LAND DRAINAGE IN INDIA

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2 AGRICULTURAL LAND DRAINAGE IN INDIA Editor S.K. GUPTA AGROTECH PUBLISHING ACADEMY Udaipur

3 Published by : Mrs. Geeta Somani Agrotech Publishing Academy 11A-Vinayak Complex-B Durga Nursery Road, Udaipur Mob. : , agrotechbooks@rediffmail.com Website : DISCLAIMER Information contained in this book has been published by Agrotech Publishing Academy and has been obtained by its authors believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damage arising out of use of this information and specially disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes if any, are subjected to Udaipur jurisdiction only. First Edition : 2013 All Rights Reserved ISBN : (13) ISBN : (10) Typeset by : Image Print Media, Udaipur imageprintmedia@rediffmail.com Printed in India

4 PREFACE Irrigated agriculture has played a key role in ensuring food security of the nation. In times to come, it would be able to take care of the national nutritional security as well. While it has been a matter of great satisfaction, lower than anticipated increase in production and productivity of canal irrigated lands has worried the scientific community and the planners. The environmental degradation brought in its wake especially the development of water logging and soil salinity has also caused major concerns. So much so that even the sustainability of irrigated agriculture is now being questioned at many forums. It is now known that environmental degradation often associated with irrigation is directly linked to inadequacy of land drainage in irrigation projects. Although several drainage technologies such as surface drainage, subsurface drainage, vertical drainage and bio-drainage are in vogue but find little application in irrigation commands. The issue becomes still more complex when a cost effective and efficient solution is sought through integration of surface and subsurface drainage technologies. According to a recent publication of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, India would need to invest about 4000 billion on subsurface drainage. If it has to happen in an effective way, besides government support, it should ensure participation of private entrepreneurs and the stakeholders. Drainage being knowledge based technology, appropriate literature highlighting various issues involved in investigations, design, construction and monitoring needs to be prepared and should be available easily. The literature has also to be clientele specific so that all the stakeholders have access to it on aspects that are most relevant to them. The current book addresses to a specific group of clientele that is the agricultural scientists, engineers, students of agriculture and engineering, the officers of the line departments/ngos and private entrepreneurs. The book contains 11 chapters written by experts. The first chapter is a state of the art on problems of water logging and soil salinity. The next five chapters address to all major technological issues related to surface and subsurface drainage to reclaim waterlogged salt affected lands. The next two chapters deal with case studies so that readers have glimpses of successful experiences under various agro-climatic conditions. These case studies clearly establish that the subsurface drainage technology is technically feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable. A chapter is included to describe location specific subsurface drainage technologies such as

5 vertical drainage and bio-drainage. To make the book a complete treatise on land drainage, a chapter is included on technologies for reuse and disposal of drainage effluents. The book ends with a chapter on socio-economic evaluation of drainage projects. All these chapters are updated versions of the lectures delivered by the authors in training programmes or papers published by them in reputed journals. All the chapters have been so arranged so as to provide a logical sequence to design and assemble effective surface and subsurface drainage systems. The Editor expresses his sincere thanks to all the authors who have willingly agreed to update their lectures/papers and make them available in a time bound manner. Without their willing support, it might not have been possible to prepare the manuscript in the shortest possible time. Special thanks are due to the colleagues who have spent considerable time of their life in field testing of these technologies. Although not all, but many of these experiences have been shared in various chapters with due acknowledgements. The Editor also wishes to thank his colleagues who have helped him in the past to have a skeleton manuscript. The same manuscript has now been upgraded with willing support coming from many organizations and Mrs. Sarita Narwal, Senior Research Fellow. I also express my heartiest gratitude to my family for willing support at different stages of preparing the manuscript. The Editor is of the firm opinion that land drainage as an instrument of water management would impact the future agriculture more than anything else. This view and the availability of scanty literature on this vital subject have been the major stimulations to venture upon writing this book. It is believed that this book could serve as a text book on land drainage in agricultural/engineering colleges, as a training manual in specialized training programmes and could be a knowledge source to officers of the line departments especially those in the departments of irrigation, water resources and agriculture. Private entrepreneurs and officers of the NGOs could also enrich their knowledge through the help of this book. Feedback and contributions in the form of case studies and/or research results are welcome as it would enrich the future endeavours in this field. Editor

6 ABOUT THE BOOK Widespread reporting of water logging and soil salinity in irrigation commands has caused major concerns to the planners and the stakeholders. Although knowledge and understanding of the causes, nature and harmful effects of excess water and salts in the root zone have tremendously increased over the last few decades, yet land and water degradation is causing decline in the productivity of these resources and also impacting the environment. Realizing that the only solution to these problems is through land drainage, this book has been written to add to the scanty literature on this subject. The contents of this book include: introduction to water logging, soil salinity and land drainage, surface drainage requirement of crops and drainage design, subsurface drainage investigations, drainage materials, design and construction procedures, successful case studies, vertical drainage and bio-drainage, reuse and disposal of drainage effluents and socio-economic evaluation of drainage projects. The topics covers almost all the issues required to investigate, design, monitor and evaluate the systems. It is believed that the information contained in this book would facilitate the access to the knowledge on land drainage to the scientists engaged in agricultural research. The book could be adopted as a text book in agricultural and engineering colleges. It could also be used as a resource material in training programs and as a reference material by the officers of the line departments. Above all, the book is a handy reference source to all those interested in sustainable irrigated agriculture and land drainage.

7 ABOUTH THE EDITOR Dr. (Ph. D., FNAE, FAAS, FISAE and FISSRS, (b. l949)) obtained Ph.D. in Civil Engineering and superannuated from the position of Project Coordinator, AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. Currently, he is working as Emeritus Scientist (ICAR) at the same institute. Dr. Gupta has spent about 39 years in scientific pursuits being actively associated in developing technologies for irrigation water management, surface and subsurface drainage for waterlogged salt affected soils and eco-friendly disposal and reuse of saline/waste waters. He has been an international consultant to UNDP through WAPCOS and Ethiopia. He has guided 14 M. Tech. and 5 Ph.D. students. He has widely travelled and has contributed 150 papers in referred International and National journals, besides writing 14 books. He is recipient of the prestigious Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and is the Chief Editor of the Journal of Water Management.

8 CONTENT Preface About the Book About the Editor iii v vi 1 Water logging and soil salinity problems in India Response of crops to surface stagnation and ameliorative strategies 3 Design of surface drainage systems S.K. Ambast and 4 Drainage investigations and design of subsurface drainage systems M.J. Kaledhonkar 5 Guideline for drainage materials testing and envelope design Mohan Lal, V.K. Arora, M.J. Kaledhonkar and 6 Subsurface drainage construction, monitoring and evaluation Mohan Lal, V.K. Arora and 7 Subsurface drainage for land reclamation: case studies S. K. Gupta

9 8 Agricultural drainage technologies for temporary waterlogged Vertisols Ramadhar Singh and K.V. Ramana Rao 9 Alternate drainage techniques for control of water logging/soil salinity 10 Reuse and disposal strategies for saline drainage effluents D.P. Sharma 11 Economic analysis and policy issues of subsurface drainage projects Subject Index

10 1 WATER LOGGING AND SOIL SALINITY PROBLEMS IN INDIA INTRODUCTION Inadequacy and uncertainty associated with rainfall is a major limiting factor for crop production. To usher in an era of self sufficiency in food production, India decided to develop and use the natural water resource. In pursuance of this policy, 246 major, 1039 medium and 1.08 million minor irrigation projects were taken up between to harness surface water. In addition, during the same period, about million groundwater wells were installed, raising the irrigation potential from 20.9 million ha (M ha) in 1951 to M ha at the end of the 10 th plan (CWC, 2010). However, this achievement was not unblemished. In the wake of increased productivity and improved quality of life, some adverse environmental impacts also appeared. Water logging and soil salinization of agricultural lands has been one of the most serious environmental problems associated with irrigation. With agricultural research and developments, it is now possible to reclaim and manage these degraded lands. While reclamation and management of such degraded lands would be included in later chapters, water logging and soil salinization issues associated with land degradation in irrigation commands are discussed in this chapter. IRRIGATION INDUCED WATER LOGGING The water logging in irrigation commands could appear in one of Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal , India

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