Surveillance of Microcystins in Lake Ontario, its Coastal Embayments and other New York Lakes

Transcription

1 Surveillance of Microcystins in Lake Ontario, its Coastal Embayments and other New York Lakes Monitoring and Event Response for Harmful Algal Blooms (MERHAB) Coastal Ocean Program, NOAA May - October 2003 and 2004 William Guenther and Joseph Makarewicz SUNY Brockport

2 Overview Microcystin toxin and methods Vertical profiles of Microcystin and filter Efficiency experiments Monthly and weekly sampling sites and results for 2003 and 2004 Detection of bloom events by satellite imagery Bloom response at Lake Neatahwanta, Silver Lake, and Conesus Lake

3 Microcystin Toxin Cyclic heptapeptide Acute liver toxin Breaks down actin filaments and cytoskeletal components of primary hepatocytes

4 Methods Microplate Reader Sonicate filter to release microcystins Microcystins - PPIA analysis, (Brockport) Anatoxin HPLC (ESF)

5 Net Tow (63µm mesh) versus Pumped Filter (1.5µm) (Paired T-test, p < 0.001) Microcystins (ng/l) Microcystin Volume filtered Long Pond Volume Filtered (L) 0 Pumped Wisconsin Tow

6 Filter vs. 35µm mesh Net Tow Lake Neatahwanta 2004 Microcystin-LR Concentration (µg/l) Detection Limit = µg/l Toxic Threshold = µg/l W H O w arning lim it = 1.00 µg/l Dominant species: Microcystis aeruginosa Cell Size: 6µm Colony Size: ~720 µm 0.0 Filtered Water ( L) Net Tows 1-5 (35µm mesh) L filtered

7 Vertical Profile of Microcystin-LR, Temperature, and DO for Irondequoit Bay, 2003 Microcystin (ng/l) Depth (m) Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Microcystin Temperature ( C) & Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

8 Vertical profiles of Microcystin-LR (µg/l) Lake Neatahwanta and Silver Lake 2004 Lake Neatahwanta ( ) Silver Lake ( ) Temperature ( o C) and Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Depth (m) Depth (m) Microcystin-LR Dissolved Oxygen Temperature Microcystin-LR (µg/l) Microcystin-LR (µg/l) 7.86% Standard Error

9 Monitoring of 22 sites on Lakes Ontario and Neatahwanta and Conesus and Silver Lakes Lake Neatahwanta Silver Lake Conesus Lake

10 110 of 125 samples in 2003 had detectable levels of microcystin-lr (>0.003 µg/l) 159 of 168 samples in 2004 had detectable levels of microcystin-lr (>0.003µg/L) 19 of 125 samples for 2003 had detectable levels of Anatoxin α

11 Weekly Sampling Lake Ontario Long Pond L. Ont 100m L. Ont 30m L. Ont SS Detection Limit = µg/l Toxic Threshold = µg/l WHO Warning Limit = 1.00 µg/l Long Pond North Long Pond South Concentration (µg/l) Microcystin-LR (µg/l) /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/05

12 Seasonal Distribution of Anatoxin a for Anatoxin a (µg/l) Irondequoit Bay Long Pond North Long Pond South Long Pond Lakeside Braddock Bay Sandy Creek Oak Orch Cr Lakeside 12 Mile Creek Lake Ontario 100m /1/03 7/1/03 8/1/03 9/1/03 10/1/03 11/1/03

13 Seasonal Distribution of Microcystin-LR for 2003 Mc conc (ug/l) detection lim it Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Long Pond-S Long Pond-N Long Pond-Lk Braddock Bay Sandy Creek Oak Orchard Oak Orchard-Lk 18Mi-Olcott 12Mi-Wilson 12Mi-Lk-Wilson Niagara River 4Mi-Lk Genesee River Irondequoit Bay Sodus Bay-Lk Sodus Bay Port Bay-Lk Port Bay

14 Seasonal Distribution of Microcystin-LR for 2004 Microcystin-LR Concentration (µg/l) Long Pond North Long Pond South Genesee River Silver Lake Surface Lake Neatahwanta Conesus Lake Surface Long Pond North 0.00 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Long Pond South Silver Lake Lake Ontario shoreside Lake Ontario 30m Lake Ontario 100m Sodus Bay Sodus Bay Lakeside Irondequoit Bay Irondequoit Bay Lakeside 18 Mile Creek 18 Mile Creek Lakeside Oak Orchard Creek Oak Orchard Creek Lakeside Port Bay Port Bay Lakeside 12 Mile Creek 12 Mile Creek Lakeside Niagara River Niagara River Lakeside Sandy Creek Braddock Bay Braddock Bay Lakeside Genesee River Genesee River Lakeside Silver and Conesus Lake Surface Lake Neatahwanta

15 Results from 2003 and Sodus Bay Sodus Bay Lakeside Irondequoit Bay Irondequoit Bay Lakeside Microcystin-LR (µg/l) /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/05 Microcystin-LR Concentration (µg/l) Port Bay Port Bay Lakeside 1/1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ Braddock Bay Braddock Bay Lakeside 1/1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/05

16 Results from 2003 and 2004 Continued Microcystin-LR Concentration (µg/l) Mile Creek 18 Mile Creek Lakeside Oak Orchard Creek Oak Orchard Creek Lakeside /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ Sandy Creek L. Ontario Shoreside Mile Creek 12 Mile Creek Lakeside Microcystin-LR (µg/l) /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/05

17 Results from 2003 and 2004 continued Genesee River Genesee River Lakeside 0.45 Microcystin-LR (µg/l) /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/ Niagara River Niagara River Lakeside Microcystin-LR (µg/l) /1/03 5/1/03 9/1/03 1/1/04 5/1/04 9/1/04 1/1/05

18 Satellite Imagery Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (Sea WiFS) imagery of Lake Ontario Originally designed for viewing the worlds oceans in terms of chlorophyll concentrations Had an opportunity to ground truth during an algal bloom

19 Site Date MCY CHLa Phy (Depth) (ng/l) (ug/l) (µg/l) 100m m m m m m m m m

20 Kendahl, NY: Summer, 2001 Cause? Lakeside Site Date MCYST CHLa Phyc (2004) (ng/l) (ug/l) (µg/l) Niagara River Mile Creek Mile Creek Oak Orchard Creek Irondequoit Bay Genesee River Braddock Bay Port Bay Sodus Bay

21 Additional 2004 sampling Lake Neatahwanta, Fulton, NY Vertical profile of Microcystin-LR Net Tow comparison with 35µm mesh Silver Lake, Silver Springs, NY - Bi-weekly monitoring Vertical profile of Microcystin-LR Bloom response in September, surface scum analysis and comparison with lake concentrations of microcystin-lr ** Conesus Lake, Lakeville, NY Every other week

22 Lake Neatahwanta: Fulton, NY Hypereutrophic Shallow depth due to sedimentation from local agricultural runoff Mucklands Bloom formation throughout the summer of 2004

23 Silver Lake: Silver Springs, NY Moderately sized lake(~2.5mi. Long) Meso-eutrophic Stratifies in summer Blooms of Microcystis occurred in late August and September 2004 after mixing

24 16-21 September 2004 Silver Lake Silver Lake Blooms Multiple blooms in September 2004 High concentrations of microcystins within the surface scums of these blooms ( µg/l) Lake concentrations for microcystins relatively low ( µg/l) Picture from Mary

25 Silver Lake Surface 2004 (Curvilinear) Microcystin concentrations for bloom events over the WHO warning limit Microcystin-LR Concentration (µg/l) Detection Limit: µg/l Toxic Threshold: 0.2 µg/l WHO warning limit: 1.00 µg/l Surface scums highly toxic but the lake concentrations were low Bloom location localized at Southwestern portion of the lake Microcystin-LR Concentration (µg/l) 0 9/6/2004 9/13/2004 9/20/2004 9/27/ /4/ /11/ Silver Lake 2004(Curvilinear) Silver Lake Shoreside Detection Limit: µg/l Toxic Threshold: 0.2 µg/l W HO warning lim it: 1.00 µg/l /1/2004 7/1/2004 8/1/2004 9/1/ /1/ /1/2004

26 Conesus Lake: Lakeville, NY Eutrophic lake Majority of the summer there was no bloom activity Late September bloom event had toxic levels of Microcystin-LR above the WHO action limit (5.07µg/L)

27 Depth vs. Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen profile for Conesus Lake 28 September September 2004 Temperature ( o C) Depth (m) Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Temperature (C) Anabaena spiroides Aphanizomenon flos-aqua

28 Parameter correlations for Microcystin and Anatoxin α concentrations Correlations run on 20 parameters Microcystin-LR and Anatoxin α were most highly correlated with Phycocyanin and Total Phosphorous A high negative correlation between Anatoxin α and Sodium Slight correlation between Microcystin-LR and Fe

29 Parameter correlations for Microcystin and Anatoxin α concentrations MCYST vs Phycocyanin P = r 2 = vs Total Phosphorous P = r 2 = vs Sodium P = r 2 = vs Iron P = r 2 = 0.44 ANA α vs Phycocyanin P = r 2 = vs Total Phosphorous P = r 2 = vs Sodium P = r 2 = 0.963

30 Microcystin-LR and Anatoxin α vs. Total Phosphorous for samples above µg/l Microcystin-LR (2003&2004) Microcystin-LR vs. Phycocyanin for samples under µg/l Microcystin-LR (2003&2004) 8000 r 2 = P = r2 = Total Phosphorous (µg P/L) Phycocyanin (-g/l) Microcystin-LR (µg/l) Microcystin-LR (µg/l) Microcystin-LR vs. Iron 2004 Total Phosphorous (µg P/L) r 2 = P = Iron (mg/l) P = r 2 = Anatoxin α (µg/l) Microcystin-LR (µg/l)

31 1.2e+5 1.0e+5 Microcystin-LR and Anatoxin α vs. Phycocyanin for samples above µg/l Microcystin-LR (2003 & 2004) r 2 = P = Microcystin-LR and Anatoxin α vs. Sodium for samples above µg/l Microcystin-LR r 2 = P = Phycocyanin (µg/l) 8.0e+4 6.0e+4 4.0e+4 2.0e+4 Na (mg/l) e Microcystin-LR (µg/l) Microcystin-LR (µg/l) r 2 = P = r2 = P = Phycocyanin (µg/l) Na (mg/l) Anatoxin α (µg/l) Anatoxin α (µg/l)

32 Microcystins in Fish Tissues Studies of fish liver and muscle tissue have shown elevated and toxic levels of Microcystin-LR in brackish systems (Megalhaes et al. 2003) Microcystin accumulation linked to ingestion of the toxin not in integument Question: Will these toxins be accumulated in edible freshwater fish tissues during such short bloom events at levels above the WHO Tolerable Daily Intake level (0.04µg/kg BW)?

33 Research Directions Given TDI = 0.04µg/kg BW for a normal adult weighing 60 kg, and an average meal of fish weighing 300g Intake needs to be µg/g of fish to be toxic One preliminary fish analyzed from L. Neatahwanta had a concentration of µg/g of fish Determine the amount of Microcystins in both liver and edible tissue Assess the ability of freshwater sport fish to accumulate the toxin and the potential health risk to humans

34 Summary: 1. Over 80% of the samples had detectable levels of microcystins. 2. They occur each year in August and September with significant variation between years. 3. Lake Ontario embayments and coastal zone did not have high microcystin levels over a two-year period (highest was 0.11 ug/l at Oak Orchard). 4. Only the Genesee River reached a fairly high value of ug/l in August of Long Pond consistently has elevated levels % of the samples had detectable levels of anatoxin. Anatoxins were observed on several occasions in Not analyzed for 2004 yet. 6. High levels of chlorophyll demonstrated by satellite imagery in August were confirmed by ship sampling and coastal sampling. Phycocyanin was high, especially in September (61 ug/l at 2m) but microcystin was low (0.003 ng/l). 7. Several inland lakes had high levels of microcystins including one of the Finger Lakes. In one case, exceeding WHO warning limits. 8. Wisconsin nets do not appear to be quantitative for microcystins. 9. Microcystin vertical profile appears to be quite variable in three lakes.

35 Suggestions for Indicators 1. In every instance that we have observed microxcystin values in excess of ~0.5ng/L, there have been scum lines or surface accumulations. These had a characteristic color to them. This was a blue to blue-green milky color, in some places almost a sheet or neon type color. However, it was the almost white color that seemed to be the key. 2. Handheld Turner AquaFluor fluorometer for measuring phycocyanin worked very well. $1,500. Small a volume of water (2 ml). Detection limit ( 1.0 ug/l) 3. Not sure what to conclude on the use of nets for sampling. They are clearly underestimating the amount of microcystin in all of our trials. It is true these nets will clog up and thus you will collect. 4. Consider wind direction. They often accumulate on the down wind site. Change sampling. Were blown together often downwind or arranged by current. Limit sampling to areas where either high phycocyanin or observed scum lines.

36 Next Year: 1. Begin a Tier-Based sampling approach. 2. Water Sample for PPIA, if: a. Color is fluorescent, neon blue or white, milky blue-green b. Phycocyanin greater than 1 mg/l 3. Samples on downwind side. 4. Expand sampling to other lakes. Eutrophic, anoxic hypolimnion or have swamps or mucklands in watershed. 5. More work on tracking. Need better turn around time on SeaWifs data. Next day. 6. Often had high microcrycytins with increase in suspended sediments. samples sediments. 7. Begin looking at levels in sport fish tissue and other organism