Solar Thermal Systems in Germany: Market, Technologies and Outlook. Dr. Bernd Eikmeier Bremer Energie Institut

Transcription

1 Solar Thermal Systems in Germany: Market, Technologies and Outlook Dr. Bernd Eikmeier Bremer Energie Institut 1

2 Contents Market Applications Residential houses Large scale systems / seasonal storage Commerce / Industry Technology Solar cooling Solar thermal power plants Research and trends 2

3 Germany: Horizontal global irradiation ~ 900-1,200 kwh/m 2 *a 3

4 Energy consumption in Germany 2008 Fossil Fuels 90,3% Final energy consumption: 8,826 PJ RE: 856 PJ (= 238 TWh) RE 9,7% Biomass, electricity 1.1% Biofuel 1.5% Biomass, heat 4.2% Wind energy 1.6% Share of room heating + domestic hot water in 2007: Total: 31.1 % Private Households: 83.3% Solar thermal 0.16% Geothermal energy 0.1% Photovoltaics 0.2% Hydropower 0.9% Source: BMU, BMWi, April

5 Installations of solar thermal systems Newly installed [1000 m 2 ] Totally installed [Mio. m 2 ] Source: BMU (June 2008), BSW (February 2009) Flat plate collector Vacuum tube collector Swimming pool absorber All collector types Total 5

6 Solar thermal systems in Germany in 2008 Newly installed: ~ 2,100,000 m² Totally installed: ~ 11.3 Mio. m² Number of systems: ~ 1.2 Mio. Solar heat: ~ 5.3 TWh Total capacity of installed systems: ~ 7.9 GW (No. 2 worldwide) Source: BSW-Solar, BDH (February 2009) 6

7 European solar thermal market 2007: In operation Country Total glazed m 2 Market share DE (Germany) 8,994,000 41,0 % GR (Greece) 3,570,200 16,3 % AT (Austria) 2,892,627 13,2 % IT (Italy) 1,100,230 5,0 % ES (Spain) 964,166 4,4 % FR (France) 870,600 4,0 % CY (Cyprus) 625,200 2,8 % CH (Switzerland) 508,980 2,3 % All others 2,431,443 11,1 % EU 27 + CH 21,957, ,0 % Source: ESTIF,

8 European market 2007: Newly installed capacity EU 27 + CH: 2.7 Mio. m² 1.9 Mio. kw th Source: ESTIF,

9 European market 2007: Newly installed capacity per capita Source: ESTIF,

10 RE turnover Germany 2008 RE total turnover: ~ EUR 28.7 bn Biomass EUR 10,670 Mio 37.2% Wind energy EUR 5,800 Mio 20.2% Solar energy EUR 9,750 Mio 34.0% Geothermal energy EUR Mio 3.8% Hydropower EUR 1,350 Mio 4.7% Solar thermal 1,450 Mio 11.1% Turnover from renewable powered installations: ~ EUR 13.1 bn Biomass electricity 500 Mio 3.8% Biomass heat Wind energy 1,500 Mio 2,300 Mio 11.4% 17.5% Hydropower 70 Mio 0.5% Photovolaics 6,200 Mio 47.3% Geothermal energy 1, % Source: BMU, April

11 Employees Employees in the German renewable energy sector, 2004, 2006 and 2008 Wind energy 63,900 85,100 84,300 Biomass 56,800 95,800 96,100 Solar energy Hydropower Geothermal energy Public / Non-profit Sector Jobs 9,300 9,400 9,500 9,100 4,500 1,800 4,300 4,300 3,400 25,100 50, Arbeitsplätze 74,400 Increase: approx. 73 % Arbeitsplätze Arbeitsplätze ,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90, , ,000 Figures for 2006 and 2008 are provesional estimate Source: BMU-KI III Projekt "Gross Employment f rom Renew able Energy in Germany in the Year 2008, a first estimate"; March

12 Market share of solar thermal systems in Germany 2008 Share of newly installed heating boilers combined with solar thermal systems ~ 35 % Share of Combi systems (domestic hot water + room heating) ~ 60 % Typical data for Germany (4-person household): Domestic hot water: Combi system: 5-6 m² collector area l solar storage tank Costs: ~ 4,000 5,000 Costs: ~ 10,000 15, m² collector area 500-1,000 l solar storage tank Source: BSW-Solar, SHC 12

13 Combi system: Housing-estate Speyer Winner of German energy concept price E-coco 2008 Source:: ZfS, bine.info Type of building 47 row houses + 12 semidetached houses Total living area 9,300 m² Heat demand Collector area 695 MWh/a Storage volume 100 m 3 Boiler capacity Solar heat 545 m² (solar roof) 599 kw Solar share 25 % District heat Total cost of solar system Costs of solar heat 174 MWh/a 2+2 net, 65/35 C 306,000 net /kwh 13

14 Large scale systems / seasonal storage in Germany Collectors: 500-5,700 m 2 (18 systems > 500 m 2 ; Marstal, DK: 18,300 m 2 ) Storage volumes: 1,600-12,000 m 3 (water equivalent) Sources: SHC, BSW 14

15 Concepts for seasonal heat storage Discharging Charging Entladung Beladung Thermal Wärmedämmung insulation Entladung Beladung Discharging Charging wassertragende Sohle Aquifer heat storage Discharging Charging Entladung Beladung Thermal insulation Wärmedämmung Duct heat storage Wärmedämmung Thermal insulation Entladung Discharging Beladung Charging Hot water heat storage Gravel-water heat storage Source: Eikmeier 15

16 Commerce: Hotel Fortuna, Kirchzarten Number of beds 70 Heat demand Solar collectors Water storage volume Boiler capacity Solar heat Total cost of solar system 330 MWh/a 53.5 m² flat plate 4.1 m³ 90 kw 25.5 MWh/a 50,000 Cost of collectors 17,625 Return of investment ~ 7 years Source: Solarge 16

17 Solar process heat Worldwide: ~ 90 operating solar thermal plants for process heat ~ 35,000 m² ~ 25 MW (0.02% of installed capacity) Germany: Solar process heat potential 250 C: 50 PJ/a = 3.2 % industrial heat demand = 24.5 GW / 35 Mio. m 2 Industrial sector Processes with the highest potential Processes Temperature level [ o C] Food and drinks Drying Washing Pasteurization Cooking Sterilization Heat treatment Textiles Washing Bleaching Coloring Chemicals Cooking Distillation Different chem. processes All sectors Warming up of boiler water Heating of industrial halls Sources: Weiss (2008), ECOHEATCOOL 17

18 Solar cooling: Reasons Cooling demand and solar coincide well! Primary energy savings possible in the range of % High potential particulary for hot climates Source: ISE (Wittwer 2007) 18

19 Solar cooling: Technologies Solar cooling Closed loop: chilled water Open system: direct treatment of fresh air (temperature, humidity) Sorption medium solid Sorption medium liquid Sorption medium solid Sorption medium liquid Zeolithes, Silicea gel LiBr/water, Ammonia/water Zeolithes, Silicea gel LiBr/water, CaCl 2 /water Available market techniques: Adsorption chiller kw cooling: 70 1,050 kw Available market techniques: Absorption chiller (1 and 2 staged) kw cooling: 50 kw 5 MW (1x) 250 kw 5 MW (2x) Available market techniques: Sorption assisted cooling kw cooling: 20 kw 350 kw (per module) Pilot projects - Source: Eikmeier Heat ratio / COP thermal : Heat ratio / COP thermal : (1x) (2x) Heat ratio / COP thermal : 0.5 >1 Heat ratio / COP thermal : > 1 19

20 Solar cooling: Status & outlook Installed systems in Europe ~ systems installed (70 % closed cycles, 30 % open sorptions cycles) ~ 20,000 m² collector area ~ MW Source: SHC cold Status Higher complexity of systems, but little experience among planners and installation companies Many installed plants reveal shortcomings in system design and control Theoretically expected energy savings have commonly not been realized in practice Outlook Europe takes a leading role in the development of small-scale thermally driven water chillers (5-20 kw) for single/double family houses and office building Potential for technical improvements to increase heat ratio / COP thermal About 30 % decrease of investment costs is necessary to reach ROI (return on investment) during technical lifetime 20

21 Solar power plants: Potentials DLR-Study: A collector area of 300 km 2 in the desert (e.g. 1 % of the Sahara) would be sufficient to meet global power requirements! Source: DLR 21

22 Solar power plants: Technology Linear optical concentrating system a) Parabolic trough ( x, oil/steam > 400 C) Point focus concentrating systems b) Dish Sterling c) Solar tower (1,000 x, steam/air > 1,000 C) a Source: dena b c 22

23 Solar power plants: Status & outlook 80 s 9 plants, 354 MW el (Mojave desert), 150 TWh electricity < 12 ct/kwh After 2006 (e. g.) 65 MWel Parabolic trough Solar One (Nevada), electricity production < 14 US ct/kwh 10 MW el Solar tower PS 10 (Sevilla), 700 mirrors of each 140 m 2 50 MW el Parabolic trough ANDASOL 1, Granada, 1 st commercial solar powerplant in Europe, mirror area of 510,000 m 2 (No.1 worldwide), heat storage of 28,500 t salt, 596 solar collectors of each 150 m in length, electricity production 21 ct/kwh Outlook Worldwide > 90 powerplants in progress / in planning (Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, USA, Australia...) Until 2010: 400 MW el newly installed in Europe; 2,000 MW el worldwide Source: E.G. Wuest, DGS Berlin (Fotos: KJC) 23

24 Solar power plants: Developments Costs of currently ct/kwh need to be reduced by (e.g.): Higher exit temperatures of solar systems to increase efficiency Selective solar absorber layers for high temperatures More cost-effective mirrors Reducing the weight of both collectors and concentrators Development of cost-effective thermal energy storage / PCM storages Further development of direct solar steam (DISS) technology Development of new optical concentrator concepts, e.g. Fresnel reflector systems ~ 10 GW el newly installed Solar tower system in Jülich German experimental solar tower plant, installations finished by December MW 20,000 m 2 of collector area Operating at 700 C Source: FH-Aachen 24

25 Research and trends Cost reduction Improvement of solar products / efficiency Improvement of production processes Increase in production (economy of scale) Improved integration in conventional heating systems and in building facades Additional trends Basic research: medium temperature storages (chemical energy storage, heat transfer, system integration...) Increase of solar room heating increase of specific solar system size Market development for new applications: solar cooling and process heat 25

26 Source: Viessmann, Fraunhofer ISE, Martin Schnauss Trend: Solar and biomass 26

27 Trend: CO 2 -free supply concept Energy bunker Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg 01 Solar thermal plant (3,500 m 2 ) 03 Seasonal storage (24,000 m 3 ) 02 Temporary store for daytime use 04 Woodship CHP Sources: urbanista, IBA Hamburg GmbH, Martin Kunze 27

28 Contact Thank you for your attention! Dr. Bernd Eikmeier Bremer Energie Institut College Ring 2 / Research V Bremen, Germany Tel.: eikmeier@bremer-energie-institut.de 28