Renewables for electricity Advantages, problems, status in Europe

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1 Source: Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Renewables for electricity Advantages, problems, status in Europe Hermann-Josef Wagner Energy Systems and Energy Economics Ruhr-Universität Bochum USAEE, Washington 23 rd -26 th September 2018

2 - Actual Situation - Policies and Objectives - Scientistic Effects - Eco-Balance Alpha Ventus

3 2017: Mrd. kwh Nuclear power 25% Biomass 3% Oil and Other 7% Water 12% Renewable Energy 29% Photovoltaics 4% Natural gas 18% Wind 10% Lignite 9% Rounded values 1 Mrd. kwh = 10 9 kwh Hard coal 12% Source: Statistik der Energiewirtschaft, Ausgabe 2018, VIK Energie für die Industrie European electricity generation

4 2000: 576,6 Mrd. kwh 2017: 654,2 Mrd. kwh Oil and Other 5% Nuclear power 30% Biomass <0,5% Oil and Other 5% Nuclear power 12% Biomass 7% Natural gas 9% Hard coal 25% Renewable Energy 7% Lignite 26% Water 4% Photovoltaics Wind 0% 2% (offshore: 0%) Waste <0,5% Natural gas 13% Hard coal 14% Lignite 23% Renewable Energy 33% Water 3% Photovoltaics 6% Wind 16% (offshore: 3%) Waste 1% Rounded values 1 Mrd. kwh = 10 9 kwh Source: AG Energiedaten, Electricity generation in Germany comparison of the years 2000 and 2017

5 Sweden Finland Policies are changing in direction of invitation of tenders Great Britain Ireland Denmark Netherlands Germany Poland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belgium Czechia Slovakia FiT = Feed-in tariffs FiP = Feed-in premium TGCs= Tradable green certificates CfD= Contract for Difference Portugal Spain France Austria Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Greece Source: 2014 JRC wind status report Different conveying systems for renewable electricity in the EU

6 Source: - VDI Nachrichten, 4.Juli, 2014, Nr. 27/ Different internet sources Status: 5 August 2016l Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Objective of green electricity: 2025 (2035): % (55-60 %) of the electricity consumption should be covered by green energy Expansion target wind offshore till 2020: 6,5 GW and till 2025: 11 GW Limiting the expansion of new wind onshore: 2,9 GW/year including replacement of old stations Limiting the expansion of new biogas plants: 150 MW/year (next 3 years) than 200 MW/year Limiting the annual expansion of new photovoltaic: 2,5 GW/year Green electricity marketing: Direct marketing of all new plants with a power output of 750 kw or more, except biomass 150kW or more Reducing of financial support: Degradation of immoderate promotion and bonus, progressively reducing of support Industrial companies: Energy-intensive companies have to pay about 15 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy, up to a maximum limit of 4 % of the companies gross value added For large scale consumers, such as aluminum or steel plants, the maximum limit decreases to 0,5 % Own power consumption: Existing plants are exempted from the Renewable Energy Act Electricity, generated by eco-electricity plants, is charged with 40 %, all the rest has to pay the whole amount Small plants up to 10 kw (e.g. photovoltaic systems on house roofs) are exempted from the Renewable Energy Act levy Railway: Payment of 20 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy Private Consumer: Payment of 100 % of the Renewable Energy Act levy (about 7,3 -Ct/kWh) German Renewable Energy Act (EEG) 2016 (valid from 2017)

7 Picture: blob=normal Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Electricity network development plan for the Germany (BBPIG 2018)

8 Biomass 3% Nuclear power 7% Biomass 4% Lignite 7% Wind 18% (onshore: 17,8%; offshore: 0,2%) Other, Water Oil 11% Lignite12% Natural gas 16% Hard coal 14% Wind offshore 6% Photovoltaics 26% Wind onshore 23% Hard coal 11% Natural gas 14% Other, Water, Oil 9% Statistical value (175 GW) Objective of government (225 GW) (Scenario B) Objective for the power station capacities in Germany in the year 2024

9 Demand [GW] Lehrstuhl Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft Total of fluctuating feed-in from wind and photovoltaic systems Residual demand to be covered by controllable power plants ~14 h Storage = 2x pumpstorage capacity Source: Doctoral thesis from T. Große Böckmann; Szenario BEE Wochen How much wind and photovoltaic without storage?

10 12 Wind energy converter, each 5 MW (6 of Multibrid (AREVA) and 6 of REpower (Senvion) company) Operation time 20 years Lifetime foundation 20 years Capacity Factor 45% (load duration 3900 h/a): incl. maintenance- and failure times, power consumption of WEC and transmission platform inside wind park Maintenance and services: Change of 1/2 gearbox per station and operation time Change of 1,25 rotor blades per station and operation time 120 helicopter transports per year for the wind park 180 ship transports per year for the wind park Life Cycle Assessment wind park alpha ventus - Reference system

11 CED [kwh PE-Eqv./kWh] 3,007 AP [mg SO2-Eqv./kWh] GWP [g CO2-Eqv./kWh] 215 0, POCP [mg C2H4-Eqv./kWh] EP [mg PO4-Eqv./kWh] HTP [g DCB-Eqv./kWh] German Power Mix High-Voltage Grid alpha ventus Classification of the results - Comparison with German Power Mix (uniform ranking)

12 Scientific eco-balance of wind converter and photovoltaic shows good results Wind energy and photovoltaic use is increasing worldwide Technology is available Off shore wind park's are under construction, they deliver more electricity, but they are expensive In Europe are different support systems: Feed-in tariff, tax incentives, quota Germany: In the past fixed feet-in regulation for electricity of renewables over 20 years, private consumers are paying 7,4 -Cent/kWh 1) (wind) and Cent/kWh 1) (photovoltaic) for introduction and operating of renewables, companies less Today: The suppliers are selected through tendering Last tendering on February 2015 = 4,5 -Cent/kWh 1) 1 ) 1,00 = 1,1682 USD 25 th July 2018 Conclusions

13 Thank you Bild:

14 Discussion

15 Expansion target for installed capacity for 2024: 225 GW 5.6 Water Wind 44.6 Low water in rivers lull Photovoltaic 39.3 Snowfall and darkness Water 70 Maximum power required by the consumer Biomass Nuclear Energy Lignite 21.1 Hard Coal 28.6 Natural Gas , Current account of German power generation in GW 43.8 Wind Photovoltaic 39,3 Natural Gas Installed capacity Usable capacity unusable capacity 187,3 GW 69,6 GW 117,7 GW

16 Global CO 2 emission worldwide 2016: 33,4 billion t FRG CO 2 emission Germany 2016: ~ 760 million t (In 2000: 24 billion t) In 1991: 21,6 billion t Other countries 36% USA 16% [Mio. t] Korea 2% Canada 2% Germany 2% China 28% Japan 4% India 6% Russia 4% Rounded values Sources: BMWI Energiedaten Status BP Statistical Review 2017 Global and energy consumption CO 2 emission

17 Total: 28,7 -ct/kwh 1 ), of which 56% are federal demand For comparison: The electricity price was at the beginning of the year 2010 about 21,3 ct/kwh 4,6 ct/kwh Value-added tax 1 ) 1,00 = 1,2353 USD 25 th March ,1 ct/kwh 1,8 ct/kwh 0,4 ct/kwh 6,8 ct/kwh 8,0 ct/kwh Electricity tax (former green tax ) Concession levy for communities Act on Combined Heat and Power Generation Renewable energy law (support of photvoltaics, wind and biomass) Network access Energyprice: 22,1 ct/kwh 3,0 ct/kwh Generation/acquisition 2,0 ct/kwh Basic price At consumption of kwh/a Basic price: (for measuring, accounting, amortization) 80,- /year (gross) Source: Basic price, generation, network access by using of tarifs of the Stadtwerke Velbert, November 2017 Concession levy is an average: It is depending from the population in the city, Status 2017 Average structure of the electricity rate in Germany: Household with a consumption of kwh/a