Scientific Tools for fuel characterization for clean and efficient Biomass Combustion. Kim Dam-Johansen

Transcription

1 Scientific Tools for fuel characterization for clean and efficient Biomass Combustion Kim Dam-Johansen

2 Kim Dam-Johansen MSc (1983), PhD (1987) Chemical Engineering Assistant Prof. Danish Engineering Academy, Associate Prof. DTU; Research Prof. (industial sponsored) 1993; Prof Vice President Hempel (R&D, Product implementation on 25 factories) Head of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, DTU 2000 Board of Hempel Foundation, Board of Hempel Holding A/S, Board of Appeal for Patents and Trademarks (DK), VGB Research Committee, Honory Prof. Åbo Acad. University, Honory Prof. Institute of Process Engineering, China. Einstein professor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc... 2 DTU Chemical Engineering,

3 Outline of SciToBiCom: Partners Project objectives Work package structure and content Results obtained: Biomass combustion on a grate Biomass combustion in FBC Biomass combustion in suspension-fired units Pre-treatment of biomass Dissimination of results Future aspects of cooperation 3 DTU Chemical Engineering,

4 SciToBiCom Objectives: DTU, Denmark (coordinator) Åbo Akademi University, Finland BE2020+, Austria NTNU, Norway 4 DTU Chemical Engineering,

5 5 DTU Chemical Engineering,

6 The Master s Programme in Chemical Engineering has three major subjects Process chemistry Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Polymer Technology Process systems engineering Heat and Flow Engineering Process Control Industrial Chemistry Process Design Pulp and paper technology Paper Coating and Converting Fibre and Cellullose Technology Wood and Paper Chemistry 6 DTU Chemical Engineering, 6

7 Åbo Akademi Process Chemistry Centre Wood and Paper Chemistry Prof. Bjarne Holmbom Wood Chemistry Combustion and Materials Chemistry Prof. Mikko Hupa Combustion Chemistry Fibre and Pulping Chemistry Materials Chemistry Paper Chemistry Process Analytical Chemistry Prof. Ari Ivaska Chemical Sensors Electroactive Materials Environmental and On-line Analysis Kinetics and Catalysis Prof. Tapio Salmi Heterogeneous Catalysis Chemical Kinetics Chemical Reactor Modelling 7 DTU Chemical Engineering, 7

8 Research Areas Combustion Bio-fuel burning characterization Thermochemistry in combustion Ash and trace metal chemistry Gaseous emissions and kinetics CFD - chemical sub-models Materials Ceramic surface reactions Bioactivity of glasses Metals corrosion chemistry Surface electrochemistry 8 DTU Chemical Engineering, 8

9 Standardized fuel characterization and ash behavior prediction Emissions Fuel sample Proximate and ultimate analyses Ash composition Standard melting point (ASTM, DIN) Fouling & Corrosion originally developed for coals Bed agglomeration 9 DTU Chemical Engineering, 9

10 Laboratory fluidized bed reactor 10 DTU Chemical Engineering, 10

11 Key message BIOENERGY stands for: to become a R&D world leader in the bioenergy sector to increase the performance of Austrian industry by acting as a scientific backbone to increase the international visibility of Austrian bioenergy related R&D and industry to provide critical masses for successful R&D to provide technology transfer services for company partners as a one-stop shop along the value chain to train and mentor young scientists 11 DTU Chemical Engineering,

12 Scientific vision 12 DTU Chemical Engineering,

13 Structure Area I: Sub area I-1: Sub area I-2: Biomass combustion Small-scale systems (Wieselburg) Medium and large-scale systems (Graz) active in SciToBiCom Area II: Sub area II-1: Sub area II-2: Biomass gasification,fermentation and liquid biofuels Gasification and liquid biofuels (Graz / Güssing / Pinkafeld / Wieselburg) Fermentation (Tulln /Güssing) Area III: Modelling and simulation (Graz) active in SciToBiCom Working group Data, analysis and measurement techniques (Graz) 13 DTU Chemical Engineering,

14 Experimental facilities related to Area I-2 and Area III - lab-scale DTA/DSC/DTG Flame simulation reactor Lab-scale combustion reactor 14 DTU Chemical Engineering,

15 Experimental facilities related to Area I-2 and Area III 180 kw grate furnace Drop-tube furnace 15 DTU Chemical Engineering,

16 Department of Energy and Process Engneering Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Hydropower laboratoriet Fluids Engineering laboratorium Thermal Energy&Combustion laboratorium 16 DTU Chemical Engineering,

17 Division for Thermal Energi Recuperator Gas Turbine Generator Fuel Processing System SOFC Module Switchgear SOFC Power Conditioning System Thermal power production incl. CO2- capture Combustion Exhaust Stack Air Inlet Instrumentation and Controls High temperature fuel cell processes Multi phase pumps Laser laboratorium Combustion Combustion incl. process and equipment Bio energy and Bio fuels Waste treatment Emission reduction technology Machinery and power production: Thermal machinery, incl. gas turbines, compressors Thermal power production processes incl. CO 2 -capture High temperature fuel cell processes Energy system analysis and industrial ecology Life cycle analysis Energy and environment in developing countries Systems engineering 17 DTU Chemical Engineering, 17

18 18 DTU Chemical Engineering, 18 Combustion and laser diagnostics lab Combustion lab Development of burners, chambers and boilers Fundamental combustion studies Low-NOx gass/oil burners Laser diagnostics lab Interaction turbulence, emissions and acoustics etc.

19 19 DTU Chemical Engineering, 19 Thermal lab Pyrolysis, gasification and combustion of biomass and waste Development of stoves Emission reduction technology Hear exchangers Fuel characterisation

20 DTU Chemical Engineering: Lyngby 20 DTU Chemical Engineering,

21 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Education (bachelor, master, phd, industrial courses), Research and Innovation covering: Product design, Process design and Production in: Chemistry Biochemistry Food Pharma Energy Oil and Gas Power Energy intensive industry Sustainability 21 DTU Chemical Engineering,

22 CHEC Combustion and Harmful Emission Control New and Fundamental knowledge on Combustion and Gasification Processes Formation and Reduction of Harmful Components and Particulates Chemical Product Design To assist enterprises and governmental organisations To train engineers and researchers To catalyse international cooperation 22 DTU Chemical Engineering,

23 Emissions Coal Oil Natural Gas Bio Mass Waste material Additives Process Residual Products Electricity Heat Process Energy Liquid Fuels Experiments in lab, pilot and full scale Modelling: Kinetics, CFD, Overall 23 DTU Chemical Engineering,

24 Working Methods Laboratory experiments Pilot scale measurements Full scale measurements Model development 24 DTU Chemical Engineering,

25 SciToBiCom WP Structure: Generic models: WP1: NOx formation (DTU) WP2: Ash formation/deposition and formation of small ash particles (ABO) WP3: Combustors Technology dependent models (BE2020+) Advanced characterization: WP4: NOx related issues (NTNU) WP5: Ash related issues (BE2020+) WP6: Fuel pretreatment (DTU) 25 DTU Chemical Engineering,

26 From molecular science to advanced technology Semi-industrial scale experiments Model (CFD) 26 DTU Chemical Engineering, 26

27 A major challenge 27 DTU Chemical Engineering,

28 WP1: Generic Models on NOx Formation Objectives: Establishment of detailed chemical kinetic model for gas-phase nitrogen chemistry (DTU) Development and test of a simplified scheme to describe gasphase NO formation from volatile combustion (for use in CFD) (NTNU, DTU) Experimental characterization of NO formation from biomass char oxidation (DTU) Development of biomass char-n oxidation model (DTU) 28 DTU Chemical Engineering,

29 Flow reactors for high-temperature or high-pressure chemistry 1 atm, K 1 atm, K atm, K Rasmussen et al., DTU Chemical Engineering,

30 Detailed Kinetic Model for Volatile-N: NH 3 Oxidation in a Flow Reactor: Inlet concentrations: Klippenstein et al., Combust Flame, 2011 NH 3 = 1000 ppm, O 2 = 40 %, balance N DTU Chemical Engineering,

31 31 DTU Chemical Engineering,

32 Mechanisms for DCKM K/Na S Hg Cl N Si Peter 32 DTU Glarborg Chemical Engineering,

33 Detailed Kinetic Model for Volatile-N: C 2 Amine Oxidation in Premixed Flames: Lucassen et al., Combust Flame, DTU Chemical Engineering,

34 Simple Scheme to Describe Gas-Phase NO Formation from Volatile Oxidation: Comparison of detailed mechanism (81 species) with reduced (35 species); NOx emission level in ppm (corrected to 11% O2 in the dry flue gas) as a function of temperature and excess air ratios at residence time=1 s 34 DTU Chemical Engineering,

35 Biomass Char-N Oxidation: 35 DTU Chemical Engineering,

36 Char-N --> NO (%) bark char-n -> NO (%) Char-N Oxidation: coal bark straw o C o C o C coal char-n -> NO (%) o C 1150 o C o C 1150 o C straw char-n -> NO (%) o C 1150 o C char (mg C) char (mg C) char (mg C) Char (mg C) 36 DTU Chemical Engineering,

37 Biomass Char-NO Model: Model: 1. Char-N + O 2 NO 2.Char + NO N 2 k 1 = k char+o2 k 2 measured 37 DTU Chemical Engineering,

38 WP2: Generic models on Ash Formation/ Deposition Objectives: To model ash formation and release of heavy metals leading to particle and aerosol emissions or deposit formation in a full scale boiler To development of a new characterization method based on thermodynamic equilibrium calculations in order to describe the release behavior of ash forming elements and heavy metals To develop a thermodynamic model for ash formation and ash melting in fixed-bed combustion To develop simplified models concerning the formation of aerosols for use in CFD. 38 DTU Chemical Engineering,

39 Task 2.1: Formation of ash and volatilization of heavy metal: Formation of ash from the fuels was studied. Volatilization of heavy metals i.e. Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu during combustion/gasification Sensitivity study of volatility 100 ppm Pb Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd as function of Temperature Variation in alkali Variation in ratio of S/Cl Example: waste wood 39 DTU Chemical Engineering,

40 K Distribution vs. T for Waste Wood: 40 DTU Chemical Engineering,

41 41 DTU Chemical Engineering,

42 Release of Ash in a Grate Furnace Modeling Approach: Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations (TEC) based on the results of chemical analyses of the fuels as well as results of the lab-scale reactor tests (WP5) have been applied to predict ash formation, release behavior as well as the distribution of relevant volatile and semivolatile elements (K, Na, Zn, S and Cl). Thermodynamic databases and compounds were selected carefully for the application of biomass fuels and ashes. A 2-step approach concerning the TEC was selected considering the volatilization and charcoal combustion phase separately. 42 DTU Chemical Engineering,

43 Example Beech Wood Chips: Release of K from the Fuel to the Gas Phase 43 DTU Chemical Engineering,

44 Example Beech Wood Chips: Release of K, Na, Zn, Pb, S and Cl Comparison with Results from Lab-Scale LR_1127 C... Release from lab-sale reactor tests (maximum bed temperature measured: 1,127 C) TEC... Total release according to TEC calculated from step 1 at 700 C ( = 0.89 ) + step 2 at 1,150 C ( = 1.71 ) 44 DTU Chemical Engineering,

45 Aerosol Formation Subtasks Development of a simplified model for release of the elements S, Cl, and K/Na from biomass combustion as function of fuel composition and temperature. Laboratory experiments on sulfation of KCl Development of a simplified model for the fate of S, Cl and alkali elements in suspension Development of simplified model for aerosol formation 45 DTU Chemical Engineering,

46 Modeling of Release: Low temperature release of Cl S release at low and moderate temperatures Transient release of K, Cl and S at high temperatures 25 o C 500 o C 1000 o C Cl release T S release Release of K, Cl and S 46 DTU Chemical Engineering,

47 Low-Temperature Release of Cl: Experiments at DTU with model compounds and well-characterized biomass (T<500 o C), focusing on: Release of organic-cl Interactions between KCl and carboxylic groups Development of simplified models for low temperature Cl release: Kinetic model for the release of organic-cl Global reaction model for the interactions between KCl and carboxylic groups 47 DTU Chemical Engineering,

48 Sulfation of KCl Particles: SO 2 = 960 ppm, O 2 = 4.8%, H 2 O = 4%; N 2 48 DTU Chemical Engineering,

49 Simplified K/S/Cl Gas Phase Model (Homogeneous KCl Sulfation): 80 SO 2 = 0 ppm SO 2 +½O 2 SO 3 (global, rate limiting) KCl KCl + SO 3 (+M) KSO 3 Cl (+M) (fast) 20 KSO 3 Cl + H 2 O KHSO 4 + HCl (fast) KHSO 4 + KCl K 2 SO 4 + HCl (fast) K 2 SO 4 K 2 SO 4 (aerosol) (rate limiting) Mole fraction / ppm SO 2 = 320 ppm SO 2 = 650 ppm KCl HCl Detailed chemical kinetic model evaluation: Flame data from Lund University EFR data from Oregon State University Flow reactor data (DTU) KCl Height above burner / cm 49 DTU Chemical Engineering,

50 WP3: Technology Dependent Models Objectives: To transform the generic models developed in other WPs into a form that can be used in applied mathematical models for a combustion device; Fixed bed combustion, Pulverized combustion, and; Fluidized bed combustion 50 DTU Chemical Engineering,

51 CFD Simulation of a Underfeed Stoker by BE2020+: Fuel particle tracks on the grate coloured by particle temperatures ( C); side view (left) and top view (right) 51 DTU Chemical Engineering,

52 WP3: Technology Dependent Models Solid line : Simulation Circle : Experiment Gas flame temperature profiles [K] and species mass fractions [-] at normalised axial distance x/d = 15 [-] in dependence of the mixture fraction [-] (SST k-ω turbulence model; reaction mechanism DRM-22) 52 DTU Chemical Engineering,

53 WP3: Advanced CFD Models Considering Streak Formation and Low Turbulence Regimes Development of a Gas Streak Formation Model Gas residence time t gas [s] (left), mixing state [-] (right); mixing state = 1 (C fm -C(t))/C fm ; C fm = volatiles concentration in the fully mixed gas (represented by CO 2 ); C(t) = local volatiles (CO 2 ) concentration in dependence of mixing time 53 DTU Chemical Engineering,

54 WP3: Technology Dependent Models Task 3.3.: Development of particle models A particle model for thermally large biomass particles was developed based on an existing particle model Taylor made versions of the model were developed for the study of different combustion stages Fuel specific parameters and kinetic expressions were determined based on the experiments carried out in WP4 and WP6 54 DTU Chemical Engineering,

55 WP3: Technology Dependent Models Task 3.3.: Development of particle models modeled dev. time (s) Olive 1050C Olive 900C Olive 800C Straw 1050C Straw 900C Straw 800C Wood 1050C Wood 900C Wood 800C measured dev. time (s) 55 DTU Chemical Engineering,

56 WP3: Technology Dependent Models Task 3.4.: Conversion of the model into a CFD sub-model The MATLAB based particle model was converted into a particle sub-model to be used with a commercial code Numerical efficiency and code robustness are key factors Validation of the coupling with other sub-models, both technology dependent and standard ones, time consuming. 56 DTU Chemical Engineering,

57 WP3: Technology Dependent Models Task 3.5.: CFD studies of combustion of biomass mixtures Effect of bed region model parameters on the freeboard temperature fields 57 DTU Chemical Engineering,

58 WP4: NOx Characterization Objectives: State the important relations between fuel characteristics, process conditions and the role of precursors for NOx formation Determine the parameters that describe pyrolysis and char conversion based on thermally large biomass particles. Milestones: Release curves of NOx precursors Input parameters for single particle models 58 DTU Chemical Engineering,

59 Operating Parameters Influencing N-Release NOx Characterization A multi fuel combustion reactor has been used which enables studies of the effect of temperature, fuel mixtures, air staging and fuel staging techniques for emission reduction purposes Several sampling devices have been used to measure emission levels (FTIR, ELPI, GC) 59 DTU Chemical Engineering,

60 WP4: NOx Characterization Effect of air-staging technology and reactor temperature on NOx release: measured in terms of excess air in secondary stage: Ultimate analysis of demolition wood pellets (wt% dry ash free basis): Pellets C H O N S Cl Demolition Wood (DW) Ref: Houshfar E., Skreiberg Ø., Løvås T., Todorovic D. and Sørum, L., (2011) Energy and Fuels, Vol. 25.(10) pp DTU Chemical Engineering,

61 WP4: NOx Characterization Effect of nitrogen content in fuel: The selected fuels for this study were straw, sewage sludge, peat, virgin wood (WP) and forest residues (Grot) which had nitrogen content of wt%. Ref: Houshfar E., Løvås T., and Skreiberg Ø., (2012) Energies, Vol. 5, pp DTU Chemical Engineering,

62 Combustion characteristics NOx Characterization 900 C, 10% O 2? Single particles combusted in lab reactor to obtain mass loss and release of NO from biomass 62 DTU Chemical Engineering,

63 WP4: NOx Characterization Parameters determined to model mass loss during combustion of fuel particles Parameters determined to model release of NO from biomass particles 63 DTU Chemical Engineering,

64 WP5: Ash Characterization Objectives: Advanced characterization of biomass fuels according to fuel indexes and chemical fractionation Determination of the association of ash forming matter in biomass fuels with emphasis on volatile alkali compounds and heavy metals. Advanced characterization of biomass fuels by TGA/DSC and XRD analysis of ashed fuel samples. Advanced fuel characterization of biomass fuels by µtga and macro-tga coupled with FTIR, MS and GC Performance of lab-scale combustion tests as innovative method for fuel characterization and in order to gain basic data concerning the release behavior of alkaline metals, S, Cl and heavy metals. Determination of release curves for alkaline metals and heavy metals. Establishment of an advanced fuel database for conventional and new biomass fuels investigated within the project 64 DTU Chemical Engineering,

65 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues The SciToBiCom fuels For experimental work within WP5 the following fuels have been selected Wood pellets (softwood) from Austria Wood chips (softwood) from Austria Wood chips (hardwood) from Austria Bark (spruce) from Austria Straw from Denmark Waste wood from Austria Miscanthus from Austria SRC (poplar) from Austria Sewage sludge from Austria Pellets from torrefied wood from the Netherlands The fuels have been collected and analyzed by BE2020 and samples according to the needs defined by each partner (mass and particle size) have been distributed. Comparisons with database values have shown that the fuel samples are representative for the respective type of biomass. 65 DTU Chemical Engineering,

66 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.1: Advanced fuel characterisation based on fuel indexes - example Shrinkage starting temperature: results from standard ash melting tests according to CEN/TS DTU Chemical Engineering,

67 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.2: Advanced fuel characterization based on selective leaching, SEM and other techniques Chemical fractionation 67 DTU Chemical Engineering,

68 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.2: Advanced fuel characterization based on selective leaching, SEM and other techniques Different solubility points at differences in association of ash forming matter SEM shows different fuel structure Different combustion behaviour expected 68 DTU Chemical Engineering,

69 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.3: TGA/DSC and XRD analysis of ashes Comparison of TGA/DSC data with results from TEC and of the standard ash melting test according to CEN/TS show a good agreement (see examples for straw and miscanthus below) Release behaviour Straw ash Miscanthus ash CO 2 release / TEC wt% d.b CO 2 release / TGA-DSC wt% d.b KCl release / TEC wt% d.b KCl release / TGA-DSC wt% d.b Melting behaviour Melting T 15 / TEC C Melting T 30 / TEC C Melting T 70 / TEC C 1,180 1,040 Melting Peaks / TGA-DSC C 900 1,200 ~ 850 Shrinkage starting temp. (CEN/TS ) C Melting (fluid) temperature (CEN/TS ) C 1,160 1,070 T x temperature at which X% molten phases occur 69 DTU Chemical Engineering,

70 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.4: Fixed-bed lab-scale reactor tests Reactor temperature selectable (reactor is pre-heated) Oxidation medium selectable (passes through the fuel bed) Comprehensive flue gas analyses Analyses of the fuel and the residues (ashes) Decomposition process can be followed by thermocouples in the fuel bed 70 DTU Chemical Engineering,

71 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.4: Fixed-bed lab-scale reactor tests Test runs with the lab-scale reactor have been performed with all SciToBiCom fuels The test runs provide information about fuel decomposition behaviour release behaviour of NO x precursors (see diagram below) release behaviour of aerosol forming elements (K, Na, Zn, Pb, S and Cl) slagging behaviour (first indications) P... WC... pellets woodchips TFN... Total Fixed Nitrogen (sum of: NO, NH3, HCN, NO2, N2O) 71 DTU Chemical Engineering,

72 Task 5.5.: Determination of Release Curves for Alkali Metals and Heavy Metals

73 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.5: Determination of release curves for alkali metals and heavy metals Elemental composition analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) : 550 C ash and ash residues from high temperature treatment Correlations between K release and loss of other elements Dashed line: results from present work, solid line: reference data P Thy et al. Fuel, 85, (2006) The K release amount is correlated with the loss of Cl and S for present and reference studies results. 2. Cl and S play a role to transfer the K out of the biomass ashes (i.e. straw) by evaporation in the form of KCl and K2SO4. 3. However, KCl may breakdown at around 800 C, and the release K will react with Si to form K-silicates or accommodate into the silicate melt. 4. The K2O normalized to SiO2 is shown in figure above. There is marked drop of normalized K2O for two 73 straw DTU ashes Chemical at Engineering, high temperature.

74 Task 5.6: Establishment of an Advanced Fuel Database

75 WP5: Advanced characterisation of biomass fuels ash related issues Task 5.6: Advanced fuel database All data gained from the experimental work performed within SciToBiCom are summarized in an advanced fuel database programmed in MS Excel It also contains comprehensive information about the methods applied as well as the reactor setup used for the different tests The dataset involve: Results from wet chemical analyses Results from chemical fractionation tests Fuel indexes based on the chemical analyses Information regarding ash melting behaviour gained from different methods and testing devices (standard ash melting test, TGA/DSC, lab-scale reactor tests) Information on NO x precursor release gained from test runs with different labscale reactors Information on the release of ash forming elements gained from test runs with different lab-scale reactors 75 DTU Chemical Engineering,

76 WP6: Fuel Pretreatment Objectives: To provide important biomass data needed for the design of advanced pretreatment processes To provide data on chlorine release during pyrolysis for different biofuels as a function of pyrolysis conditions To provide data on heat transfer and grindability at pyrolysis conditions Milestones: Reactor for pyrolysis characterization commissioned Cl release studies completed Heat transfer and grindability study completed Concept studies completed 76 DTU Chemical Engineering,

77 Background: Using pyrolysis/torrefaction as a biomass pretreatment process Pretreatment of biomass integrated with a suspension fired boiler biomass partial pyrolysis and pulverization in one reactor Possible advantages: All biomass heating value is supplied to the boiler Superheating is done with a gas depleted of alkali metals The fuel is finely grinded without undue electricity consumption A high electrical efficiency will be obtained on 100% straw firing 77 DTU Chemical Engineering,

78 Reactor (pyrolysis and grinding) and experimental procedure Electrical oven Cooling unit Rotating fuel chamber 78 DTU Chemical Engineering,

79 Simultaneous torrefaction and grinding experimental procedure The biomass sample and metal balls are inserted into the loader and placed in the cooling zone The reactor is purged with N 2, pushed into the oven and the rotation is started After a given time, the rotation is stopped, the loader is cooled and the char is stored The char is weighed and sieved into different fractions Example of Particle size distributions for torrified straw reactor residence time 30 minutes 79 DTU Chemical Engineering,

80 Experimental procedure - Influence of different type and size of balls Particle sizes Temperature profiles Conditions used: 12 Balls, 120 rpm, T oven =380ºC, (T d =300ºC), Flow 1.0/0.2 Nl/min, straw WC10 10 mm Wolfram/tungsten carbide SS10/SS15/SS20 10 mm/ 15 mm/ 20 mm Stainless steel 12 WC10 Balls is used 80 DTU Chemical Engineering,

81 Experimental procedure - Influence of different feedstock mass Particle sizes Temperature profiles Conditions used: 12 Balls, 120 rpm, T oven =420ºC, (T d =350ºC), Flow 1.0/0.2 Nl/min, straw Conditions used as standard: 20 g feedstock, 12 Wolfram carbide balls Rotation 120 rpm, Flow 1.0/0.2 Nl/min. Variations in: Residence time, feedstock, temperature 81 DTU Chemical Engineering,

82 Energy loss: Torrefied straw and wood chips 50% d 50 reduction: straw: 90 min exp. at 260 C, 13% energy loss, 21% mass loss wood: 90 min exp. at 319 C, 28% energy loss, 46% mass loss 82 DTU Chemical Engineering,

83 Preliminary results - Release of Cl and S during torrefaction Feedstock mass = 20 grams (torrefaction reactor) and 3 grams (fixed bed tube furnace) Approximately 70% release of Cl from straw between 250 and 350 ºC release of methylchlorine is confirmed. Gradual release of S from 200 to 450 ºC Influence of biomass type will be done later 83 DTU Chemical Engineering,

84 SciToBiCom WP Structure: Generic models: WP1: NOx formation (DTU) WP2: Ash formation/deposition and formation of small ash particles (ABO) WP3: Combustors Technology dependent models (BE2020+) Advanced characterization: WP4: NOx related issues (NTNU) WP5: Ash related issues (BE2020+) WP6: Fuel pretreatment (DTU) 84 DTU Chemical Engineering,

85 Outline of SciToBiCom: Partners Project objectives Work package structure and content Results obtained: Biomass combustion on a grate Biomass combustion in FBC Biomass combustion in suspension-fired units Pre-treatment of biomass Dissimination of results Future aspects of cooperation 85 DTU Chemical Engineering,

86 Dissimination of results National meetings Publications Conferences Education BSc, MSc, PhD Co-operation with companies Future aspects of cooperation We established a strong group from the start We developed good cooperation We have complementary competences The perspective for efficient EU-based research is high combining Nordic and Austrian capabilities The cooperation can only continue through financial support 86 DTU Chemical Engineering,

87 PROPOSAL To continue financial support for Bio-mass based thermal energy To establish financial support for Graduate Students to work in the field of Thermal Bio-mass based Energy DTU, Åbo Academy, Graz, NTNU and CTH to form nucleus for a graduate programme 87 DTU Chemical Engineering,