Sustainability and acceptable impact Water discharges from marine fish farming

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1 Sustainability and acceptable impact Water discharges from marine fish farming Giovanna Marino ISPRA Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Roma, Italy III^ Workshop in Good practices in administrative simplification for the promotion of sustainable aquaculture, Brussels 27 October 2016

2 Marine fish farming sea use activity introduction of alien species escapees of farmed species discharges of chemical and drugs discharges of nutrients

3 Mediterranean and Black Sea Resolution GFCM/36/2012/ Regional strategy for the establishment of Allocated Zone for Aquaculture Mandate of GFCM to CAQ (Marrakech, 2012) to develop Specific guidelines for Environmental Monitoring Programme GFCM at its 38th Session held in Rome at FAO HQ (May, 2014)

4 EMP for marine cage farming - A functional tool at the disposal of the authorities and the aquaculture industry to ensure the sustainability of the sector itself - A record-keeping system for documenting series of information and values of environmental parameters relevant to aquaculture activities, which are used to perform periodic environmental assessment and monitoring.

5 TOOLS Guidelines for Environmental Monitoring Programme AZE Allowable Zone of Effects GFCM, 38th Session, FAO HQ (May, 2014) AZA: area, polygon or specific zone, resulting from a zoning process of physical planning in which specific areas are assigned to aquaculture activities EQSs: value, generally defined by regulation, which specifies the maximum permissible concentration of a potentially hazardous chemical AZE: area of sea-bed or volume of the receiving water body in which competent authority allow the use of specific EQS for aquaculture, without irreversibly compromising the environmental services provided by the ecosystem Indicators of environmental changes Safe and critical limits Harmonization: to ensure equal terms of competition of aquaculture across the Mediterranean and increase the knowledge base for future development

6 AZA a complex aquaculture & environmental ecosystem AZE= Allowable Zone of Effects EQO= Environmental Quality Objective EMP= Environmental Monitoring Program EQS= Environmental Quality Standard AZA= Allocated Zone for Aquaculture AZA EIA EQS EQO EQS EQO EIA EMP out Surveillance by Authority AZE farm Surveillance by company EMP in AZE farm Guidelines for establishment of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZA), in the Mediterranean countries.

7 DISCHARGES IN WATER AND SEDIMENT WATER d V v D strong dispersion fouling v v v Faeces Uneaten feed SEA CURRENTS SEDIMENT weak D=d*V/v D: horizontal distance dispersed d: water depth V: current speed v: settling velocity of the waste (Gowen & Bradbury 1987) Sulphide methane anaerobic degradation Ammonia phosphate Ipoxia settling mineralization incomplete mineralization Organic matter FAO-GFCM Training Workshop on site selection, allocated zones for aquaculture and site management for coastal marine aquaculture (WGSC-SHoCMed) 2/26 M Diq (Morocco) February 2013

8 AZE SITE SPECIFIC SURVEY DEPOSITION MODEL Dominant sea current FAO-GFCM Training Workshop on site selection, allocated zones for aquaculture and site management for coastal marine aquaculture (WGSC-SHoCMed) M Diq (Morocco) February 2013

9 Implementation and validation of waste predictive model Brigolin et al., Environmental Aquaculture Interactions 2014 C flux anomalies (g C m -2 d -1 ) induced by a change in feed, the new feed with a lower sedimentation velocity

10 SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE DATA ON ZONE OF EFFECTS AREA AFFECTED IS WITHIN FEW TENS OF METERS FAO-GFCM Training Workshop on site selection, allocated zones for aquaculture and site management for coastal marine aquaculture (WGSC-SHoCMed) M Diq (Morocco) February 2013

11 LEGAL AZE ESTABLISHMENT * COUNTRY Tasmania (Australia) Washington State (USA) Scotland (UK) Croatia Average AREA OF INFLUENCEE FROM 35 m 30 m 25 m 15 m m Examples of spatial impact of fish farming from AZE to the area of influence. *Sanchez-Jerez and Karakassis, 2011

12 EMP and experts involved 31 scientists from 20 countries Karakassis, European Sustainable Aquaculture Project - Good Practice Workshop, Athens May 2014

13 ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS from Delphi exercise Env. Variable Useful Expert Thresh old Safe Critical Cost EQS Inform Total organic matter (%): 79% ,0% 10,0% L High High Redox potential (mv) 74% L High High Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 82% L High High Gas bubbles 79% 22 L Q High Litter in Surrounding area 89% 24 L Q High Total nitrogen (%) 68% % 0,25% L High Mod Total organic carbon (%L) 79% % 3% M High High % of silt - clay 86% % 85% L Mod High Litter 54% 15 L Q Mod Total phosphorus (%) 61% ,05% 0,18% L Mod Mod Capitellid polychaetes (%) 71% % 50% M High Mod Chlorophyll a (mg/l) 57% ,4 5 L Mod Mod Turbidity (m) 61% ,25 L Mod Mod Sulphide (%) 57% 16 L None Mod Grain size sediment structure (μm) 71% 20 L None Mod Total macrofaunal biomass (g/m2) 71% M Mod Mod Total sulphur (mg/l) 43% 12 L None L Total carbon (%) 32% 9 L None L Number of species 71% H Mod Mod Diversity (Shannon index) 71% ,25 1,5 H Mod Mod AMBI (AZTI Marine Biotic Index) 71% ,3 5 H Mod Mod Beggiatoa (CFU/L) 63% 17 diverse L Q Mod mod. from Karakassis, European Sustainable Aquaculture Project - Good Practice Workshop, Athens May 2014

14 EMP contents and reporting system - The most appropriate environmental data collection on a particular area, to describe the environmental conditions of water and sediment - Data registered in logbooks (physical, chemical and biological information) collected within the monitored areas

15 Record-keeping system Logbook 1 (Lb1) refers to AZA Maps with locations of the fish farm, fish cages and monitoring stations Water depth (min, max, mean) Mean sea current speed Sediment grain size Information on the benthic community Information on sensitive habitats, if any Information on the finfish farm/farms: cages system; cultured species, production cycle; estimated (FCR); potential maximum biomass per year; potential maximum feed quantity per year Guidelines for establishment of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZA), in the Mediterranean countries.

16 Record-keeping system (2) Logbook 2 (Lb2) refers to monitoring activities Monitoring is based on a typology classification (production category (t) and the mean sea current speed). Annual, period of maximum biomass in cages Sampling stations (4 stations, 12 samplings) - 2 control stations (1 under the cages 1 up-current located 50 m from the cages) - 1 down-current located 25 m from the cages - 1 down-current located 50 m from the cages At each station, samples are collected at three layers (surface, intermediate, and deep) Guidelines for establishment of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZA), in the Mediterranean countries.

17 MONITORING VARIABLES WATER SEDIMENT Temperature ( C) Macrobenthic community Salinity (psu) Visual inspection Turbidity (Secchi depth) Redox potential (Eh, mv) Dissolved oxygen (% saturation; mg/l) Sulphide (µm) Chlorophyll a (mg/l) Organic matter (LOI, %) ph (unit) ph (unit) Ammonium (N-NO4, µm) Total Organic Carbon (TOC, %) Nitrite (N-NO2, µm) Total Nitrogen (µm) Nitrate (N-NO3, µm) Total Phophorous (µm) Phosphate (P-PO4, µm) Gas bubbles (Outgassing) (Y/N) TSM - Total Suspended Matter (mg/l) Litter near farm POM - Particulate Organic Matter (mg/l) Guidelines for establishment of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZA), in the Mediterranean countries.

18 EMP Responsibility Within the AZE: The farmers will be accountable for the environmental quality under the cages systems and around them, at local (AZE). Outside the AZE: data recording should be responsibility of the authorities in charge of granting maritime site and/or of environmental/nature protection agencies. Data Analysis within and outside the AZE is in charge of the same Authorities. Data Keeping EMP data are recorded and stored to be easily accessible for transparency and to strengthen the image of aquaculture with the society at large. Guidelines for establishment of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZA), in the Mediterranean countries.

19 Environmental Monitoring Plan should be simple, efficient, cost effective and based on commonly agreed environmental quality standards (EQS) and indicators of environmental change related to aquaculture. EMP should be adaptive to good practices and changes on production, and always must be economical viable for enterprises. Guidelines for establishment of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZA), in the Mediterranean countries.

20 José Carlos Macias, Pablo Ávila Zaragozá, Ioannis Karakassis, Pablo Sánchez Jerez, Fabio Massa, Davide Fezzardi, Güzel Yücel Gier, Vlasta Franičević, Joseph A. Borg, Rosa María Chapela Pérez, Paolo Tomassetti, Dror L. Angel, Giovanna Marino SHoCMed WGSC "Developing Site Selection and Carrying Capacity Guidelines for Mediterranean aquaculture within aquaculture appropriate areas cofunded by EU