aiming to reduce emissions from diffuse sources. In addition information on awareness raising measures can be derived from NIPs. In this context it should be noted that this topic has been discussed in all Member States from which NIPs are published. The focus of awareness raising is different depending on the level of awareness already present and the specific conditions within the country. Whereas the information remains somewhat vague in some countries, following concrete priorities have been reported: domestic burning of waste, separate waste collection (LV), domestic combustion of waste, open burning of waste (ES). Consequently, based on the information provided so far, it can be concluded, that the domestic sector and here correct waste management and combustion are a widespread priority in the EU. A detailed compilation of reported information is presented in Annex

66 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Information of the public Austria: The Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management and the Federal Environment Agency publish information on the Internet for the interested public (e.g. on relevant legislations and regulations, POPs emission inventories, monitoring, studies). Belgium: Information to the public shall be provided at the federal level via In the Brussels-Capital Region: Information is available at: In the Flemish Region: Information is available on: Bulgaria: A major tool for information of the public in Bulgaria seems to be the dissemination of brochures by the regional inspectorates for environment and water protection (RIEW). The MOEW has developed and published the following brochures and leaflets: Stockholm convention text (Bulgarian) Summary of Bulgarian NIP for POPs (English) Leaflet POPs: Serious threat for human health and the environment Brochure : POPs in emissions - Potential threat for human health and the environment ; Brochure: POPs pesticides - Potential threat for human health and the environment ; Brochure: POPs in equipment - Potential threat for human health and the environment ; Leaflet: Obsolete and banned POPs pesticides ; Leaflet: POPs in emissions. In Cyprus information are provided through a web page 28 which is currently under reconstruction to include details about the NIP and also information about eliminating POPs emissions from uncontrolled combustion. In addition, a series of events are planned to provide this information to the public. In the Czech Republic information is provided through the official webpage of the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic 29. In Denmark namely reports and information campaigns are used for information. Documents and information is publicly accessible at various websites and

67 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 54 Finland: A specific POPs website contains up to date information on activities related to persistent organic pollutants. In addition, an information leaflet on 850/2004 restriction was issued in 2006 to assist NIP preparation. The National Action Plan for Stockholm Convention Annex C substances contains several actions to promote awareness and reduce emissions (for instance, wood burning guidance to reduce PAH/PCDD/PCDF formation). In France the information of the public and the responsible politicians is ensured at local level by several mechanisms comprising web pages, reports and public participation in decision processes. (For details see Annex 1.9.1) Germany: An information exchange process should in future be repeated annually on a regular basis in context of the implementation of the Strategic Approach on International Chemicals Safety (SAICM). It is planned to cover the whole issue of international chemicals management including POPs. A first stakeholder meeting was held on 16 October Safety and the Federal Environment Agency publish information on the Internet for interested members of the public about new resolutions and developments under the POPs-issue relation the POP Protocol of the UNECE and the Stockholm Convention. A further tool for public information is the Dioxin Database at federal and state level, which remit is to acquire and collate measuring data acquired in Germany on the relevant compounds. Hungary reports about some presentation on POPs (health effects, hazardousness, present situation in Hungary and in the world, etc) as instrument for information of the public. Presentations are made available at authorities website.. In Ireland information on POP issues for the public is provided via websites such as the: EPA POPs Webpage ( informs the public about the POPs Regulation and ongoing POPs related projects. The webpage will also be used as a means to seek consultation on the NIP and action plan. Department of Environment (DOEHLG) POPs Webpage ants/ In addition information is provided by means of: EPA media campaign on backyard burning and illegal waste collection Dump the Dumpers phone hotline See something say something campaign Leaflet produced by the Environmental Enforcement Network, to make it easier for members of the public to make an environmental complaint. The leaflet was launched by the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government in April Instances such as illegal burning of waste, illegal dumping and water pollution are examples of where the public can assist by informing the relevant authorities of the problem.

68 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 55 In Italy information of the public is performed by research institutions and the technical agencies providing studies and reports evaluating the presence of POPs in the environment publicly accessible at their websites. In Latvia the only awareness raising activities and information campaigns so far have been performed in the framework of the UNDP/GEF project for preparation of the NIP (see chapter 3.8.2). Lithuania: In the course of preparation of the NIP, information for different interested groups (public, potential possessors of equipment polluted with PCB, enterprises that might emit dioxins and furans, specialists of control institutions) was prepared and published. In addition information material on the environmental and human health impact of POPs has been prepared and disseminated. This information aimed to prevent formation of POPs and to inform the public and other stakeholders on POP generation potentials, features, impacts on human health and the environment, environmental transport and fate, concentration in foodstuffs. The education of the general public included also ways and means for contributing to POP release reduction with particular attention put on prevention of incineration of domestic waste. Luxembourg: Three principal measures are implemented in Luxembourg (details are provided in the Article 12 report of Luxembourg in French): (A) Annual report and website of the Ministry of the Environment (see ) (B) Publicly available inventory of contaminated sites; (see ) (C) Publicly available results of release measurements; (see ) Poland: In order to provide information on POPs to the public the following institutions and tools have been established: Public Information Bulletin of the Minister of the Environment, Environmental Information Centre providing access to information on the environment and its protection The State Environmental Monitoring system and the national programme on environmental monitoring and official control of pesticide residues. Study results are made available for the public The National Emission Centre providing data on POP emission inventories Some theme-specific website services on PCBs, risks posed by dioxins and waste handling; Voivodship Inspectorates for Environmental Protection, The number of districts (powiats) and communes (gminas) launching their websites with environmental information and data keeps rising, Leaflets and folders on e.g. proper PCB handling and management, as well as risks posed by dioxins.

69 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 56 Planned activities shall improve the access to information on POPs-related issues, such as releases, handling, management and developments likely to have an adverse effect on the environment, POP concentrations in the environment and in living organisms, impacts on health and the conditions of life, measures aiming at the protection or improvement of the state of the environment. (for details see Annex 1.9.2) Environmental legislation in Romania assigns a major importance to information and consultation of the public. Education, information and public awareness on the POPs impacts on human health are actions provided by the National Action Plan. NAP actions include: information and public awareness actions regarding PCBs public warning about negative effects of POPs used in agricultural sector and benefits of ecological agriculture public warning programmes on environmental impacts of the energetic sector education and public awareness regarding pollution control technologies in the nonferrous industry for dioxins, PAH, HCB public warning programmes on industrial pollution with POPs etc. Presently, a proposal of a Governmental Decision on measures for implementation of Regulation (EC) no 850/2004 is under intergovernmental endorsement procedure. According to this proposal, the Ministries of Environment and Sustainable Development and of Public Health will promote awareness raising programmes for the general public, economic operators and stockpile holders. In addition Websites with relevant information on POPs have been established at: substante_care_ne_scurteaza_viata_81.html. Slovak Republic: Regarding the target to ensure the public information with regards to POPs was created special part in favour the POPs management at the website of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak republic ( and it was also created special website of the Slovak Environment Agency (nfp_pops@sazp.sk) Slovenia: During the preparation of the NIP a number of co-operations with the industrial and agricultural sector were established. In the year 2007 best emission factors for calculation of the PCDD/PCDF emission inventory were established in cooperation with industrial source sectors by means of a questionnaire. Spain: The Spanish National Centre for COP (CNR COP) has created an interactive website ( where public information is available. The centre has also created several data bases including information on laboratories and monitoring activities.

70 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 57 In Sweden the websites of the Chemicals Inspectorate and the EPA provide information in both Swedish and English. Information on important activities in the area of chemicals management and significant data on chemicals can be found there. The Inspectorate regularly produces information, both on its website and in leaflet form, about the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders, e.g. manufacturers and importers, downstream users and regional and local supervisory authorities, with regard to sound management of chemicals. POPs management is an integral part of national chemicals management. The website of the Swedish Consumer Agency provides information regarding the environmentfriendly use of wood fuels 30 In The Netherlands the Ministry of Environment, Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment has a website on POPs and Heavy metals in which a number of aspects are explained ( The National Implementation Plan is publicly available at: UK: According to information from section 8.1 and 8.2 of the UK NIP it is standard practice in the UK to make information publicly available through a range of media and the websites of several state agencies provide information on different POP issues: 1. contains a wide range of information in a range of areas such as chemicals, air quality, soil and contamination and water quality, including news on national, EU and international chemicals policy, Government position statements, advisory committee papers and reports, and developments in research 2. The National Air Quality Information Archive including detailed air quality monitoring data and statistics, plus major sections on local air quality management and air quality research UK s National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, which compiles estimates of emissions (including POPs) The Environment Agency s pollution inventory. This is an annual record of pollution in England and Wales released into air, discharged into rivers or the sewerage network, or is transferred off site as waste. 5. Scottish Environment Protection Agency provides a wide variety of environmental information in reports and on its website, including an education homepage: In addition information on public information measures for ES, LV, RO can be derived from NIPs and Article 15 reports. A detailed compilation of reported information is presented in Annex

71 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Training Austria: Training of the workers, scientist, educators and technical and managerial personnel is supported via chemical, waste management and occupational health legislation and activities from universities, institutes and agencies. Belgium: There is no specific information on existing or planned training measures. Information for the public shall be provided (see chapter 3.8.3). Bulgaria: To promote and facilitate the training of workers, scientists, educators and technical and managerial personnel with regard to persistent organic pollutants, the Bulgarian MOEW has undertaken the following measures: Brochure Guidance for the inventory, labelling and management of equipment, containing PCB, July Manual Instructions for inventory, labelling and decontamination of equipment, containing PCB, as well as for the treatment and transportation of waste, containing PCB, Homepage section Frequently Asked Questions for equipment, containing PCB. 8 Training Workshops with PCB holder from the industry and RIEW experts. Software Programme and 4 Training Workshops with RIEW experts for automatic registration and reporting of equipment, containing or not-containing PCB In Cyprus a first event is to be carried out on 15 November 2007 in connection with the University of Cyprus as part of a training program on the handling of dangerous chemicals. Further events will follow. In the Czech Republic the following measures have taken place: International workshop on strengthening of cooperation for implementation of both chemical and waste multilateral environmental agreements for officials, researchers and scientists held in Brno, A similar workshop is scheduled for in Brno. Summer School of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology annually organised by RECETOX/CEEPCr of the Masaryk University, Brno. The school is opened to everybody. Official information leaflet on POPs and POP waste for awareness raising in the general population. Finland: The Ministry of Environment participates in organizing environmental education for experts (for instance in collaboration with UNEP and University of Joensuu). Finnish Environment Institute organizes workshops and training seminars for experts on e.g. environmental permitting. Especially the waste issues are part of the seminars organized by the Regional environmental centres

72 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 59 Germany: German law enforcement authorities are catching up and enhancing their knowledge on questions and problems in implementation of POPs legislation by regular conferences. The objective of these conferences is to provide authorities with expertise for law enforcement and to exchange experience of specific knowledge and general information between authorities and enterprises. Specific authorities are responsible for communication of knowledge on POPs to the German Federal States (Länder). These specific authorities are organizing meetings to discuss, develop and communicate guidance for enforcement of POP requirements. Target groups of these meetings are: personnel of law enforcement authorities for waste-, immission control- and water-licensing procedures, employees from research and scientific institutions, other target groups from enterprises. Germany promotes research projects for investigation in the field of POPs also for cooperation and distribution and transfer of knowledge of law enforcement authorities (for instance MONARPOP-Project with Monitoring Network in the Alpine Region for POPs). In Hungary currently there is no specific training plan on POP management for the concerned personnel. But there are several mandatory training programmes for workers dealing with hazardous goods or substances which shall be extended to cover POPs. Ireland: As Competent Authority for the POPs Regulation, the EPA is very active in liaising with other State bodies such as: Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) regarding food and feedstuffs: Irish Medicines Board (IMB)- regarding human and veterinary medicines: Pesticide Control Service (PCS)- regarding plant protection products and biocidal products: The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) - regarding industrial chemicals: The Marine Institute (MI) - regarding the marine environment: Coillte regarding forestry activities: In addition, the Resource Use Unit of the EPA has given detailed POPs presentations internally to scientists and technical personnel involved with monitoring, and inventories and research. The EPA have also presented to the Safefood Forum and the Food Safety Authority of Ireland on the issue of POPs. As part of the project to update the National PCB Inventory, a PCB seminar was also organised with managers and technical staff in the

73 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 60 Health Services Executive (HSE) to make them aware of the potential sources of PCBs on their hospital sites. Italy highlights initiatives taken in the field of intercalibration texts as training measures for the national laboratories. These initiatives have been started in 2002 and are coordinated by the APAT the National Environmental Agency. The ISS besides other, took part in international calibration tests for PFOS/PFOA, dioxins, PCB and PBDE in foods and dioxin, PCB and PBDE analysis in sediments. In Latvia the only awareness raising activities and information campaigns so far have been performed in the framework of the UNDP/GEF project for preparation of the NIP (see chapter 3.8.2). In Lithuania seminars on POPs for information of the public and other stakeholders as well as special seminars on PCBs for concerned enterprises were organised in 8 regions of the country. In addition the measures for awareness raising (see above) contributed to the people s technical education. Luxembourg: The waste department of the environment authority organises, in cooperation with the national centre for professional development training, courses for the personnel responsible for waste management (particularly hazardous waste such as PCB containing waste oils) in companies and waste treatment installations. In Poland certain aspects of POP impacts on humans and on the environment are already taken into consideration and are already incorporated into the educational programmes depending on the level and character of education or training. This may include examination of POPs properties and processes in which they are generated; methods for their determination in the environment, in products and in living organisms; evaluation of their environmental fate; methods of handling and prevention of risks associated with their use and occurrence in the environment; analysis of their effects on humans; provision of first aid in case of intoxication; diagnosis and medical treatment procedures in, inter alia, medical, chemical, agricultural, technical and environmental faculties. In addition the following materials that have been commissioned by the Ministry of the Environment, have been prepared (or translated into Polish) and made available for the public via guides and brochures promoting reduction of emissions/releases into the environment as a result of implementing the system of integrated pollution prevention and control (e.g. as regards procedures for obtaining integrated permits, providing BAT for entities subject to the IPPC Directive) branch guides/manuals with information on best available techniques for certain types of economic activity BREFs Special educational programmes (e-learning training) available on the website of the Ministry of the Environment, give the opportunity to obtain knowledge and to check one s information, inter alia, regarding environmental impact assessments

74 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 61 and the integrated permits (public participation is required in both procedures) Furthermore, the following activities are undertaken in Poland: projects and scientific research studies, including doctoral dissertations and habilitation theses focused on POP effects on the environment and human health, financed by both domestic and foreign sources; scientific and popular-type publications related to different POPs, available in published (hard copy) version and in electronic form (e.g. seminars and conferences, e.g. the VIIIth National Conference on Dioxins in the industry and in the environment (Krakow, June 2005) or the Conference on Transformer maintenance management (Wisła-Jawornik, April 2006), training courses on waste management (administrative decisions, duties of waste producers/holders, management of incineration plants and landfills) for experts in environmental protection of the governmental and self-governmental administration as well as entities involved in waste production and management training provided, for example, by the National Institute of Hygiene and the National Centre for Tropical Medicine to certain target occupational groups (medical students, graduates of medical sciences specialised in infectious diseases and medical doctors moving to work in tropical countries) as well as administration staff (postgraduate education) in the field of hygiene, epidemiology and tropical medicine Up-grade of qualification by (i) educators/teachers: modification of educational programmes at different levels of education (ii) physicians: disease control and prevention, health protection, diagnostics and medical treatment (iii) technical personnel: proper handling of PCB-containing equipment and waste, and other POP-contaminated waste; emission reduction techniques for PCDD/PCDF, HCB, PCBs and PAHs; safe and environmentally sound use of pesticides and other plant protection products Preparation and dissemination of promotion materials informing on the possibilities for obtaining resources from the European Union environmental funds. (e.g. instruction for filling out an application form for financial assistance from the European Regional Development Fund for activities under Action 2.4 of the Sectoral Operational Programme on Strengthening Competitiveness of Enterprises, supporting enterprises in their adjustment to environmental requirements.)

75 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 62 Romania: Training programmes related to POPs are specified in the NIP. The main actions achieved between 2004 and 2007 were as follows: elaboration of guidelines on sampling of PCB containing oils by the National Research and Development Institute for Environment Protection ICIM Bucharest; these guides were distributed to the local environmental protection agencies; elaboration and utilization of prevention and reduction of emissions by applying the BAT/BEP for the incineration of dangerous wastes; elaboration of methodologies for the environmental impact assessment for plans and programmes preparation (EIA/SEA); training for the preparation of PCBs inventories and adequate management the training was provided in June 2007 in the preparatory phase of the Project Disposal of PCBs wastes in Romania, co-financed by GEF and implemented with the UNIDO support; training for effective and efficient organization of the periodical inspections of vehicles by Ministry of Transports through Romanian Auto Register Twinning Project with experts from Federal EPA Vienna on prepation of emission inventories and reporting under Regulation (EC) no 850/2004. In the Slovak Republic, so far no specific measures to facilitate training, have been performed. Training of workers, scientists, educators and technical and managerial personnel is going to be solved in the time framework of the NIP. In Slovenia several expert meetings, public presentations and two workshops (2003 and 2005) were performed. One of the workshops was organised for training of workers, scientists, managerial personnel and inspectors. Spain: The NIP, within the information and awareness programme, provides some actions to promote and facilitate the training of workers, civil servants, educators, etc. Sweden: Forms part of curricula at universities etc. In The Netherlands training is arranged through the legislation of specific substances (e.g. PCBs) and through licences. The industry involved in the destruction of POPs is well aware of the necessity to train their personnel in handling these substances. UK: see chapter

76 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Technical assistance Article 11 of the European POP Regulation demands technical assistance for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. On European scale measures for information exchange and technical assistance are established as part of the Community Implementation plan. In the Article 12 reports numerous activities concerning the provision of technical assistance are reported by some of the Member States. On the other hand there are some Member States which reported not having the possibilities to provide support in this sector. An overview on provided assistance, quantifying the allocated budgets as far as information has been provided is presented in Annex Specific information for single countries can be found below or in the corresponding annexes. Austria: The Ministry of Environment (BMLFUW) donated money for meetings of the POPs Review committee and the negotiating committees and it supported awareness-raising workshops in developing countries for the Stockholm and the Rotterdam Convention. Concerning the transfer of technology by assistance to regional centres it has to be noted that Austria as seat state of the UNIDO subsidises UNIOS Cleaner Production Centres that support the development of environmentally sound industrial production in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. As Austria is, compared to other donors, a minor contributor to international development, it will not be possible to take up POPs as a separate objective for Austrian development cooperation. The issue has to be seen in the context of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), which was adopted in February 2006 in Dubai. One of the main objectives of SAICM is the development of sound chemicals management in developing countries and counties with economies in transition. The Global Plan of Action (GPA) summarizes about 300 activities raging over the whole life cycle of chemicals that can contribute to this aim, among them the ratification and implementation of the Stockholm Convention and several obligations of the Convention e.g. the transfer of sound technology, management of (POPs) wastes and the treatment of contaminated sites. The inclusion of sound chemicals management into the development agenda would therefore also contribute to the implementation of the Stockholm Convention. Belgium is donor to the global environment facility (GEF) for the implementation of the POPs Convention. Bulgaria: Due to the fact that the country is in Currency Board the allocated state budget funds for the implementation of the Stockholm convention are restricted to the most urgent activities. For the implementation of other activities, funding and co-financial support from European funds shall be applied for. Czech Republic: Technical support in form of training and monitoring is focussing on CEEE countries and is largely performed by the national POP centre at the Masaryk University, Brno 31. Other technical assistance includes decontamination and co-operation in the field of old ecological loads. Within the framework of the Czech Official Development Assistance, Vietnam, Moldova, Mongolia and Serbia represent the priority territories of the Ministry of 31 see and/or C B200D.nsf/index.html.

77 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 64 Environment of the Czech Republic for allocation of majority amount of financial resources for Besides this corresponding projects are implemented in some other development countries, for example Montenegro, Kyrgyzstan, Zambia, Namibia etc. Approximately 130 million CZK was set aside for these activities. Denmark contributes to the Africa Stockpiles Programme with 15 million DKK in is. Denmark has increased its contribution to the GEF and thereby also to the POPs focal area, supporting the implementation of the Stockholm Convention in the developing countries. Finland: The Financial and Technical Assistance for Developing Countries can be divided into three parts. A major part is channelled through multilateral financing. Finland has also supported developing countries' participation in Stockholm Convention negotiations and other international meetings relevant to the Convention. In Finland's bilateral development cooperation there are several projects that primarily support the Stockholm Convention or can be seen as otherwise related to its goals. Assistance is given especially in the following areas: Training including POPs identification, development of legislation and management of PCB (Basel Convention Regional Centres Central America and Panama) Strengthening research capacity on development of alternatives for POPs (African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)) Identification and disposal of POP wastes (Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Moldova, Hazardous waste management project in Alexandria) In addition analytical training for chemists and administrative training for officials has been organized by the Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN) and a proposal for the development of a software tool for monitoring of PCB waste and PCB containing equipment is currently prepared. France: Following a request of the World Bank the "Fonds Français pour l'environnement Mondial" (FFEM) participates in the "Africa Stockpiles Programme (ASP). Technical and financial support (1.4 mio to AFS in 4 years) is provided to Mali and Tunesia in order to to provide expertise for inventories of stocks and contaminated sites, collection, transport and appropriate destruction as well as to avoid the rebuilding of new stocks due to improved management of imports, production and distribution of pesticides, reduce pesticide use, and to establish projects of recuperations and treatment of emptied packages and not used pesticides. Another project financed by FFEM (1 mio for three years) is carried out in western and north-western Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger and Chad). The project aims to establish a common management strategy to prevent risks from migratory locusts. (Details on the project are provided in the report of France in French). Germany: Technical assistance has been provided for African (Tanzania, SADC), Asian (India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, China), Latin American and Caribbean countries (Chile, Brazil in cooperation with Mercosur, the Andean Community and UNITAR), Eastern Europe

78 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 65 and Central Asia (Azerbaijan, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Georgia) and at supra-regional level (Morocco, Mexico, Chile and the Philippines), in the fields of emission inventories, waste management, disposal, monitoring, action plans, implementation of Convention requirements (for further details see Annex ) Ireland is providing funding to the Global Environment fund (GEF). Focal points for this funding include POPs. Irish Aid ( who is responsible for Ireland s oversees development aid, have produced an Environmental Policy for Sustainable Development with the objectives: To raise awareness of the links between environmental sustainability and poverty reduction and to inform development policy. To integrate the principles of sustainable development into Irish Aid policies and programmes in order to ensure environmental sustainability. To continue to engage with key multilateral environmental agreements and agencies, and to demonstrate commitment to resolving global environmental problems. To assist developing countries to prepare for and adapt to changing environmental conditions while taking action to reduce negative impacts on the most vulnerable members of society. Italy has financed bilateral and co-financed with GEF numerous projects for the Peoples Republic of China. The following project can be especially mentioned: Strategies and programmes for phase out of PCB and POP pesticides and a strategy for reduction of unintentional production of POP (PCDD/PCDF ( ) Building the capacity of China to implement the Stockholm Convention on POPs and to develop a National Implementation Plan ( ) Environmental Sustainable Management of Medical Waste and Demo Project Dicofol Alternatives and IPM strategy for citrus and apple pest control (ongoing since 2005) Latvia was the first MS to present the NIP to the Stockholm Convention Secretariat and therefore was in the position to transfer experiences to other UN countries. Support has been provided in the field of chemicals management and waste issues e.g. to Moldavian experts. Luxembourg has no appropriate personnel and financial resources available to assist other countries in the context of the Stockholm Convention. At the present stage Poland has no appropriate financial resources to provide technical or financial assistance to other countries to develop and strengthen their capacity to fully implement their obligations under the Stockholm Convention. Only technical assistance has been provided during the preparation of the national implementation plans of the Stockholm Convention for Armenia (expert study visit) and for Nepal (consultation via electronic media). Other countries have not applied for this kind of assistance. Romania due to insufficient technical and financial capacity, was not in the position to provide technical assistance up to now. The Slovak Republic provides technical assistance to selected priority countries in the framework of the Official Development Assistance. The Official Development Assistance

79 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 66 (ODA) became a standard component and tool of Slovak foreign policy. The national ODA programmes prepared by the Slovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs annually contribute to the conceptual and systemic approach taken by Slovakia. For the year 2006 the total budget was 160,771 thousand SKK. The total budget for the year 2007 is 168,744 thousand SKK. Highest priority was paid to Serbia, Kenya, Sudan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Mongolia, Mozambique, Senegal, Albania, Macedonia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Slovenia offered assistance to 11 Countries who were inside the UNEP Project of 12 Countries for the preparation of NIP for managing POPs. Spain: Since 2005 Spain contributes to the Stockholm Convention Trust Fund. In 2008 Spain contributed with The Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) of the Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP), located in Barcelona, carries out activities of Technical assistance and Capacity-building in the Mediterranean area related to, among others, cleaner production and cleaner technology and sound chemical management, including POPs. The RAC/CP is nominated as candidate to be Regional Centre for the Stockholm Convention in the Mediterranean area. The Swedish Chemicals Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency participates in environmental projects within the framework of Swedish development support to other countries. The present regional focus is on South-East Asia, Southern Africa and the Balkans. The Netherlands regularly contribute to the Stockholm funding mechanisms. The UK has had no requests from developing countries. The principle routes for providing assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition include GEF and UK International subscriptions to the Conventions. Further information for other countries can be derived from NIPs and Article 15 reports. Cyprus: According to reporting under Article 15 to the Stockholm Convention technical assistance is provided to third countries and within the European Union by means of bilateral projects and via international funds (e.g. GEF). Technical assistance has been received by Cyprus prior to accession. In addition NIPs and Article 15 reports contains some information on technical assistance provided by Lithuania, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Romania, Slovak Republic and Cyprus reported to receive technical assistance in the framework of EU funds and mechanisms (see Annex ).

80 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Rules on penalties and infringement procedures Article 13 of the EU POP Regulation states that, Member States shall lay down rules on penalties applicable to infringements to the provisions of the Regulation and ensure that they are implemented. The European Commission shall be notified about the provisions within one year after entry into force of the Regulation. In addition Member States have to include information on infringements and penalties in the tri-annual reports pursuant to Article Rules for penalties and measures for Implementation Hungary stated that there is no strict rule on penalties to infringements regarding the Regulation. France and Sweden reported that the corresponding legislation is not yet in force. The other 17 countries have corresponding legislation in place (in the Czech Republic the decision on a POPs related amendment of the corresponding law is pending). Austria: Has laid down the rules on penalties in the Austrian Chemicals Act 1996 ( 71). Para 1 pt.7, sets a penalty of minimum 360 up to , and in case of repeated violation up to , for any violation of Regulation (EC) Nr. 850/2004. The implementation of the rules on penalties is assured by the provinces (Länder) which are responsible for control and enforcement of the Chemicals Act and its relevant ordinances. Each province appoints designated inspectors for this task. The chemical inspectors are empowered to visit production sites, companies and control placing on the market, classification and labelling. In course of these activities they are also licensed to take samples, impound wares and to check book keeping and trade documents. Additional to the routine work yearly changing actions focus on specific control areas. Belgium: This Regulation on penalties is referred to by several laws of the Belgian Authorities (See notification sent on 28 October 2004). An infringement procedure has not yet been carried out. Information on exact height and application of penalties is provided in Annex Bulgaria has laid down rules on penalties in the following national legislation: Law on Protection against Harmful Impact of Chemical Substances and Preparations (LPHICSP) promulgated in SG 10/2000, last amendment in State Gazette 82/ Environmental Protection Act, promulgated in State Gazette 91/ , last amendment in State Gazette 82/ Regulation on the requirements for the order and the manner of inventory, labelling and decontamination of equipment, containing PCBs as well as the treatment and transportation of waste, containing PCBs, adopted by MC Decree No 50/ , promulgated in SG 24/ Implementation is reported to be ensured by observing the provisions of existing national legislation.

81 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 68 Cyprus has established graded penalties related to articles 3, 5, 6 and 7 of the POP Regulation and depending in height from the article violated. Implementation is ensured by regular inspections. Information on exact height and application of penalties is provided in Annex In the Czech Republic penalties in the field of waste management are laid down in the Act No. 185/2001 Coll. on Waste (Section 66 Fines for natural persons authorized to operate a business and legal persons that are applicable in case of any infringement of the Act). Similar fines are set in Act No. 356/2003 Coll., on chemical substances and chemical preparations (Section 38). Special POPs - penalties for illegal management of POPs wastes and POPs chemicals are bound to the Act on Waste (Act No. 185/2001 Coll) and Act on Chemicals and Chemical Substances (Act No. 356/2003 Coll.). For more details see Annex The regular monitoring and control is done by the Czech Environmental Inspectorate (CEI) and its 14 regional offices, according to the annual monitoring plan of the CEI 32. The plan is evaluated annually. In Denmark penalties applicable to infringements of the Stockholm Convention, and thereby regulation 850/2004 are laid down in the Statutory Order nr. 820 of 29 September Penalties are fines or, in cases where the infringement has been done deliberately or by gross negligence up to 2 years of prison - unless higher penalty can be applied through other legislation, if: (i) damage has been done to human or domestic animals health, life or risk of such, or (ii) damage has been done to the environment or risk of such, or (iii) an economic gain or intention of such has been achieved, including by saving expenses, for it/himself or others. Penalty can be applied to companies and others (legal persons) according to the rules in the penal code. The rules are enforced by the Chemicals Inspection under the Environmental Protection Agency, the Ministry of the Environment. In Finland the provisions are included in the Penal Code of Finland (39/1889), Chapter 48, and in the Chemicals Act (744/1989) The implementation of the provisions is typically controlled via regular inspections related to environmental permitting procedure. Responsibility for enforcement is shared between the Finnish Environment Institute and the municipal authorities. In addition, co-operation with the industry organisations is used to disseminate information on the rules and changes in provisions. In France provisions related to Regulation (EC) 850/2004 are not yet in place. They will be developed in parallel to the legal regime concerning REACH. This requires a revision of the "code de l'environnement". But already now certain provisions of the "code de l'environnement" concern the POP pesticides and PCB. The related fines can reach up to two years of prison or 75,000. For more details see Annex See

82 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 69 Germany: In Germany rules on penalties for infringements of Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004 are laid down in the Ordinance on the Enforcement of Community rules on substances and preparations (Verordnung zur Durchsetzung gemeinschaftsrechtlicher Verordnungen über Stoffe und Zubereitungen (Chemikalien Straf- und Bußgeldverordnung - ChemStrOWiV)). 2a of the ChemStrOWiV makes it a criminal offence to produce, place on the market or use a substance referred to in Article 3 para 1 of Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004. Such an offence can be sanctioned with imprisonment up to two year or with a fine (amount depends on the income of the offender). 2a of the ChemStrOWiV makes it a administrative offence if a communication according to Article 5 para 2 subpara 1 of Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004 is not made at all, not made correctly, not made completely or not made in due time. Such an offence can be sanctioned with fine up to Euro. In Hungary there are no strict rules on penalties to infringements regarding the Regulation (EC) 850/2004. In Ireland specific National regulations are currently been drafted and will specify the penalties applicable to infringements. Existing legislation in relation to chemicals and pesticides management, IPPC licensing, Air and Water Pollution Control, EIA and Waste Management make provisions on penalties applicable to infringements. Until specific legislation is in force, these legislative provisions can be invoked in the case of specific infringements relating to the marketing and use, emission minimisation and waste management aspects of Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004. Enforcement of legal provision is performed by the authorities designated in the relevant legislative instruments referred to above by means of an inspection regime. The national regulations currently been drafted will assign enforcement powers to the EPA as competent authority for Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004, and other relevant competent bodies. Italy has established instruments to sanction infractions of the EU POP Regulation in the following legislation: Article 23 and 24 of the Decreto Legislative n 194 (1995) and Article 3 of the Presidential Decree n 904 (1982) for infarction of Article 3 Article 10 of the Decreto Legislativo n 209 (1999) for infraction of Article 5 Article 256 of the Decreto Legislativo n 152 (2006) for infraction of Article 7 For further details on penalties see Annex Putting on the market, use and emissions of plant protection products have to authorised in advance and are controlled by the Central Inspectorate against Fraud Ispettorato Centrale Repressione Frodi, situated at the Ministry of Agricolture and Forestry (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali) under direct supervision of the Minister. The Inspectorate is operating in cooperation with other authorities such as the Health Police (Comando

83 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 70 Carabinieri per la Sanità (NAS)), Nuclei di polizia tributaria della Guardia di Finanza, il Corpo Forestale dello Stato, the State Police and the Arma dei Carabinieri as well as il Comando Carabinieri Politiche Agricole (art. 6 della Legge 462/86). As concerns putting on the market and use of hazardous substances, control is performed by the Health Police (Comando Carabinieri per la Tutela della Salute) which is subordinated to the Ministry of Health, whose regional departments nuclei territoriali (NAS) have teh competenze to regulate production and sale of preparations for human and veterinari use. The competence for control of PCBs and the management of PCB containing wastes is mandated to the Environmental Police (Carabinieri per la tutela dell Ambiente, NOE) except of technical-scientific investigations, which are in the responsibility of APAT and ARPA, the Servizio Sanitario Nazionale or the Raggruppamento Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche (Ra.CC I.S). In Latvia penalties for violation of legal requirements with respect to utilisation of chemical substances and products are set in the Administrative Violation Code (Section 88). Depending on the type of violation fines of LVL can be imposed to natural persons. Fines for legal persons range from LVL. Lithuania: The penalties applicable in Lithuania to the infringements of the provisions related to the Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 are laid down in the Administrative Law Code of the Republic of Lithuania with the latest amendments: Article 51 3 Article 51 4 Article Article 79 Article 83 Article 84 1 non compliance with the requirements of the rules on waste management pollution of environment with toxic and harmful substances non compliance with the requirements of the rules on management of waste oils atmosphere pollutants emissions, and exceedances of limit values of hazardous physical impact infringements of atmosphere protection requirements for waste combustion infringements of chemical substances and preparations handling requirements The implementation shall be supported by an action plan on legal measures and enhancement of institutional capacities. Measures shall include training material on PCBs management and unintentional POPs in the in-service training courses of the employees of regional environmental protection departments. Luxembourg: The "Règlement grand-ducal du 26 janvier 2006 "concerning certain modalities to implement Regulation (CE) 850/2004 contains the penalties applicable in for infringements of articles 3, 5 and 7 of the Regulation and determines the competent authorities for the enforcement (Ministère et l administration de l Environnement, Ministère de l Agriculture, de la Viticulture et du Développement Rural, Ministère de la Justice, Ministère de la Santé). Poland: There are no specific POP-related rules for imposing penalties on non-compliance with the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 850/2004, but penalties for violating the provisions of this Regulation can be imposed based on the provisions of the following legislation:

84 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 71 Act of 11 January 2001 on Substances and Chemical Preparations (DzU of 2001, No 11, item. 84, as amended) Act of 27 April 2001 Environmental Protection Law (DzU of 2006, No 129, item 902, as amended) Environmental Protection Law (Art. 298) For further details on penalties see Annex Poland has a legal mechanism that enables annual updating of the rates of charges for the use of the environment and the rates of fines for non-compliance. The voivodship marshal (marszałek województwa), the district governor (starosta) and the commune governor (wójt), the mayor (burmistrz) or the city president, are within their competences, responsible for compliance and enforcement of environmental legislation in force. They (or persons authorised by them) are entitled to act as a public prosecutor in cases of offences against the provisions of environmental legislation. The voivodship inspector for environmental protection is authorised to carry out inspections or contols, to issue administrative decisions and to impose fines for violating environmental law. Proceedings on issuing a decision are instituted ex officio. Relevant ministers provide the necessary conditions for implementing environmental legislation through their subordinated and supervised organisational units. Pronouncement of judgement regarding matters specified above is effected on the principles and under the procedures specified in the Code of Proceedings on Offences. For further details see Annex In Romania The penalties applied to infringements of the provisions of Regulations (EC) no 850/2004 are lay down in the proposal for the Government Decision on establishment of measures for the implementation of Regulation (EC) no 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/CEE. The proposal of the Government Decision includes: Penalties for violation of the obligation to report towards the EPA on stocks of POP containing substances >50 kg range from 10,000 lei to 15,000 lei; Penalties between 15,000 lei and 20,000 lei are applying for infringements such as: the production, placing on the market and use of substances listed in Annex I, whether on their own, in preparations or as constituents of articles foreseen in art. 3 para (1) of the Regulation; the production, placing on the market and use of substances listed in Annex II, whether on their own, in preparations or as constituents of articles, without complying with the restrictions set out in that Annex; the management of a stockpile, which consists of or contains any substance listed in Annex I or Annex II, for which no use is permitted, in accordance with art. 5 para (1); the management of a stockpile, which consists of or contains any substance listed in Annex I or Annex II, for which no use is permitted, in accordance with art. 5 para (1).

85 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 72 the management of a stockpile, which consists of or contains any substance listed in Annex I or Annex II, for which no use is permitted, in accordance with art. 7 para (1); disposal or recovery operations that may lead to recovery, recycling, reclamation or re-use of the substances listed in Annex IV in accordance with the methods listed in Annex V of the Regulation. The provisions listed above regarding penalties are completed by the provisions of the Government Ordinance no 2/2001 on legal regime of the penalties, approved with amendments by Law no 180/2002, as further amended. Slovak Republic The paragraph 7 of the Act No. 127/2006 Coll. on POPs sets the penalties for non compliance with obligation of the stockpile holders under the Act. Rules for penalties concerning the prohibition of the production, placing on the market and use of POPs are stipulated in the national chemical act No 163/2001 Coll. as amended by Act No 405/2008 Coll. The State Inspection is responsible for control of: intended production of POPs, placing on the market and use elimination and phase-out of POPS releases POPs monitoring stockpile management. and competent to impose a penalty based on information or on control on place. The height of the penalty is calculated depending on the seriousness of the offence as stated under the Act. In Slovenia penal provisions of the Decree on the implementation of the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on persistent organic pollutants (OJ RS, No. 4/2005) entered in force on 15 of January The Decree makes use of the general infringement procedure that is specified in the General Offences Act (OJ RS, No. 70/06-ZP- 1-UPB3). The Inspectorate of Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning is the competent administrative body for implementation. In its Article 12 report Slovenia states to have initiated an infringement procedure for breach of Articles 5 and 7 of the Regulation. For further details on penalties see Annex Spain: The Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Affairs has developed a draft of the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 850/2004. Sweden: The rules related to infringements of Regulation (EC) 850/2004 are not yet in force. But, according to information provided with the NIP an environmental penalty charge must be paid by a business operator who in the conduct of commercial operations neglects regulations issued under the Environmental Code, violates a permit or condition or commences an activity that requires a permit or is subject to a duty to give notice without such permit or notice.

86 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 73 The charge shall be imposed even if the violation has not occurred intentionally or by carelessness. The charge ranges from SEK to SEK However, the charge does not prevent the imposition of a penalty for the criminal activity. The supervisory authority decides on the environmental penalty charge. The decision may be appealed against to the environmental court. Even if the decision is appealed against it may be enforced. The Netherlands: Chapter 3 and Annex V of the National Implementation Plan provide an extensive overview of the relevant Dutch legislation. Penalties and sanctions applicable to infringements of this legislation are based on the Wet op de Economische Delicten. United Kingdom: The provisions of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Regulations 2007 lay down measures for infringements of the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 850/2004. Information on rules on penalties in NIP is scarce. In addition to the Member States listed above, only general information on the plan to install or heighten fines was reported from Lithuania and Romania (see Annex ) Infringement procedures Member State generally did report that no infringement procedure related to the Regulation where initiated so far. Only Slovenia, reported an infringement procedure due to violation of article 3 and 5, without further specification of details Measures for waste management Measures for stockpiles and waste management Information on measures taken with respect to management of stockpiles and waste gives an additional indication for the implementation of the POP Regulation. Based on available information it can be concluded that all Member States which published NIPs, discuss this issue. Goals and measures differ according to national needs, from appropriate packaging, labelling, storing and destruction of remaining stockpiles (new MS, ES, SE), inventory of building materials (DK), investigations into potential releases from landfill (FI) to PCB limits for soil to be used as fertilizer and for secondary raw materials used in building material (BE) as well as the discussion of stricter PCB limit in waste cables intended for recovery or landfill operations (DE). A detailed compilation of information is presented in Annex

87 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Other Priorities Additional information on the state of implementation of the POP Regulation and the management of the POP problem can be derived from the priorities set in NIPs. Explicit priorities for further action have been reported from a larger number of Member States (i.e. BG, CY, DK, FI, DE, LV, RO, SK, ES and SE). Depending on the national needs priorities range from inventory and destruction over closure of knowledge gaps (emission factors, monitoring, new POPs) to further release reduction, information and compliance with legal requirements. (See also Annex , Table 1-29) Policy effectiveness check Review mechanisms for the assessment of policy effectiveness are an important instrument for constant improvement of the implementation of Stockholm Convention and POP Regulation goals. According to their NIPs the majority of Member States where NIPs are already available has set corresponding provisions. The topic is specifically addressed by 12 Member States (CY, DK, FI, FR, DE, LV, LT, RO, SK, ES, SE and the UK). See also Annex , Table 1-30.

88 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Annual Releases of POPs within the European Union Article 12 of the EU POP Regulation requests Member States to provide the Commission with summary information compiled from the release inventories drawn up pursuant to Article 6(1) every three years. Pursuant to Article 6(1) this concerns release inventories for the substances listed in Annex III 33 into air, water and land. In addition the UNECE Convention on long-range transboundary transport, the EPER Decision and the PRTR Regulation contains provisions for submission of release data and provide information bases for information on POP releases in the EU. Consequently data for POPs releases in this report are compiled on the basis of National Emission Inventories, EMEP WebDab, which contains data of the CORINAIR emission inventories, EMEP MSC-E calculations and the EPER data base. 4.1 Existing data sources National POP Emission inventories According to Article 6(1) of the European POP Regulation and Article 5(a) of the Stockholm Convention Member States shall draw up and maintain release inventories for unintentionally produced POPs into air, water and land. A similar obligation is set in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Regulation, the PRTR Regulation (EC) No 166/ CORINAIR Emission inventories EMEP WebDab Since 1979 the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) has addressed some of the major environmental problems of the UNECE region through scientific collaboration and policy negotiation. The Convention has been extended by eight protocols that identify specific measures to be taken by parties to cut their emissions of air pollutants. The Convention currently has 51 parties. Those countries being parties of the CLRTAP since March 2006 or before regularly report data on main air emissions by means of CORINAIR (CORe Inventory of AIR emissions) emission inventories. The EMEP-WebDab 34 (UNECE/EMEP emission database WebDab) has been constructed in order to facilitate the access to the emission data reported. The data base currently contains data from 1980 to 2006 and projections for the years 2010 until 2030 (five year steps). The reporting scheme of the CLRTAP principally includes all EU MS and an extensive list of POP pollutants. The classification of sectors is available both for CRF/NFR source sectors and the SNAP code. Within this report the NFR sector classification 35 is used. 33 PCDD/PCDF, HCB (CAS No: ), PAHs ( benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) See - Explanation to emission category

89 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 76 The MSC-E (Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East) 36 provides calculations on total annual emissions (table) and their spatial distribution (map). As concerns POPs this includes PAHs 37, PCDD/PCDF and HCB for which time trends of emissions in Europe are available for the years 1990 until For PCB (153, 118, 28) currently only maps on hemispheric distribution are available. A table on emission trends was available for PCB-135 ( ). According to the explanatory information the tables contain the information about available emission data used in regional and hemispheric calculations carried out by June The emission data were obtained from available official data submitted to the UN ECE Secretariat by countries and/or by expert estimates. Estimations cover all current EU Member States including Romania and Bulgaria EPER data base The European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) was established by the Commission Decision 2000/479/EC of 17 July 2000 (EPER Decision) based on Article 15(3) of Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC Directive). According to the EPER Decision, Member States have to report every three years on emissions into air and releases into water (direct and indirect) of facilities covered by the list of industrial activities in Annex A3 (large point sources) such as energy industry, metal industry, mineral industry, chemical industry, waste management, pulp and paper industry, pre-treatment of textiles and fibres, tanning, slaughterhouses, installations for disposal of animal carcasses, poultry and pig farms, surface treatment and production of carbon or graphite if threshold values given in Annex A 1 are exceeded. A detailed compilation of EPER-Annex 3 activities and threshold levels is provided in Annex 6, Table 6.1. The EPER data base covers in total 50 pollutants including POPs like HCB, PAHs and PCDD/PCDF. The European EPER database is hosted by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) 39. The EPER Decision required the first reporting for the year 2001.Therefore data currently is available for 2001 (EU 15 and HU) and for 2004 (EU 25). The EU-EPER data base contains data for PAHs 40 and PCDD/PCDF for both reporting cycles. Data cover EU-15 for 2001 and EU-25 in 2004, but reporting from the single MS differs. As concerns HCB there is only reporting for 2004 with respect to air and very limited reporting (different countries for 2001 and 2004) as regards releases to water. The EU-EPER does not contain data for PCB. According to the second EPER review report 41 published in May 2007 the EPER database for 2004 contains data from 11,417 facilities for all 25 pre-2007 Member States plus Norway; but only a small part of these data is related to POPs (separately for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F and I_P) 38 Gusev et al. (2007): EMEP Status Report 3/2007 "Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment", available at: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons not further specified 41 available at

90 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 77 The EPER will be replaced from 2007 by the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) which includes additional source categories (e.g. diffuse sources), additional pollutants and stricter threshold levels for a number of pollutants (including POPs) Pilot E-PRTR inventory on diffuse sources The E-PRTR-Regulation entered into force in February The Regulation has incorporated the provisions of the UN-ECE Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Register under the Aarhus Convention (PRTR-Protocol), which has been ratified for the European Union by Council Decision 2006/61/EC into Community legislation. The E-PRTR-Regulation aims to enhance public access to environmental information through the establishment of a coherent and integrated PRTR at Community level in the form of a publicly accessible electronic database. The objective is to implement the PRTR- Protocol and facilitate public participation in environmental decision making, as well as contributing to the prevention and reduction of pollution of the environment. The E-PRTR Regulation includes more pollutants and activities than those contained in EPER and since, in addition to emissions into air and water, releases to land and off-site transfers of waste have to be reported by the facilities, it has been necessary to upgrade and extend the EPER into a fully comprehensive European PRTR. As a further novelty of the E- PRTR in comparison with EPER, information on releases from diffuse sources 42 shall be included in the reporting. The inclusion of diffuse sources in the PRTR shall serve the aim to illustrate and clarify the relation of releases from large point sources and diffuse sources not covered by the regulation. First reporting under the E-PRTR-Regulation is foreseen for Member States in June 2009 for the reporting year Nevertheless a first pilot inventory of data on releases from diffuse sources from ten diffuse source sectors such as road traffic, agriculture, domestic heating, shipping, was prepared in The inventory is based on an aggregated data from different publicly accessible data sources covering POPs 43. A list of source sectors covered in the pilot inventory on releases from diffuse sources is included in Annex 7, Table Diffuse sources means the many smaller or scattered sources from which pollutants may be released to land, air or water, whose combined impact on those media may be significant and for which it is impractical to collect reports from each individual source (E-PRTR Regulation, Article 2(12)). 43 Available at prtr/index.htm, link from the section All information about European PRTR in:

91 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Data availability concerning POP releases in the EU Availability of data on POP releases is not equally distributed within the EU. Accessible data bases only cover either limited number of substances or compartment. In general it can be stated that data availability is best for PCDD/PCDF and PAH as concerns emissions into air. Information on HCB and PCB is much less as is information on releases into water and especially to land where only single data are available. Compartment National Emission Inventories EMEP- WebDab EMEP- MSC-E EU-EPER PAH air water land DE, ES, LV IPPC sources PCDD/PCDF air water land only LT, LV only CY, LT, SI HCB air (+) (+) water (+) land PCB air (+) water Table 4-1: land Overview on availability of POP release data in data bases on European scale ++ Pilot PRTR on diffuse sources (+) very poor (single countries, source sectors), + poor (few countries/source sectors), ++ fair (some countries/source sectors), +++ good (many countries/source sectors) Emissions to air As illustrated in Table 4-2 the best availability of data is provided by MSC-E. Calculations tables contain total release figures for PAH, PCDD/PCDF and HCB for all EU MS except of Malta. National Emission Inventories (NEI) only in 8 Member States was comprise all four POPs as requested in the EU POP Regulation. But even in these cases data are often not complete but only include IPPC sources. In 11 other Member States, the inventory is established but not yet for all substances 44. For the remaining MS information is missing. In EMEP WebDab current data availability is good for PAH and PCDD/PCDF (24 MS), and has improved for HCB (21 MS) and PCB (19 MS). However, only for 6 EU MS a complete data set for total annual emissions of the different POPs is available for the last 10 years (for new MS only data from 2000 on or even later). As concerns sector coverage data partly cover EPER sources only and in many countries considerable gaps remain. EU-EPER contains a relative complete set of data for PAH and PCDD/PCDF, whereas data for HCB is limited. There is no information on PCB in this data base.. 44 AT (no data for PCB), BE (different by region: only PCDD/PCDF or no HCB, no PCB), DK (only data for PCDD/F, PAH), FI (no PAH), DE (no data for HCB), IE (no PCB), LT (no data for PCB), NL (no PCB and HCB), the UK (only data for PCDD/F, PCB).

92 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 79 National emission inventories (Art. 12 reports) EMEP-CORINAIR (WebDab) EMEP-CORINAIR (MSC-E) EU-EPER Pilot PRTR on diffuse sources MS PAH PCDD/ PCDF PCB HCB PAH PCDD/ PCDF PCB HCB PAH PCDD/ PCDF PCB HCB PAH PCDD/ PCDF HCB PAH AT x x x /++ +/ BE /++ +/ BE- WA BE- FL BE- BR x x x ++ x*** x x*** BG x* x* x* x* CY x x x x CZ x x x x DE x x x /++ +/++ + DK x x PCDD/ PCDF HCB PCB EE ES x x x /++ +/ FI x x x / FR x x x x /++ +/ GR HU IE x x x IT x x x x /++ +/++ LT x x x LU x*** x*** x*** x***

93 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 80 National emission inventories (Art. 12 reports) EMEP-CORINAIR (WebDab) EMEP-CORINAIR (MSC-E) EU-EPER Pilot PRTR on diffuse sources MS PAH PCDD/ PCDF PCB HCB PAH PCDD/ PCDF PCB HCB PAH PCDD/ PCDF PCB HCB PAH LV x x MT PCDD/ PCDF HCB PAH NL / PCDD/ PCDF HCB PCB PL x x x x PT /++ +/++ ++ RO x x x x SE /++ +/ SI x x x x SK x x x UK x** x** /++ +/ *=2006 **=2004 ***= = data available from 2000 (or later)) ++ = data available from at least * Finland started to report data for PCB only in Modelled national totals for = 2001; ++ = = data reporting in one or more diffuse source sectors for 2003 (PL 2001) Table 4-2: Overview on data availability for POP emissions to air in official EU data sources Consequently up to this stage the information compiled in the EMEP database will be used as major source of information on current POP releases, trends and source allocations.

94 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 81 National POP emission inventories Based on the reported information, conclusions about the level of detail of national emission inventories can not be drawn, as only summary information was requested in the Article 12 reporting form. Consequently a number of responding Member States did only report national totals whereas others provided information at the level of source categories. CORINAIR emission inventories (EMEP WebDab) As inditcated in the table above current data availability is good for PAH and PCDD/PCDF (25 MS), and has improved for HCB (22 MS) and PCB (19 MS). However, only for 6 EU MS a complete data set for total annual emissions of the different POPs is available for the last 10 years (for new MS only data from 2000 on or later). 5 countries did report on all POPs except of PCB. DK does not report on PCB and HCB and LT did not provide figures for HCB. No data have been reported to EMEP WebDab from GR, LU and MT. EMEP-MSC-E calculations The MSC-E tables contain calculations on emissions of POPs for the years 1990 until Total annual releases for PAH, PCDD/PCDF and HCB are presented for all EU MS except of Malta. European EPER The EPER database principally contains data from EU-25 Member States. Due to the late accession in 2007 the EPER database so far does not contain information on POP emissions from large point sources subject to IPPC from Romania and Bulgaria. As illustrated in the table - except of DK, GR, IE and LU - all EU-15 MS reported on releases of PAHs into air for the year 2001 and Almost the same applies for PCDD/PCDF where emissions above the threshold levels have been reported for both reporting cycles from all old member States except DK, GR, IE, LU and FI. NL reported on PCDD/PCDF for the year 2001 only. Release data for HCB are only available for the 2004 reporting cycle and are restricted to four Member States. HCB emissions were reported from BE, ES, FI and PT. As concerns new Member States acceding the European Union in 2004, CZ and PL reported emissions for PAHs and PCDD/PCDF. EE, LV and SI reported releases of PAHs and HU releases of PCDD/PCDF. HCB emissions into air have not been reported. CY, LT, MT and SK did not report on POP releases under EPER. In this context it should be taken into consideration that the threshold levels for the four relevant POPs for reporting on emissions into air under the EU EPER account for kg/year for PCDD/PCDF, 50 kg/year for PAHs and 10 kg/y per installation for HCB. In addition it has to be taken into account that non-reporting in part seems to be related to deficits in implementation of EPER legislation in a number of EU Member States. According to the second EPER review report legal implementation of the EPER decision is not in place

95 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 82 in Ireland and Luxembourg, Cyprus, Malta and Poland 45 Belgium 46 ). and was only partly in place in Pilot E-PRTR on diffuse sources Data on release to air is principally available for the following ten diffuse source sectors: road traffic shipping aviation railway military agriculture solvent use small consumer fuel combustion fossil fuel distribution (gas) roofing and road paving with asphalt For the corresponding CRF 47 /NFR 48 codes included into the sectors see Annex 7, Table 7.1. The data on emissions from diffuse sources were extracted from the EMEP WebDab for the reference year Consequently the pilot PRTR emission, inventory does not contain information on POP emissions from diffuse sources for Romania and Bulgaria. As illustrated in the table four EU-15 MS did not report POPs releases from diffuse sources into air (GR, IT, LU, PT). All other old reported on releases of PAHs from diffuse sources into air for the year For PCDD/PCDF additionally DE did not deliver data. Three MS (FR, SE, UK) delivered data for all concerned POPs including HCB and PCB. HCB was also reported by AT and ES. As concerns new Member States acceding the European Union in 2004, LV, MT and SK did not reported emissions for none of the POPs listed, while EE, HU and PL reported on all four POPs. CY reported on PCDD/PCDF only. LT and SI reported on three POPs except of HCB and CZ reported on PAHs and PCDD/PCDF. In this context it should be taken into account, that reporting from the MS and the reported amounts is varying a lot and not giving an exhaustive picture of the actual emissions by diffuse sources. In some cases only one diffuse source category is covered by the reporting, and some MS so far have not taken reporting actions for diffuse sources at all. 45 Although EPER Decision is not legally implemented in Poland reporting obligations for air and water emissions exist 46 An integrated environmental annual report has been implemented in Flanders for the 2004 reporting 47 CRF = Common Reporting Format used for the reporting under the National Emission Ceiling (NEC) Directive, the UN-ECE Convention on long-range transboundary transport (CLRTAP) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 48 NFR = Nomenclature For Reporting, lists and classifies a number of source categories and sub-categories.

96 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Releases to water Availability of data on releases into water is highly limited in comparison with emissions to air. National Emission Inventories and EU-EPER are the only principal data sources for this type of information in the EU. Information in National Emission Inventories up to now does almost not exist. According to article 12 reporting, only Italy, Lithuania, Latvia Germany and Spain stated and documented releases figures. These inventories are restricted to either PCDD/PCDF (LT, LV), B(a)P from IPPC sources (DE) or PAH and HCB (IT) or PAH (ES) (see also Table 4-1). In EU EPER the data availability is also quite limited. As illustrated in Table 4-3 there is no reported release for PCDD/F and data for HCB releases are restricted to six Member States only, with only two of them reporting to both reporting cycles. The situation for PAH (12 reporting Member States) is somewhat better, but might still not be representative for the overall releases, even more as small or diffuse sources are not addressed. The situation in this respect can improve with implementation of the obligation of the POP Regulation to draw up emission inventories for all environmental compartments including all source sectors and with first reporting under PRTR which is scheduled for Emission released direct to water Emission released indirect to water MS PAH PCDD/ PCDF HCB PAH PCDD/ PCDF HCB AT AT BE + + BE CY CY CZ ++ CZ DE +/++ +/++ DE +/++ DK DK EE EE ES +/++ ES +/++ FI FI FR +/++ + FR + GR GR HU HU IE IE IT +/++ ++ IT + LT LT LU LU LV LV MT MT NL +/++ NL +/++ PL ++ PL ++ PT +/++ PT +/++ SE +/++ ++ SE SI SI SK ++ SK UK +/++ +/++ UK ++ Explanation: + = 2001; ++ = 2004 Table 4-3: Availability of data for POP releases into water (direct and indirect) in the EU-EPER data base

97 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 84 As indicated in Table 4-3 releases into water are reported separately as direct and indirect in the EPER database. Reporting is largely restricted to PAH. In addition few data are available for HCB. There is no information on PCDD/PCDF and PCB. Concerning PAHs DE, ES, IT, NL, PT and SE reported releases both direct and indirect into water for 2001 and FR and IT reported releases direct to water for both years and indirect for 2001 only. UK reported direct releases for both years and indirect ones for BE reported direct release for the year From the new Member States CZ and PL reported both direct and indirect releases for 2004; whereas SK reported direct releases of PAH only. Direct HCB releases to water were reported by BE and FR for the reporting year IT and SE reported for DE and UK reported for both years. CZ reported indirect releases of HCB for Releases to water of PCDD/PCDF are not reported and PCB is not included as a pollutant under EPER Releases to land, waste and waste water Availability of data on releases to land is even more limited in comparison with emissions to air. National Emission Inventories are the only current data sources for this type of information in the EU. But in this context only Lithuania, Latvia, Cyprus and Slovenia stated and documented release figures restricted to national totals for PCDD/PCDF. Besides this the Czech Republic reported national totals for off-site transfer to waste and waste water for all the four POPs. At European scale there is currently no database reporting on POP releases to land. From 2009 there shall be documentation of these releases as well as of off-site transfer to waste and waste water in the EU PRTR.

98 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Current emissions to air Information on POP emissions to air can be derived from National Emission Inventories (NEI), the EMEP WebDab (2006), MSC-E calculation (2006), EU-EPER (2004) and E-PRTR pilot inventory on diffuse sources (2003). Based on the 23 Member State Article 12 reports provided, it can be stated that reported annual totals generally correspond well with the figures compiled in EMEP (see Annex 3), so that the evaluation of emissions in the following chapters is performed on the basis of EMEP and EU EPER figures. A compilation of figures and trends reported by individual Member States is presented in Annexes 8.1 to Data source Year PAH PCDD/ PCDF HCB PCB t/y g TEQ/y kg/y kg/y EMEP WebDab* ,715 2,427 8,663 5,142 (WebDab : sum of single sectors) 1,575 1) 2,200 2) 8,662 3,437 1) EMEP MSC-E calculations ,566 9,310 EPER (large point sources) ,390 1, (EPER : sum sectors) ,122 Pilot inventory diffuse sources , * Any data for GR, LU, MT and PT 1) Difference mainly due to Poland 2) Difference mainly due to United Kingdom and Portugal Table 4-4: Overview on reported POP emissions to air in European data bases A detailed overview on reported data by Member State is provided in Annex II,3, Table 3.1. As illustrated in the table comparable values are reported/calculated for 2006 under EMEP for PCDD/PCDF and HCB while for PAH the data is far from being comparable. There is no information on PCB in MSC-E. In this context it has to be mentioned that the highest contribution to emissions reported for PAH under EMEP WebDab stems from the Netherlands (27 %), Belgium and Spain following with about half of the emission amount of the Netherlands each. As supposed, the extremely high figure of Poland reported for 2005 was caused by mistake and corrected in the 2006 figures. Comparing the EMEP MSC-E results with EPER data it can be noted that EPER releases for PAH exceed the annual totals documented in EMEP, whereas only roughly 50% of the reported EMEP releases is reflected in EPER for PCDD/PCDF. Furthermore the emissions reported for HCB in EPER are dramatically lower than in EMEP. The reported emissions from diffuse sources as compiled based on available data for 2003 show remarkably low totals for PCDD/PCDF which cannot close the gap between EPER and

99 t/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 86 EMEP estimations. On the other hand the high value for HCB in the light of a low EPER total could suggest a high share of diffuse emission sources for this pollutant. On the other hand the low figure for PCB in comparison with EMEP totals could suggest a high share of point sources as origin for emissions for PCB. It might however also be a consequence of poor knowledge and reporting in this field PAH emissions to air According to the provided information annual PAH emissions to air in the EU account for between 1,000 and 2,000 tonnes, with a documented share from diffuse sources of about 700 tonnes. In comparison with the other data sources the total figure calculated under EMEP MSC-E seems to underestimate the real emissions a little bit. Compared to the PAH releases to water of almost 50 t/y reported under EU-EPER the emissions into air of 1,390 t/y documented for the same period suggest that the emissions into air represent the major pathway (almost 97%) for PAH releases into the environment. National emission inventories By elaboration of this report 23 Member States have provided Article 12 reports. For these countries reported annual totals generally correspond well with the figures compiled in EMEP (see Annex II,3). EMEP WebDab The PAH emission reported under EMEP WebDab for the year 2006 is 1,715 t/y based on data from 23 EU Member States. Total emission of PAH in EU countries (2006) NL BE ES PL IT BG DE LV FR HU CY SE SK CZ RO LT DK FI EE UK IE PT SI Figure 4-1: EU total annual emissions of PAH in 2006 (data extracted from EMEP WebDab)

100 t/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 87 A detailed compilation of data is provided in Annex II,4, Table 4.1. As illustrated in Figure 4-1, the highest PAH emissions are attributed to the Netherlands, followed by Belgium, Spain, Poland, Italy, Bulgaria and Germany. All other countries report relative low PAH emissions. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country. Per capita average Per range capita MS with highest per capita emission PAH 3.6 g/y g/y NL, CY, BE UK, FR, RO MS with lowest per capita emission Table 4-5: Summary of per capita PAH emissions to air in EU (EMEP WebDab) A detailed compilation of the underlying data is provided in Annex 4.8. EMEP MSC-E calculations According to the calculations as compiled in EMEP MSC-E, the annual PAH 49 emissions in the EU amount to 871 t/y in B(b)F and B(a)P contribute 34 % and 30 % of the share. IP and B(k)F show a lower share with 23 % and 12 %. As illustrated in Figure 4-2 (total amount) and Figure 4-3 (share of MS), Poland, Italy and Germany are attributed highest and comparable values lying above 100 t/y of PAH emissions. Except of Spain (73 t/y) all other MS lie below an annual release of 50 t/y. For Malta no data was available. PAH emissions in the European Union (2006) PL IT DE ES RO LV GR FR HU CY BG SE SK CZ LT BE DK NL FI EE UK IE PT SI AT LU MT Figure 4-2: Annual emissions of PAH in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) 49 Sum B(b)F, B(a)P, IP and B(k)F

101 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 88 Share of MS to PAH emissions in % 31% PL others IT 15% GR LV RO ES 3% 4% 6% 8% DE 14% Figure 4-3: Share of EU-MS to PAH emission in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) The complete set of calculated annual emission data for PAH in 2006 is represented in Annex 5, Table 5.1. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country. Per capita average Per range capita MS with highest per capita emission PAH 1.8 g/y g/y CY, LV, EE UK, FR, NL MS with lowest per capita emission Table 4-6: Summary of PAH per capita emissions to air in EU (EMEP MSC-E) A detailed compilation of the underlying data is provided in Annex 5.5. In comparison to the results based on EMEP WebDab the EMEP MSC-E calculation leads to a lower mean per capita emission, since the sum of emissions is about half the size of the value reported in EMEP WebDab. In the ranking of Member States especially the allocation of the Netherlands in the group of low per capita emissions is contrary to the position in EMEP WebDab and in relation to the reporting in the Dutch Article 12 report. The reason for this might lay in the number of isomers included in the reported figure. In order to enable comparison with other countries figures should be harmonised. EU-EPER According to data from EU-EPER 1, t/y of PAH have been emitted into air from large point sources within the EU. This information is based on reporting from 16 EU Member States. Data represent 12 industrial activities comprising 168 facilities. According to the EPER review report 2004 the PAH releases reported under EPER for 2004, represent about 100 % of the overall PAH emissions into air from Annex 3A activities in the European Union. That means the releases from these activities are more or less completely documented.

102 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 89 Figure 4-4: PAH emissions to air from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) As illustrated in Figure 4-4 the largest share of industrial point source emissions of PAH into air is provided by Poland (83 %). All other countries contribute with relatively small shares. The Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Belgium account for (5 1.7 %). The reported individual contribution to PAH emissions from large point sources of all other countries is less than 1%. The underlying absolute numbers are listed in Annex 6. This includes compilation by MS (Table 6.2) and by activities (Table 6.3). E-PRTR on diffuse sources Release data for PAH compiled in the E-PRTR on diffuse sources cover the year 2003, except of Poland, where only data from 2001 is available. About 680 t/y of PAH have been reported as releases from diffuse sources into air in 2003, based on data from 17 EU Member States. Based on the reported data, the main contributing country for PAH emissions to air from diffuse source sectors are the Netherlands (60 %). Belgium (16 %) is the second important contributor. Position 3 and 4 is occupied by Spain and France (see Figure 4-5).

103 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 90 Figure 4-5: PAH emissions from diffuses sources to air A detailed compilation of emission data by Member State and source sector is provided in Annex 7, Table 7.3. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation has been performed. This gives the possibility to assess differences in relative importance of specific source sectors and pollutants. Calculations have been based on population figures for POP PAH Main contributing sector Per capita average of all countries Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission Solvent use 4.94 g g SI NL Road transport 1.41 g g BE, NL DE, EE Small consumer fuel combustion MS with lowest per capita emission 1.58 g g EE, LT PL, UK, HU Table 4-7: Summary on PAH per capita emissions into air from diffuse sources As illustrated in the table the per capita emissions show different ranking results for the distinct source sectors with e.g. low per capita emissions in Estonia for road transport but high score for small consumer fuel combustion. It has to be emphasised, that this interpretation had to be done on the basis of publicly accessible data for release from diffuse sources. The data base is very different between Member States, pollutants and sectors and is far from exhaustive. The results therefore need be read with reservation. A low value for a Member State does not automatically mean that the release in reality is low. It might mean as well that the reporting of this country is insufficient.

104 g TEQ/y /2007/465073/MAR/D PCCD/PCDF emissions to air Based on available data between 2,200 and 2,600 g TEQ of PCDD/PCDF are emitted annually into air in the EU. The result from EU_EPER, reporting 2004 instead of 2006, suggests a roughly 50% share of large point sources to the overall emissions, and the compiled data allocated in official reporting to diffuse emission sources are so low, that it is questionable whether current reporting in this field covers the real emissions sufficiently. Due to lack of information on PCCD/F releases to water and land in EMEP, EPER and National Inventories a comparison of shares towards the different compartments can hardly be made on this basis. Only the fact that there is no data for water under EPER can suggest that air is the major release pathway at least for large industrial sources. National emission inventories Based on the 23 Member State reports provided it can be stated that reported annual totals generally correspond well with the figures compiled in EMEP (see Annex 3). EMEP WebDab Total PCDD/PCDF emissions of 2,427 g/y were reported under EMEP WebDab for The information is based on reporting from 24 Member States. As illustrated in Figure 4-6, based on the reported data of 24 MS, the main emitting EU Member States are Poland, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Spain and France with national totals above 100 g/y. The majority of other EU Member States reported total emissions of PCDD/PCDF between 10 and 100 g/y. Only Portugal, Slovenia, Cyprus and Estonia reported total emissions of <10g/y. Total PCDD/PCDF emissions in EU Member States (2006) PL IT RO BG UK CZ ES FR HU DE SK BE AT SE NL IE DK FI LV LT PT SI CY EE MT Figure 4-6: EU total annual emissions of PCDD/PCDF in 2006 (Source: EMEP WebDab) A detailed compilation of reported data is provided in Annex 4, Table 4.1. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country.

105 g TEQ/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 92 Per average capita Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission PCDD/PCDF 5.12 μg/y μg/y BG, CZ, RO, SK PT, DE MS with lowest per capita emission Table 4-8: Summary of per capita PCDD/PCDF emissions to air in the EU (EMEP WebDab) A detailed compilation of the underlying data is provided in Annex 4.8. EMEP MSC-E calculations According to the data as calculated by EMEP MSC-E, a total amount of 2,566 g I-TEQ of PCDD/PCDF has been emitted from EU Member States in For Malta no data is available PCDD/PCDF emissions in the European Union (2006) PL IT RO BG UK CZ ES GR FR HU DE SK BE AT SE NL IE FI LV LT PT SI CY EE DK LU MT Figure 4-7: Total annual emissions of PCDD/PCDF in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) Share of MS to PCDD/PCDF emissions in % 17% others PL 5% 5% FR GR IT 12% 6% ES CZ UK BG RO 10% 7% 8% 10% Figure 4-8: Share of EU-MS to PCDD/PCDF emissions in 2006 (Source: EMEP MSC-E) As illustrated in Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-8 the emissions are relatively evenly distributed between the Member States. For all countries data are completely or approximately identical

106 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 93 to those in WebDab, with the exception of Greece and Luxembourg which are not contained in the WebDab total, and Denmark, where the deviation is probably due to a decimal point error (MSC-E: 2.5 g I-TEQ; WebDab: 25 g I-TEQ). Therefore Figure 4-7 looks very similar to Figure 4-6; highest emissions have been calculated for Poland, and Greece joining the other eight member states which have been attributed considerable emissions above 100 g I- TEQ/y. A detailed compilation of calculated data for 2006 is provided in Annex 5, Table 5.1. Note: Whereas in general data reported by Member States in Article 12 reports and NIPs are consistent with MSC-E estimations, data reported via NIP from Cyprus (2.5 gteq/y) suggest that emissions are over estimated in EMEP (5 g TEQ/y) by a factor 2. However, due to the low share to the overall emissions, this difference has no significant impact on the figure for total PCDD/PCDF emission in the EU. (see Annex 8.4). As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country. PCDD/ PCDF Per capita average Per range capita MS with highest per capita emission MS with lowest per capita emission 5.2 μg/y BG, CZ, RO, SK (DK), PT, DE Table 4-9: Summary of PCDD/PCDF per capita emissions to air in the EU (EMEP MSC_E) The per capita emissions and their ranking are mainly identical with the EMEP WebDab results. Greece not included in WebDab shows a value of 12.2 μg/y, which is above the EU average. Note: As concerns Denmark the low value reported refers only to 2006, whereas it is calculated a factor 10 higher for previous years. EU-EPER According to reporting to EU-EPER, a total of 1,220 g/y of PCDD/PCDF has been emitted into air in This information is based on reporting from 12 Member States, covering 9 industrial activities with 98 facilities. According to the EPER review report 2004 these releases reported for 2004 under EPER represent 94 % of the overall PCDD/PCDF emissions into air from IPPC Annex 3A activities in the European Union. Based on these data the Czech Republic (28 %), Poland (20 %) and France (18 %) are the main contributors to PCDD/PCDF emissions from large industrial point sources in the EU. (see Figure 4-9).

107 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 94 Figure 4-9: PCDD/PCDF emissions to air from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) The underlying numbers are listed in Annex 6. This includes presentation by MS (Table 6.8) and by industrial activities (Table 6.9). It has to be noted, that reported releases are not completely consistent but vary by 100g/y between the national total and the activity totals. PRTR on diffuse sources Reported PCDD/PCDF emissions into air from diffuse sources account for 220 g/y in This information is based on reporting from 17 Member States. As illustrated in Figure 4-10, based on the reported data there seems to be a certain difference in importance of diffuse emission sources between the different Member States. Main contributors to the overall emissions are Spain (19 %), France (17 %), Austria and the Netherlands (both 16 %).

108 gteq/y /2007/465073/MAR/D % 17 % Emissions of PCCD/PCDF from diffuse sources (2003) 16% 16 % 10 % 7 % 4 % 4 % 2 % 2 % 1 % 1 % below 1 % ES FR AT NL UK DK LT IE BE SE PL HU EE CY FI SI CZ country Figure 4-10: PCDD/PCDF emissions from diffuse sources to air (Source: pilot inventory on diffuse sources) Four Member States (UK, DK, LT, IE) contribute between 10 and 4%), whereas the remaining 10 reporting Member States contribute individual shares of 2% or below. The absolute numbers for PCCD/PCDF releases from diffuse sources into air and the share of each MS are listed in detail in Annex 7, Table 7.2. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of releases POPs by the most relevant sectors has been performed. Calculations have been based on population figures for POP PCDD/ PCDF Main contributing sector Small consumer fuel combustion Per capita average of all countries Per range capita MS with highest per capita emission 0.85 µg µg AT, LT PL, CZ MS with lowest per capita emission Table 4-10: Summary on per capita PCDD/PCDF emissions from diffuse sources into air According to this calculation highest per capita releases from small combustion sources can be observed in Austria and Lithuania, whereas the emissions are lowest in the Czech Republic and Poland. In the light of other existing information and studies this information seems to be a little questionable. Thus it has to be emphasised again, that data interpretation is done on the basis of publicly accessible data and the data basis is very different between Member States. The results therefore need to be read with reservation. A low value for a Member State does not automatically mean that the release in reality is low. It might mean as well that the reporting of this country does not cover all occurring emissions. In comparison with the overall per capita calculations based on EMEP data, the per capita emissions from diffuse sources seem to be low. In addition it should be noted that the ranking of Member States (low and high per capita emissions) with respect to diffuse sources is just contrary to the results based on all source sectors.

109 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D HCB emissions to air Based on available data about 9,000 kg of HCB are emitted annually into air in the EU. Reported and calculated emission totals from National Emission Inventories EMEP correspond well as concerns HCB emissions and contrast remarkably to the low emission total (76 kg) reported for large industrial point sources under EPER. On the other hand high HCB releases have been compiled from existing data for diffuse source sectors, fitting well to the other two reported totals according to the equation (diffuse sources + EPER = EMEP CORINAIR). This suggests that HCB emissions in the EU are largely caused by diffuse small emission sources. Compared to the HCB releases to water of 22.5 kg/y reported under EU-EPER the emissions into air of 76 kg/y documented for the same period suggest that the emissions into air represent about 2/3 (77%) of the HCB releases from large point sources into the environment. National emission inventories On the basis of the 23 Member States reports provided by now, it can be stated that reported annual totals generally correspond well with the figures compiled in EMEP (see Annex 3). EMEP WebDab For 2006 a total of 8,663 kg/y of HCB were reported to EMEP for the EU. This information is based on reporting from 20 EU Member States. There are no figures for Denmark, Greece, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal and the Netherlands. Total emission of HCB in EU countries (2006) 8.000, , , , , , , ,00 0,00 ES UK BE AT FI BG FR PL HU CZ SK DE RO LV SI CY EE IE IT SE MT NL Figure 4-11: EU total annual emissions of HCB (Source: EMEP WebDab 2006) As illustrated in Figure 4-11, the overall release is basically contributed from two Member States, whereas all other reported only minimal amounts. The largest share is released by Spain (88%). In addition emissions above 500 kg/y have been reported by UK (9%), 18 further EU MS reported values below 50 kg/y with LV, SI, CY, EE, IE, IT and SE reporting very low amounts of <1 kg/y.

110 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 97 In the following table a more differentiated illustration of the emissions in Member States with comparably low annual totals for HCB 50 is provided. Based on this illustration it can be concluded that also in this group of countries reported emissions vary considerably. Total emission of HCB in EU countries (2006) BE AT FI BG FR PL HU CZ SK DE RO LV SI CY EE IE IT SE MT NL Figure 4-12: Detailed overview on annual HCB emissions in low emitting MS (Source: EMEP WebDab 2006) 7 Member States (DK, GR, LT, LU, MT, NL and PT) did not report HCB data to EMEP in any of the reporting years. A detailed compilation of data is presented in Annex 4, Table 4.1. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country. Per capita average Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission MS with lowest per capita emission HCB mg/y ES, UK IT, SE, IE, DE Table 4-11: Summary of HCB per capita emissions to air in the EU (EMEP WebDab) 50 BE, AT, FI, BG, FR, PL, HU, CZ, SK, DE, RO, LV, SI, CY, EE, IE, IT, SE

111 kg/y kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 98 EMEP MSC-E calculations According to the data as calculated by EMEP MSC-E a total amount of 9,310 kg has been emitted from EU Member States in For MT no data was available. 8,000 Total emissions of HCB in the European Union (2006) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 ES UK LT GR PT DK NL BE FI AT BG FR PL HU CZ SK DE RO LU LV SI EE CY IE SE IT Figure 4-13: Annual emissions of HCB in the EU (Source: EMEP MSC-E) In the following a more detailed illustration of annual HCB emissions in the Member States with lower emissions is presented Total emissions of HCB in the European Union (2006) - without ES and UK LT GR PT DK NL BE FI AT BG FR PL HU CZ SK DE RO LU LV SI EE CY IE SE IT Figure 4-14: Annual emissions of HCB in low emitting MS (Source: EMEP MSC-E)

112 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 99 Share of MS to HCB emissions in % 9% others UK ES 81% Figure 4-15: Share of EU-MS to HCB emissions in the EU (Source: EMEP MSC-E) As illustrated in Figure 4-13 and Figure 4-15 relative high emissions have been calculated for Spain, dominating the other MS and holding a share of 81 % of the total European emissions on HCB in The United Kingdom has also been attributed higher HCB emissions (9 % of total emissions). 14 MS are attributed HCB emissions below 10 kg/y. It has to be taken into account, that the Member States Lithuania, Greece, Portugal, Denmark and the Netherlands which have not been covered in the WebDab have been allocated position 3 to 7 in the emission ranking and thus contribute the main part of the others category in Figure The additional emission amounts of these five countries mainly account for the difference in the WebDab versus MSC-E results. A detailed compilation of data is provided in Annex 5, Table 5.1. Unlike in 2005, there have been no differences in figures between MSC-E calculations and data reported by Member States in Article 12 reports. Note: Whereas in general data reported by Member States in Article 12 reports and NIPs are consistent with MSC-E estimations, the figure estimated by EMEP MSC-E for Italy for 2005 (0.02 kg) is 1000 times lower, than the figure reported by Italy in its Article 12 report (24 kg). A clarification of the difference would be needed. On the other hand Lithuania is attributed an emission of 176 kg/y in MSC-E calculations whereas there is no figure for HCB emissions (NA) in the Lithuanian Article 12 report. (see Annex 8). This has an important impact on the overall emissions, because LT is currently listed as major emitter. Data reported via NIPs from Bulgaria (50 kg) suggest that emissions are underestimated somewhat in MSC-E calculations. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country.

113 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 100 Per capita average Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission MS with lowest per capita emission HCB 19.0 mg/y ES, (LT, DK, GR, PT, UK) IT, SE, IE, DE Table 4-12: Summary of per capita emissions to air in EU (EMEP MSC_E) The results for per capita calculation based on MSC-E data correspond well to the data derived from EPER WebDab. Differences with respect to the ranking of high emitting Member States are only due to the inclusion of additional countries, which did not report to WebDab itself (Lithuania, Denmark, Greece, Portugal). EU-EPER The total amount of IPPC point source releases of HCB into air as reported to EU EPER for 2004 are 76 kg/y. But is shall be noted that this figure is based on reporting from only four MS (PT, BE, FI, ES) and includes only 3 industrial activities as well as one facility per country only. As illustrated in Figure 4-16, the countries contribute at comparable shares to the overall reported emission in the EU. New Member States (EU 10) did not report any HCB emissions to EU-EPER. Figure 4-16: HCB emissions into air from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) A detailed compilation of data is provided in Annex 6. This includes presentation by MS (Table 6.10) and by activities (Table 6.11). E-PRTR on diffuse sources Data for HCB emissions from diffuse sources are available for 8 Member States only. On this basis a total annual emission of about 6,000 kg/y has been calculated for the EU. As illustrated in Figure 4-17 this amount is absolutely dominated by the reported figure from

114 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 101 Spain (5,600 kg/y) which alone contributes 95 % to the total amount. The second largest share (about 5%) is provided by the UK (271 kg/y). Austria reported HCB emissions to air of 42 kg and France of 8 kg for The other 4 Member States reported only marginal amounts (below 1 kg). 6, % Emissions of HCB from diffuse sources (2003) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 below 1 % 5 % ES UK AT FR EE PL HU SE country Figure 4-17: HCB emissions from diffuses sources to air (pilot E-PRTR on diffuse sources) The absolute numbers and the share of each MS are listed in detail in Annex 7, Table 7.2. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation based on population figures for 2005 has been performed. Main contributing sector Per capita average of all countries Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission MS with lowest per capita emission HCB Agriculture mg mg ES PL, SE, HU Table 4-13: Summary on HCB per capita emissions into air from diffuse sources The data suggest that the mean per capita emissions from diffuse sources into air for POPs are notably higher than those calculated for all source sectors. The range of emissions is somewhat smaller than for complete range of emission sources. The high per capita emission from Spain is comparable with the results based on EMEP WebDab, but in the group of low per capita emissions Poland and Hungary are replaced by other countries if based on reported data for all source categories (see Table 4-13). Spain shows the highest per capita releases from agriculture which might be both due to the relative high relevance of agriculture in Spanish economy and due to extensive use of pesticides. It has to be emphasised again, that this interpretation is done on the basis of publicly accessible data for release from diffuse sources, which can be very different between Member States, and that other factors besides population have also to be taken into consideration for a full interpretation. The results therefore need to be read with reservation. A low value for a Member State does not automatically mean that the release in reality is low.

115 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D PCB emissions to air The information basis for PCB release into air in the EU is fairly limited. Information can only be derived from National Emission Inventories and EMEP. Nevertheless a first provisory differentiation into contribution from diffuse and point source sectors can be made, which however, suffer from lack of reliable data. According to the available data reported, overall emissions in the range of 5,100 kg/y are opposed by emissions of about 100 kg/y attributable to diffuse sources. This corresponds to 2% of the reported total. The estimated overall emissions including all 27 EU Member States correspond to about 1.4 times the reported figures. Due to lack of data in the investigated data sources a comparison with releases to water and land are not possible and conclusions on the importance of different release pathways can not be made. National emission inventories Based on the reporting of 23 Member States it can be stated that reported annual totals generally correspond well with the figures compiled in EMEP, provided PCB data are provided at all (see Annex 3). EMEP WebDab About 5,100 kg of PCB were reported in EMEP WebDab in the EU for This figure is based on reporting by 17 EU Member States. 2, Total emission of PCB in EU countries (2006) 2, , , PL PT UK BG FI CZ SI EE SK CY LT FR DE LV RO IT SE ES MT Figure 4-18: Annual PCB emissions in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP WebDab) As indicated in Figure 4-18 Poland contributes to this figure with a share of 45%. Beside Poland, especially Portugal and the UK reported a significant amount of PCB emissions exceeding one ton per year; these three countries together add up to 85% of the total

116 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 103 emissions in the reporting EU Member States. Out of the other 14 reporting countries, 12 contribute annual PCB emissions of below 100 kg each. A more detailed presentation of emissions from countries with relatively low annual totals are provided below Total emission of PCB in EU countries (2006) Figure 4-19: 0.00 BG FI CZ SI EE SK CY LT FR DE LV RO IT SE ES MT Detailed overview on emissions in low emitting MS (except PL, UK, BG) (Source: EMEP WebDab) The detailed compilation of data is presented in Annex 4, Table 4.1. Note: According to the Romanian NIP, PCB emissions accounted for 214 kg/y which correspond to a factor of 20 in relation to the figure reported in EMEP WebDab (1.95 kg/y) for the same year. However this has been corrected in the Article 12 report. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of emissions gives a clearer picture on the relative importance of the emissions in a country. Per capita average Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission MS with lowest per capita emission PCB mg/y mg/y PT, PL IT, SE, RO Table 4-14: Range of per capita emissions of PCB in the EU in 2006 (Source: EMEP WebDab) EU-EPER Under EU-EPER no reporting is carried out for PCB.

117 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 104 PRTR on diffuse sources PCB emissions from diffuse sources were reported with a total amount of about 100 kg/y. This figure is based on reporting from 8 EU Member States. As documented in Figure 4-20 the total amount is dominated by reporting from Slovenia which via the category solvent use contributes with 60 % to the reported emissions from diffuse sources. France contributes 16 % to the overall figure. Smaller amounts of HCB released into air from diffuse sources have been reported by Latvia, the UK, Estonia, Poland, Hungary and Sweden for the source sectors shipping (FR, SE), agriculture (EE, FR, LT, UK) and small consumer fuel combustion (EE, FR, HU, LT, PL, UK). Whether the figure for solvent use provided by Slovenia is associated to the accidental historical spilling of PCB from a production site or related to remaining PCB containing equipment would have to be clarified % Emissions of PCB from diffuse sources (2003) Figure 4-20: 16 % 7 % 6 % 6 % SI FR LT UK EE PL HU SE country PCB emissions from diffuse sources to air (Source: Pilot PRTR on diffuse sources). 3 % below 1 % A detailed compilation of data is provided in Annex 7, Table 7.2. As MS show differences in size and population density, a short per capita evaluation of releases has been performed, based on population figures for PCB Main contributing sector Small consumer fuel combustion Per capita average of all countries Per capita range MS with highest per capita emission MS with lowest per capita emission 0,50 mg mg SI, EE, LT SE, PL, HU Table 4-15: Summary on PCB per capita emissions from diffuse sources into air Compared to the EMEP figures PCB emissions from diffuse sources seem to be low. The allocation of MS to low and high per capita emissions is reverse for Poland.

118 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Current releases to water Information on POP releases into water within the European Union is less available than information on emissions into air. Data is principally available in National emission inventories (NEI) and as concerns large point sources in EU-EPER. But based on the information provided via Article 12 reports National Emission Inventories generally do not contain information on releases to water (see chapter 4.2.2). The EU-EPER database contains a distinction between direct and indirect releases into water. Information in this data base is mostly restricted to PAH. Data for HCB are highly limited. No data have been reported to EPER for PCDD/PCDF. PCB was not included in the reporting regime under the IPPC Directive. Thus, as no other information source is available, POP releases to water so far can only be summarised for large industrial point sources subject to the IPPC Directive. More information shall be available with the implementation of the PRTR Regulation and the first E-PRTR PAH releases to water According to EU-EPER data overall almost 50 t/y of PAH (20.7 t/y direct, t/y indirect) were released to water in the EU in Compared to the 1,390 t/y reported for the same period as emissions into air, releases to water seem to represent a less important pathway (roughly 3%) for PAH emissions into the environment. EU EPER 20.7 t/y of direct PAH releases into water from large point sources have been reported to EPER in This information is based on reporting from 43 facilities from 11 different industrial activities in 11 EU Member States. Figure 4-21: Direct PAH releases to water from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) As illustrated in Figure 4-21 the major share to the overall releases is contributed by Poland

119 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 106 (54 %). Italy and Portugal both contribute with about 16 %, Spain with almost 7%. All other countries reported low PAH releases. A detailed compilation of releases by MS and industrial activity is presented in Annex 6 (Tables 6.4 and 6.5). In addition indirect PAH releases to water, of t/y, were reported for This information is based on reporting from 20 facilities pertaining to 8 different industrial activities. The main contributing country is again Poland (88 %). 6 other Member States (DE, CZ, NL, ES, FI, UK) reported smaller amounts. A detailed compilation of releases by MS and industrial activity is presented in Annex 6 (Tables 6.6 and 6.7). Figure 4-22: Indirect PAH releases to water from IPPC sources (EU-EPER 2004) PCDD/PCDF releases to water As concerns information on PCDD/PCDF releases to water in Article 12 reports, only Lithuania has provided data. As this does not allow any conclusion at EU level, an evaluation is not performed. EU-EPER Based on the data reported to EU-EPER there are no PCDD/PCDF releases to water HCB releases to water Based on Article 12 reporting from 20 MS information on HCB release to water is only contained in the Italian emission inventory. EU-EPER The total amount of direct IPPC point source releases of HCB into water as reported to EU EPER for 2004 are 15 kg/y. This figure is based on seven facilities (3 DE, 2 IT, 1 each other country) from four industrial activities. EU-10 Member States did not report HCB releases into water.

120 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 107 The overall release is mainly attributable to Germany and Italy. The UK and Sweden contribute smaller shares (see Figure 4-23). A detailed compilation of releases by MS and industrial activity is presented in Annex 6 (Tables 6.12 and 6.13). Fehler! Figure 4-23: Direct HCB releases to water from IPPC source (EU-EPER 2004) Indirect HCB releases into water were only reported from the Czech Republic for one facility for the production of basic organic chemicals. The reported annual release is 7.5 kg/y. A detailed compilation of data by Member State and industrial activity is provided in Annex 6, Tables 6.14 and 6.15) PCB releases to water In available data sources there is no information on PCB related to water. EU-EPER Under EU-EPER no reporting is carried out for PCB.

121 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Current releases to land Data on POP releases to land up to now are extremely scarce. Except for PCDD/PCDF not any information has been provided via the Article 12 reporting PCDD/PCDF releases to land As concerns information on PCDD/PCDF releases to land in National emission inventories, data (national total) were only provided from Cyprus, Lithuania and Slovenia. As this does not allow any conclusion at EU level an evaluation is not performed.

122 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Time trends for emissions to air Time trends of emissions to air in the EU can be derived from the EMEP CORINAIR emission inventories (WebDab and MSC-E calculations) as well as from the two EPER reporting cycles. The EMEP WebDab and the MSC-E calculations contain data over the last decades for all four POPs principally covering all EU Member States (MS 27). Data availability for EMEP WebDab though is rather incomplete especially for the new MS. Therefore data from EMEP WebDab especially have to be read carefully, taking into account that 2006 considerably more MS were reporting. The EPER data base contains data for PAHs and PCDD/PCDF only, covering EU-15 MS in the reporting cycle 2001 and EU-25 MS in the reporting for As illustrated in Table 4-16 EMEP calculations based on officially submitted data document a general decrease in POP emissions within the EU, which is especially strong for PCDD/PCDF (factor 3.6) while the PAH and HCB emissions decreased by factors of 1.5 each. As concerns the EPER data a comparison can only by made at facility level as presented in the EPER review report 2004, because overall figures for the two reporting cycles would be heavily confounded by changes in number an type of reporting facilities and the inclusion of data from the new Member states. This comparison shows a decrease for PCDD/PCDF of 22% which corresponds not badly with the EMEP data; but in contrary to EMEP evaluations results in an increase for PAH emissions. The underlying reasons will have to be clarified. EMEP MSC-E calculation PAH 1,309 t/y 871 t/y PCDD/PCDF 9,316 g/y 2,566 g/y HCB 14,090 kg/y 9,310 kg/y EU-EPER PAH t/y t/y PCDD/PCDF 1,120 g/y 730 g/y Table 4-16: Time trend for POP emissions on EU level With respect to EMEP WebDab a direct comparison of data is not possible due to lack of data for new Member States in 1990 and general differences in reporting intensity for the two years. If the comparison is restricted to the MS reporting in both years, it results in a slight decrease of emissions for all the POPs in question. PCB decreased strongest by almost a factor of five (5,000 to 1,100 kg/y). PCDD/PCDF emissions reduced from 3,800 g TEQ/y to 1,100 g TEQ/y. The resulting decline of PAH (1,800 1,300 t/y) and HCB emission (9,570 8,570 kg/y) is less significant.

123 t/y /2007/465073/MAR/D Time trends for PAH EMEP MSC-E calculations As illustrated in Figure 4-24, the calculated overall PAH emissions at European scale decreased from 1,309 t/y in 1990 to 871 t/y in PAH emissions in the European Union ,400 1,200 1, Figure 4-24: Time trend for PAH emissions into air (source: EMEP MSC-E calculations) For about half of the EU Member States (13 countries) the value of PAH remained more or less stable between 1990 and 2006, with an increase in the early 90ies followed by a constant decrease in the following years in Poland. For another 9 MS, only slight decreases can be observed. On the other hand a tremendous decrease for PAH can be reported for UK (219 t/y in 1990 to 11 t/y in 2006) and is explaining to a large extent the all over decrease within EU 27. For Italy and Latvia reported data result even in slight increases of emissions. (See Annex 5, Table 5.2 and Figure 5.1), Denmark shows an increase of more than 100 % between 1990 and 2006, however starting with a low level of 6.7 t/y rising to 13.6 t/y. The complete data set, containing the data for each MS from 1990 to 2006, the total emission in the EU and the total emission in Europe (including all other European countries), is documented in Annex 5, Tables 5.2, 5.7, 5.8 and 5.9. The PAH emissions for this report have been calculated from the specific data for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F and I_P (see Tables 5.3 to 5.6). EMEP WebDab EMEP WebDab principally contains PAH data since But reporting in part is very incomplete, so that a comparison with later years would suffer from strong confounding factors and would not allow conclusions. On the other hand a sufficient time period should be covered for the derivation of a time trend. Thus the illustration of a time trend based on data from EMEP WebDab in this report is based on the years 1995 and 2006 and restricted to

124 t/y t/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 111 Member States with reporting in both years. According to these data the overall PAH emissions decreased from 1,819 t in 1995 to 1,291 tons in PAH emissions 1995 and NL BE ES IT UK DE FR LV FI SE EE AT DK Figure 4-25: Trend for PAH emissions into air in selected MS; Source: EMEP-WebDab A more detailed presentation of emission trends in Member States with lower reported values is provided in Figure PAH emissions 1995 and BE ES IT UK DE FR LV FI SE EE AT DK Figure 4-26 : Detailed trend for PAH emissions into air in selected Member States with lower emission totals (i. e. without NL); Source: EMEP-WebDab As shown in Figure 4-26, PAH emissions decreased for the majority of the countries where a comparison based on this data is possible. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom show the strongest decreases, while for France, Estonia and Finland slighter decreases are shown for the last 10 years. Belgium, Spain, Austria and Latvia have more or less stable figures,

125 t/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 112 while for Italy, Germany, Sweden and Denmark slightly increasing values are documented. The complete set of data and absolute figures is provided in Annex II,4.7. EU-EPER Data compiled in the EPER data base suggest that the annual total releases of PAH to air in the European Union increased by a factor of 10 from 131 t in 2001 to 1,391 t in It has to be taken into account that these figures do not represent a real trend but are a caused and strongly confounded by changes in reported facilities, increased completeness of data and inclusion of additional countries (New MS). In this context it should be noted that the strong increase in absolute figures is mainly due to the amount of PAH reported by Poland, which alone accounts for 85 % of the European PAH emissions from large point sources reported in 2004 (1,186 t). 80% of the Polish contribution can be attributed to one single slaughterhouse facility. Comparably small amounts of PAH were reported in 2004 by four other new MS. Concerning the EU-15 MS involved in both reporting cycles, some overall increase from tons in 2001 to 194 tons in 2004 can be observed which however, does not reflect the situation in all countries involved. (See Annex 6.5) A fundamental increase of PAH emissions was reported by NL (factor of about 1,000). This is due to one facility manufacturing carbon graphite. Also 4 other Member States (PT, SE, BE, ES) reported higher figures for 2004, while for other MS (DE, UK, IT and FR) the reported emissions in part significantly decreased (see Figure 4-27). A detailed compilation of data is presented in Annex 6.5. PAH emissions released into air 2001 and NL AT PT FI DE SE BE UK ES IT FR Figure 4-27: Time trend for PAH emissions into air in MS included in both reporting EPER cycles An increase by 13.2 % (from t/y in 2001 to t/y in 2004) can be observed according to the EPER review report 2004, if a direct comparison of emissions is made, at facility level (facilities included in both reporting cycles).

126 g I-TEQ /2007/465073/MAR/D1 113 A detailed compilation of data by Member States and industrial activity is listed in Annex 6, Tables 6.2 and Time trends for PCDD/PCDF EMEP MSC-E calculations As illustrated in Figure 4-28 the calculated the annual emissions of PCDD/PCDF steadily decreased from about 9,300 g/y in 1990 to 2,600 g/y in PCDD/PCDF emissions in the European Union from Figure 4-28: Time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions into air (source: EMEP MSC-E calculations) This trend is based on the development in the majority of countries (21 MS), which are attributed significantly decreasing PCDD/PCDF emissions from 1990 to Increasing values are only reported for Romania, Latvia and Lithuania, with Latvia and Lithuania both reporting very low level PCDD/PCDF emissions in general. More or less stable emissions over the last 15 years are documented for Cyprus, Ireland, Spain and Poland (see also Annex II,5, Figure 5-7). It should be noted that the emission trend for Cyprus and Finland calculated in EMEP MSC- E, does not correspond to the trend given in EMEP WebDab. Reasons for this might have to be clarified. In addition it has to be taken into account that according to National reporting of the Member States (via NIP) the time trend contains an underestimation of the figures for Romania (factor 10 for 1990 and factor 2 for 2001) and Cyprus (factor 2). As the amounts are not very high, the overall trend does not change considerably. The complete data set containing the data for each MS and the total emission in the EU is presented in Annex 5, Table 5.7. EMEP WebDab EMEP WebDab principally contains PCDD/PCDF data since But reporting in part is very incomplete, so that a comparison with later years would suffer from strong confounding factors and would not allow conclusions. On the other hand a sufficient time period should be

127 g TEQ/y g TEQ/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 114 covered for the derivation of a time trend. Thus the illustration of a time trend based on data from EMEP WebDab in this report is based on the years 1995 and 2006 and restricted to Member States with reporting in both years. Due to data availability this comparison is largely restricted to the old EU MS. According to these data the overall PCDD/PCDF emissions decreased from 3,820 g TEQ in 1995 to 1,102 g TEQ in As illustrated in Figure 4-29 over the last 11 years only Latvia and Germany reported slightly increasing emissions. Reporting from all other MS is showing a decrease of emissions. This decrease is especially strong for FR, UK and BE (decrease rates between 72 and 93 %). PCDD/PCDF emissions 1995 and FR UK IT BE ES DE NL AT DK SE FI LV CY EE Figure 4-29: Time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions into air in selected MS (EMEP WebDab) A more detailed presentation of emission trends in Member States with lower reported values is provided in Figure PCDD/PCDF emissions 1995 and IT BE ES DE NL AT DK SE FI LV CY EE Figure 4-30: Detailed time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions in selected low emitting MS (EMEP WebDab)

128 gteq/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 115 EU-EPER The total amount of PCDD/PCDF emissions into air reported to the European EPER suggests a slight increase of emissions from 735 g/y in 2001 to 1,122 g/y in But this does not correspond to a real trend but is caused and strongly confounded by changes in reported facilities, and inclusion of additional countries. The overall emissions are mainly due to reporting of Poland and the Czech Republic. The releases from these two countries account together for more than 50% of the PCDD/PCDF emissions into air as calculated in the EPER database. If a comparison is made at national level for the countries reporting in both cycles, an overall decrease from g TEQ in 2001 to 626 g TEQ in 2004 can be observed. However, both increases and decreases of figures reported at national level can be observed. As illustrated in Figure 4-31 AT, SE, UK, DE and FR reported an increase of emissions, while the emissions reported from IT, ES and BE decreased in part significantly. A detailed compilation of data is presented in Annex 6.5. PCDD/PCDF emissions to air 2001 and IT FR ES DE BE UK PT SE AT Figure 4-31: Time trend for PCDD/PCDF emissions into air in MS included in both reporting EPER cycles A clear decrease of emissions by 22.5 % (from 0.35 kg/y in 2001 to 0.27 kg/y in 2004) can be observed according to the EPER review report 2004, if a direct comparison of emissions is made, at facility level (facilities included in both reporting cycles). Note: It is remarkable that the reported emissions for 2001 to 2004 from the United Kingdom and Belgium are lower than those for Germany, whereas the situation is the opposite (much higher emissions for UK and BE) when taking into consideration the EMEP data. A detailed compilation of data by Member States and industrial activity are listed in Annex 6, Tables 6.8 and 6.9.

129 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D Time trends for HCB The evaluation of a time trend for HCB has to be exclusively based on EMEP data as the reporting to EPER is too limited to draw conclusions. EMEP data document an overall decline; but this is not consistent throughout Member States and the limited amount of original reporting data probably results in a relatively high uncertainty of the figures. EMEP MSC-E calculations According to EMEP MSC-E calculation the HCB emissions in the EU declined from 10,900 kg in 1990 to about 9,300 kg in 2006, with a minimum of 6,800 in 1995 and a slight increase in the following ten years (see Figure 4-32). 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 Total emission on HCB in the European Union from ,000 6,000 4,000 2, Figure 4-32: Time trend for HCB emissions into air in the EU from (source: EMEP MSC-E calculations) This trend is dominated by the development of Spain which decreased until 1995 and increased again since then and in 2006 amounted to more than 80 % of the HCB emissions (see also Figure 4-13); the decrease in the first half of the 1990s is also due to the distinct development in France and the United Kingdom. The majority of the other countries reported decreasing or stable values since 1990 (with the exception of Belgium, Luxembourg and Latvia showing an increasing trend), but due to their low initial level these contributions are negligible for the total figures. The complete data set is available in Annex II,5, Table 5.8 comprising data for each MS and the total emission in the EU. EMEP WebDab EMEP WebDab principally contains HCB data since But reporting in part is very incomplete, so that a comparison with later years would suffer from strong confounding factors and would not allow conclusions. On the other hand a sufficient time period should be covered for the derivation of a time trend. Thus the illustration of a time trend based on data from EMEP WebDab in this report is based on the years 1995 and 2006 and restricted to the 10 Member States with reporting in both years. Based on these data the overall releases

130 kg/y kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 117 slightly decreased from 9,569 kg in 1995 to 8,572 kg in As illustrated in Figure 4-33 a consistent trend can not be derived from the data as an important increase for Spain is opposed by a strong decrease recorded for the UK. All other MS reported comparable small amounts with slightly decreasing or increasing tendency (see also Annex 4, Table 4.1). HCB emissions 1995 and ES UK FR AT BE DE LV CY EE SE Figure 4-33: Time trend for HCB emissions into air in selected MS (EMEP WebDab) A more detailed presentation of emission trends in Member States with lower reported values is provided in Figure HCB emissions 1995 and FR AT BE DE LV CY EE SE Figure 4-34: Detailed time trend for HCB emissions into air in selected Member States with lower emission totals (Source: EMEP WebDab)

131 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D Time trends for PCB Time trends for PCB have to be exclusively based on EMEP WebDab data as EPER and MSC-E calculations do not contain PCB. EMEP WebDab EMEP WebDab principally contains PCB data since However, reporting in part is very incomplete, so that a comparison with later years would suffer from strong confounding factors and would not allow conclusions. On the other hand a sufficient time period should be covered for the derivation of a time trend. Thus the illustration of a time trend based on data from EMEP WebDab in this report is based on the years 1995 and 2006 and restricted to Member States with reporting in both years. In this context a strong decrease of reported releases (5,007 kg/y in 1995 to 1,098 kg/y in 2006) has to be noted. As illustrated in Figure 4-35 the comparison has to be based on only six Member States due to scarce reporting for this pollutant in both years. Furthermore the overall decrease is largely due to the tremendous decrease of reported for the UK (from 4,891 kg/y to 1,003 kg/y), whereas only slightly decreasing values have been reported from Estonia, France, Latvia and stable or even minimum increasing values for Germany and Sweden. A detailed compilation of available data is contained in Annex 4.7. PCB emissions 1995 and UK EE FR DE LV SE Figure 4-35: Time trend for PCB emissions into air in selected MS (EMEP WebDab) A more detailed presentation of emission trends in Member States with lower reported values is provided in Figure 4-36.

132 kg/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 119 PCB emissions 1995 and EE FR DE LV SE Figure 4-36: Detailed time trend for PCB emissions into air in 1995 and 2006 in selected Member States with lower emission totals (Source: EMEP WebDab) 4.7 Time trends for releases to water The information basis with respect to POP releases into water is scarce even more as it concerns the derivation of time trends. The estimation of a time trend can be only realized for PAH and HCB on the basis of EU-EPER reporting. For PCDD/PCDF no releases are reported to water under EU-EPER and PCB is not content of the EU-EPER reporting scheme Time trends for PAH EU-EPER According to the data compiled in the EPER data base the annual direct PAH releases to water in the European Union seem to have increased from 12.6 t/y in 2001 to 20.7 t/y in It has to be taken into account that these figures do not represent reality but are related to and confounded by changes in reported facilities, increased completeness of data and inclusion of additional countries. The strong increase is mainly due to the reported amount for Poland, which alone accounts for 54 % of the total releases in A comparable picture can be drawn for indirect PAH releases to water where total releases doubled from 13 t/y in 2001 to 29 t/y in Again the strong increase in absolute figures is mainly due to the amount reported by Poland, which accounts for 88 % of the total releases reported. To limit such confounding effects, an estimation of a time trend can only be made for EU Member States participating in both reporting cycles. Based on these data releases decreased from 12.6 kg in 1995 to 9.41 kg in 2004 (see Annex 6.5) As illustrated in Figure 4-37 this results in an inconsistent picture. With respect to direct releases Italy, France and Spain show a decrease in reported releases, whereas the data for Portugal suggest a strong increase. For all other reporting MS the emissions reported were stable or rather increased. A detailed compilation of data is presented in Annex 6.5.

133 t/y /2007/465073/MAR/D1 120 Figure 4-37: Time trends for direct PAH releases into water in MS included in both reporting cycles (source: EU-EPER) For indirect PAH releases the overall figure for countries participating in both reporting cycles shows a decrease from 13.7 kg in 2001 to 2.6 kg in This does not reflect the situation in all five countries, but is mainly an effect of the figures reported by Portugal. Germany and the Netherlands reported significant increases, while the figures for Spain document a slight decrease (Figure 4-38). A detailed compilation of data is presented in Annex 6.5. Indirect PAH releases into water PT ES NL DE Figure 4-38: Time trend for indirect PAH releases to water in MS included in both reporting cycles (source: EU-EPER) A clear decrease by 27 % (from 12.8 t/y in 2001 to 9.4 t/y in 2004) can be observed for direct PAH releases to water according to the EPER review report 2004, if a direct comparison of emissions is made, at facility level (facilities included in both reporting cycles). On the other hand a dramatic increase by 186 % (0.4 t/y in 2001 to 1 t/y in 2004) has been noted in the same report for the indirect PAH releases to water. A detailed compilation of releases by MS and industrial activity is presented in Annex 6 (Tables 6.4 to 6.7).

134 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Time trends for HCB EU-EPER The total direct releases of HCB into water in the European Union remained stable from 2001 to 2004 (about 15 kg/y) according to overall figures compiled in the EPER data base. This corresponds to stable release figures for the UK and Germany which reported in both reporting cycles. Four other Member States (FR, BE, SE, IT) did only report for either 2001 or A clear decrease by 57 % (from 7 kg/y in 2001 to 3 kg/y in 2004) however, has been noted in the EPER review report 2004, at facility level. For indirect releases a time trend can not be derived due to lack of data for A detailed compilation of releases by MS and industrial activity is presented in Annex 6 (Tables 6.12 to 6.15). 4.8 Major sources for emissions to air Source related information on POP emissions to air can be derived from the EMEP WebDab and EU-EPER. In addition the EPER data have been used in this report to provide information on changes in source pattern, and relative importance of individual source types over time Major sources for PAH EMEP WebDab According to Member State reporting to EMEP WebDab 2006, Commercial, residential and other stationary combustion (NFR N02 03) is the dominating source (36 %) for PAH releases in the EU in Industrial processes (NFR N02 05) (17 %), transport below 1000m (NFR N02 02a) (16 %) and solvent and other product use (NFR N02 06) (14 %) further contribute with shares above 10 %, whereas all other source sectors amount with smaller fractions to the remaining 17 % (see Figure 4-39).

135 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 122 Share of sectors to total PAH emission % 2% 6% Combustion in pow er plants and industry Transport above 1000 m 14% 16% Transport below 1000 m Commercial, Residential and other stationary combustion Fugitive Emisions from Fuel Industrial Processes Solvent and other Product use 17% Agriculture 3% 36% Waste Natural Figure 4-39: Sectoral share of PAH emission to air in the EU 27 in 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) The relative shares of commercial, residential and other stationary combustion and the other sectors vary from one EU Member State to another, although in most of the countries commercial, residential and other stationary combustion is the main contributing sector, except in: Belgium, Bulgaria: Transport below 1000 m (BE: 36 %; BG: 52 %) The Netherlands: Solvent and other product use (46 %). Portugal: Combustion in power plants and industry (64 %) Spain: Agriculture (44 %) Sweden: Industrial processes (44 %) United Kingdom: Natural (61 %) All absolute numbers are compiled in detail in Annex 4, Table 4.3. Note: An evaluation of EPER data results in a different ranking of sources. This would be consistent with the observation, that smaller combustion sources might contribute with a significant share to PAH emissions. EU-EPER Sources of PAH emissions according to EU-EPER differ so significantly between new and old Member States that a joint evaluation does not seem to be reasonable. Consequently, a separate evaluation for old Member States is performed in the first place. In the group of EU-15 ( old ) Member States 194 t/y of PAH releases were reported (total 1,391t/y). These mainly originated from the metal industry (42 %) and installations for the

136 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 123 production of carbon graphite (38 %). As concerns changes in source pattern from 2001 to 2004 the following can be stated: The metal industry remains the main polluter (42 % in 2001; 45 % in 2004). Installations for the production of carbon graphite increased from under 3 % in 2001 to 38 % in The share of basic organic chemicals production decreased from 25 % in 2001 to 4 % in Emissions from mineral oil gas refineries decreased from 6 % in 2001 to 3% in PAH emissions from installations for the production of cement clinker, lime, glass, mineral substances and ceramic products decreased from 6 % in 2001 to below 3 % in Reported PAH emissions from installations for surface treatment or products using organic solvents decreased from 15 % in 2001 to fewer than 2 % in Coke ovens and inorganic chemicals or fertiliser production remained minor sources (both years about or below 1 %). Installations for the disposal and recovery of hazardous or municipal waste were a marginal source both in 2001 (below 1 %) and in 2004 (below 3 %). An illustration of the changes is provided in Figure EU 15 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-40: Changes in sector contribution to industrial PAH emission to air in EU 15 (source: EU-EPER) If the reporting of the new EU-10 MS (especially the data from Poland) is taken into account, the source pattern changes tremendously, because new Member states contribute 86% of the overall emissions.

137 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 124 EU25 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-41: PAH emission to air by industrial sector for EU 25 (2004) and EU 15 (2001) (source: EU-EPER) As illustrated in Figure 4-41 : Slaughterhouses turn into the main source with 69 % of the total (dominated by releases from one facility in Poland). The share of coke ovens increases from 0.43% to 3%. (Again Poland contributes to more than half of the releases with one facility). The share of the metal industry decreases from 44% to 14.96% although the total figure has risen by a factor of five. (59 % of the overall releases from this source are reported from EU-10 MS. Again Poland contributes a major share of 40 % from four specific facilities). Although the total share of the production of cement clinker etc., organic chemicals and surface treatment remains negligible, EU-10 releases from these sectors are high compared to EU-15 emissions. There are no EU-10 MS reports on installations for the production of carbon or graphite and two other activities where low amounts have been reported by EU-15 MS for the same year. A detailed compilation of data by industrial activities is presented in Annex 6, Table 6.2. E-PRTR on diffuse sources Concerning PAH releases from diffuse sources (680 t/y), solvent use (35 %), road transport (29 %) and small consumer fuel combustion (27 %) are the relevant release sectors on a EU 25 scale. Smaller amounts of PAH are released by agriculture (6 %), roofing and road paving with asphalt (2 %) and shipping (1 %). A detailed compilation by MS and activity is provided in Annex 7, Table 7.3.

138 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Major sources for PCDD/PCDF EMEP WebDab According to Member State reporting to EMEP WebDab 2006, combustion processes such as combustion in power plants and industry (NFR N02 01) and commercial, residential and other stationary combustion (NFR N02 03), besides waste (NFR N02 08) are the main contributors to the overall emission of PCDD/PCDF on EU scale: Share of sectors to total PCCD/PCDF emission % 3% Combustion in pow er plants and industry Transport above 1000 m 2% 1% 35% Transport below 1000 m Commercial, Residential and other stationary combustion Fugitive Emisions from Fuel Industrial Processes Solvent and other Product use Agriculture 14% 1% 20% 3% Waste Natural Figure 4-42: Sectoral share of PCDD/PCDF emission to air in the EU 27 in 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) As illustrated in Figure 4-42: The sector combustion in power plants and industry is contributing 35 % Commercial, residential and other stationary combustion covers 20 % The sector waste (21 %) and industrial processes (14 %) are other considerable source sectors. All other sectors provide shares between 1 and 3 %, except of transport above 1000 m, for which no PCDD/PCDF emissions are reported. The following specifications can be made as concerns national characteristics and contributions: The reported emissions for the waste sector are dominated by PL and UK (together 61 % of the emissions for this sector). For the sector combustion in power plants and industry the dominating countries are IT, BG, RO, CZ and ES (together 64 % of the emission for this sector). Note: Emissions from the natural sector are reported only by the UK (66 g TEQ/y) where it constitutes the second important source after waste and by IT (0.4 g TEQ/y).

139 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 126 The absolute numbers for sectoral releases are listed in Annex 4, Table 4.4. EU-EPER In order to be able to detect differences in source patterns between new and old Member States, a separate evaluation for old Member States is performed in the first place. In the group of EU-15 ( old ) Member States 626 g/y of PCDD/PCDF releases were reported. These emissions mainly originate from the metal industry (45 %), installations for the disposal of hazardous waste (28 %) and from combustion installations (18 %). As concerns changes in source pattern from 2001 to 2004 the following can be stated (see Figure 4-43): The metal industry remains the main polluter and is stable in its share (45 % for both years). Installations for the disposal of hazardous waste increased its share from 16 % in 2001 to 28 % in The share for combustions plants increased from 13 % in 2001 to 19 % in The share of installations for the production of cement clinker, lime, glass, mineral substances or ceramic products slightly increased (3.5 % in 2001; 5 % in 2004) Industrial plants for the production of pulp from timber or other fibrous materials and paper or board has been a marginal source in both years, but increased from 0.4 % in 2001 to 2 % in Coke ovens have been reported as additional source in 2004 with a share of 1.5 %. Production of basic organic chemicals, which was a major source in 2001 (18 %) turned into a negligible source in 2004 (< 0.5 %). Production of basic inorganic chemicals or fertilisers, pharmaceutical products, installations for the disposal of non-hazardous waste and slaughterhouses (low shares in 2001) do not occur as source sectors in 2004 anymore.

140 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 127 EU 15 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-43: PCDD/PCDF emission to air by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) (source: EU-EPER) Taking into account the reporting of the new EU-10 MS which contribute to about have of the overall emissions (total 1,219 g/y), does not lead to a significant change in overall source distribution from 2001 to 2004 (see Figure 4-44). EU25 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-44: PCDD/PCDF emission to air by industrial sector in 2004 and 2001 (source: EU-EPER) A detailed compilation of data by industrial activity is presented in Annex 6, Table 6.9. E-PRTR on diffuse sources Concerning PCDD/PCDF releases from diffuse (220 g/y TEQ/y), small consumer fuel combustion is the major source sector (62 %) on an EU 25 scale. Solvent use (15 %), agriculture, aviation and road transport bear the rest of the share. A detailed compilation by MS and activity is provided in Annex 7, Table 7.4..

141 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Major sources for HCB EMEP WebDab Based on EMEP WebDab data from 2006, HCB is emitted mainly by agricultural activities (93 %) and to a smaller extent by industrial processes (6 %). All other sources remain marginal in their contribution (see Figure 4-45). Share of sectors to total HCB emission % 6% Combustion in pow er plants and industry Transport above 1000 m Transport below 1000 m Commercial, Residential and other stationary combustion Fugitive Emisions from Fuel Industrial Processes Solvent and other Product use Agriculture Waste Natural Figure 4-45: Sectoral distribution of HCB emission to air in the EU 27 for 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) The figures are mainly dominated by the reporting from Spain. 90 % of the agricultural share is attributed to Spain, additional 10% are contributed by the UK, the contributions of all other countries to emissions from agriculture are negligible. Spain is also contributing to a large extent to the second main sector industrial processes. 74 % of total emission of this sector is reported by Spain, while Belgium, Finland, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom are contributing together another 25 %. The absolute numbers of the sectoral share are listed in Annex 4, Table 4.5. EU-EPER According to data reported to EU-EPER for 2004, HCB is released within the European Union from the metal industry (BE, PT), the manufacturing of inorganic chemicals or fertilisers (FI) and from installations for surface treatment or products using organic solvents, especially paint applicants (ES). There are no reported HCB releases from new EU-10 MS. Data for 2001 is not available. The share of each industrial sector in 2004 is shown in Figure A detailed compilation of data by industrial activity is presented in Annex 6, Table 6-11.

142 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 129 EU15 / 2004 Figure 4-46: HCB emission to air by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004) (source: EU-EPER) E-PRTR on diffuse sources Concerning annual releases from diffuse sources (6 t/y) agriculture is the almost exclusive source on an EU 25 scale. Negligible amounts according to reported data are released by the sectors small consumer fuel combustion and road transport. A detailed compilation by MS and activity is provided in Annex 7, Table Major sources for PCB EMEP WebDab Based on reporting to EMEP WebDab the following source allocation can be observed for PCB (see Figure 4-47): Combustion in power plants and industry (NFR N02 01) is the main contributing source (37 %) Further sources are industrial processes and commercial, residential and other stationary combustion (22 %) and (19 %) Waste contributes to the overall releases with 13 %. Minor sources are transport below 1000 m (7 %), all other sources contribute 1 % each or less. It has to be taken into account that the ranking of sources is based on a restricted number of data. Ten countries, i. e. Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania and Malta are missing. Therefore the ranking and shares should not be regarded as representative for the situation in all EU Member States.

143 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 130 In particular for the two primary sources confounding effects might be significant: Combustion in power plants and industry: The emissions of this sector are dominated by Portugal (73 %), further major contributions stem from Poland (10 %) and United Kingdom (6 %). Industrial processes: The highest sector emissions are reported from the United Kingdom (94 %), 3 % of the total emissions originate from Finland and 2 % from Greece. Commercial, residential and other stationary combustion: Poland dominates the sector emissions with 62 %; Bulgaria contributes further 27 % and France 2.5 %. For the sector waste reported values are more equally distributed between the three main contributors United Kingdom (38 %), Portugal (28 %) and Finland (26 %). Share of sectors to total PCB emission % 13% Combustion in pow er plants and industry Transport above 1000 m 22% 37% Transport below 1000 m Commercial, Residential and other stationary combustion Fugitive Emisions from Fuel Industrial Processes Solvent and other Product use Agriculture 1% 19% 7% Waste Natural Figure 4-47: Sectoral share of PCB emission to air for EU 27 for 2006 (source: EMEP WebDab) A detailed compilation of data with absolute numbers by source sector and Member State is listed in Annex 4, Table 4.6. EU-EPER PCB is not included into the EU-EPER reporting scheme. E-PRTR Concerning PCB releases from diffuse sources (100 kg/y) small consumer fuel combustion (60 %) and solvent use (40 %) seem to be the major source sectors on EU 25 scale. A detailed compilation by MS and activity is provided in Annex 7, Table 7.6.

144 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D Major sources for releases to water Statements on the major sources for releases into water can only be made on the basis for EU-EPER. For PCDD/PCDF no releases into water are reported. PCB is not included into the reporting scheme of EU-EPER Major sources for PAH Sources of direct PAH releases according to EU-EPER differ significantly between new and old Member States. Therefore, a separate evaluation for old Member States is performed in the first place. In the group of EU-15 ( old ) Member States 9.4 t/y of direct PAH releases were reported (total 20.67t/y). These releases mainly originate from the metal industry (45 %) and plants for the pre-treatment of fibres and textiles (36 %). As concerns changes in source pattern from 2001 to 2004 the following can be stated (see Figure 4-48): The metal industry remains the main polluter, but its share decreased significantly from 81 % in 2001 to 45 %/ in Plants for the pre-treatment of fibres and textiles occurred as a new important source in 2004 (36 %), whereas no releases were reported in The share of combustion installations (8 % in 2001 and 6 % in 2004) and for mineral oil and gas refineries (5 % in 2001 and 3 % in 2004) stayed more or less the same in both years. The share of production of organic chemicals increased from 1 % in 2001 to 4 % in Installations for basic inorganic chemicals or fertilisers, installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous or municipal waste, plants for the production of pulp and paper or board and installations for the production of carbon or graphite are minor sources with slight changes and low shares (about or below 2 %) in both years. Coke ovens have been reported as a marginal source in 2004 (about 1 %), while in 2001 no reporting from such facilities have been carried out. For Slaughterhouses which were already a minor source in 2001 (2 %) no releases were reported anymore in 2004.

145 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 132 EU 15 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-48: Direct PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) If the reporting from the new EU-10 MS (especially the data from Poland) are taken into account, shares of sources for direct PAH releases to water change tremendously (see Figure 4-49). EU25 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-49: Direct PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 25 (2004) and EU 15 (2001) Combustions installations turn into the main source (43 %) due to the releases from one single combustion plant in Poland that accounts for 93 % of PAH releases from this sector. The share of the metal industry, almost exclusively reported from EU-15 MS, decreases from 81 % in 2001 to 20 % in The same occurs for plants for the pre-treatment of fibres and textiles for which releases are only reported from old EU-15 MS. The share for mineral oil and gas refineries increases from 5 % in 2001 to 15 % in 2004, because releases are comparable high in new MS.

146 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 133 The shares for all other sectors slightly decrease, as they were only reported from EU-15 Member States. A detailed compilation of releases direct to water by industrial activity is presented in Annex 6, Table 6.5. EU-EPER (indirect releases) Major sources for the indirect PAH releases of 2.6 t/y reported by the old EU-15 MS in 2004 are mineral oil and gas refineries (77 %) and the metal industry (10 %). With respect to changes in source pattern from 2001 to 2004, the following can be observed (see Figure 4-50): Mineral oil and gas refineries occur as major source only in 2004 while they seemed a minor source in 2001 (about 1 %) On the other hand plants for the pre-treatment of fibres or textiles contributing 94 % of the total emissions in 2001, occur as a minor source (3 %) in The share from coke ovens increased from below 1 % in 2001 to 5 % in For installations producing basic organic chemicals and installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous waste low shares have been reported in both reporting cycles with the tendency to increase in For combustion installations, installations for the production of basic inorganic chemicals or fertilisers and slaughterhouses which were a minor source in 2001, there was no reporting anymore in EU 15 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-50: Indirect PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001)

147 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 134 If the reporting of the new EU-10 MS (especially the data from Poland) is taken into account the source distributions changes again dramatically (see Figure 4-51). EU25 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-51: Indirect PAH releases to water by industrial sector for EU 25 (2004) and EU 15 (2001) Installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous or municipal waste, which share was negligible in 2001, turn into the main release source (83 %) dominated by the releases from one single facility in Poland accounting for 83 % of these source. On the opposite the share of plants for the pre-treatment of fibres or textiles drops from 94% in 2001 to almost zero in 2004 due to the decrease of releases reported by the old EU-15 MS. The share of mineral oil and gas refineries increases from 1% in 2001 to 7 % in 2004 Coke ovens (3.8 %) and installations for the production of basic organic chemicals (2.4 %) occur as new source sectors due to relatively high values reported by the Czech Republic and Poland. Emissions from the metal industry, pharmaceutical products and as already mentioned the pre-treatment of textiles and fibres were only reported by the old EU-15 MS. A detailed compilation of indirect releases into water by industrial activity is presented in Annex 6, Table Major sources for PCDD/PCDF EU-EPER does not contain any data for releases of PCDD/PCDF into water, indicating that releases from industrial point sources are at least relatively low Major sources for HCB The data on HCB releases in EU-EPER are limited. In total only 4 Member States reported in each of the two reporting cycles. In addition except of Italy and Germany reported releases are restricted to one facility per country.

148 070307/2007/465073/MAR/D1 135 According to this data basis, chemical industry is the major source for direct HCB releases from large industrial sources into water within the European Union in Installations for basic organic chemicals contribute with 43% to the overall reported figures (reported from DE, IT), basic inorganic chemicals contribute with 40 %. Besides this, installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous or municipal waste (DE, IT, UK) and for non-hazardous waste (SE) are additional less important sources with a joint share of 17%. There is no reporting from new EU-10 MS. As concerns changes in the share of specific sectors from 2001 to 2004, the following can be stated based on the available data (see Figure 4-52): The share of basic organic and for basic inorganic chemicals, dropped from 88% in 2001 to 43% in 2004 The share for basic inorganic chemicals increased from 12% in 2001 to 40% in 2004.in 2004 as only sources installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous or municipal waste and nonhazardous waste occurred in 2004 as new additional sources with a joint share of 17% EU 15 / 2004 EU 15 / 2001 Figure 4-52: Direct HCB releases to water by industrial sector for EU 15 (2004 and 2001) Please note: besides data for DE and UK in both cycles, figures include data from FR and BE only 2001, reporting from IT and SE only 2004 Indirect HCB releases were only reported for 2004 from the Czech Republic representing one installation for basic organic chemicals. A detailed compilation of releases direct and indirect to water by industrial activity is presented in Annex 6, Tables 6.13 and Major sources for PCB EU-EPER does not contain information on PCB.