Research Article Physicochemical Characteristics of River Water Downstream of a Large Tropical Hydroelectric Dam

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1 Journl of Chemistry Volume 2016, rticle ID , 7 pges Reserch rticle Physicochemicl Chrcteristics of River Wter Downstrem of Lrge Tropicl Hydroelectric Dm Teck-Yee Ling, 1 Chen-Lin Soo, 1 Teres Lee-Eng Heng, 1 Lee Nynti, 2 Siong-Fong Sim, 1 nd Jongkr Grinng 3 1 Deprtment of Chemistry, Fculty of Resource Science nd Technology, Universiti Mlysi Srwk, Kot Smrhn, Srwk, Mlysi 2 Deprtment of qutic Science, Fculty of Resource Science nd Technology, Universiti Mlysi Srwk, Kot Smrhn, Srwk, Mlysi 3 Institute of Biodiversity nd Environmentl Conservtion, Universiti Mlysi Srwk, Kot Smrhn, Srwk, Mlysi Correspondence should e ddressed to Teck-Yee Ling; teckyee60@gmil.com Received 21 pril 2016; ccepted 4 ugust 2016 cdemic Editor: Smuel B. Dmpre Copyright 2016 Teck-Yee Ling et l. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons ttriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. Wter qulity in the downstrem river of hydroelectric dm my e ffected y the structurl design nd opertion. To dte, little is known out the wter qulity downstrem of the lrgest dm in Mlysi, the Bkun hydroelectric dm. Therefore, the ojective of the study ws to determine the wter qulity downstrem of the dm when the spillwy ws closed nd when it ws opened. Results of the study indicte tht the dm plys significnt role in regulting the wter qulity downstrem of it. When the spillwy ws closed, ph nd oxygen were lower in the river where DO ws elow 5 mg/l. When the spillwy ws opened, the wter qulity improved in terms of oxygen content (>8.0 mg/l), totl sulphide (TS), nd chemicl oxygen demnd (COD) ut deteriorted in terms of five-dy iochemicl oxygen demnd (BOD 5 ), totl mmoni nitrogen (TN), nd totl phosphorus (TP). dditionlly, the intensity of the impcts, prticulrly BOD 5, COD, nd TN, shows declining trend s distnce from the dm increses. This study shows tht impcts on the wter qulity extend to distnce of 32 km from the dm prticulrly turidity nd DO nd opening the spillwy chnges the wter qulity significntly. 1. Introduction Dm nd reservoir construction in river courses re ooming ll over the world for hydropower genertion, flood control, irrigtion, nd wter supply. In Mlysi, there re out 80 dms tht hve een uilt where mjority of the dms re for wter supply in most of the sttes of Peninsulr Mlysi including Sh while hydropower dms re the most common in the sttes of Srwk nd Perk [1]. mong them, Srwk owns the lrgest hydropower project in Mlysi with n instlled cpcity of 2,400MW of electricity nd the second tllest concrete rock filled dms (205 m) in the world which is the Bkun hydroelectric dm. The dm is situted on the Blui River, triutry of the longest river in Mlysi, the Rjng River. It is impounded in 2010 nd reched its full supply level in 2012 where the flooded re is over 695 km 2 [2, 3]. The physicochemicl prmeters of the Bkun dm reservoir hve een studied in pre- nd postimpoundment condition [2, 3]. However, studies on the tropicl regulted downstrem river of the dm re limited though it is lso sujected to mjor environmentl impcts rnging from downstrem morphology to iodiversity of the ecosystem [4 10]. Downstrem impcts of the dm cn sometimes extend up to distnce of hundred kilometers from the dm site [11], lthough the intensity of the impcts tends to decline with incresing distnce from the dm site [12, 13]. Dms cn chnge downstrem hydrology y ltering the flow pttern which susequently chnge the wter qulity of the downstrem river [14 19]. Thus, it is of scientific importnce to investigte nd evlute the wter qulity chnges induced y dm construction nd opertion. Despite the sustntil size of the Bkun hydroelectric dm nd its potentil impct on the downstrem river, the

2 2 Journl of Chemistry Peninsulr Mlysi South Chin Se Sh Srwk N St 3 St 2 St 1 St 4 St 5 2 km 20 km Bkun reservoir Sg. Rjng Smpling sttion Bkun hydroelectric dm Figure 1: Loction of the smpling sttions long the downstrem river, Blui River, of the Bkun hydroelectric dm in the present study in the stte of Srwk, Mlysi. wter qulity of its downstrem river is scrcely known. Recently, study hd shown tht higher concentrtion of Fe nd Mn ws detected in downstrem wter of the Bkun hydroelectric reservoir with significnt longitudinl vrition [20]. Structurl difference etween Bkun dm nd other ig tropicl dms in the world my result in differences in downstrem wter qulity. Therefore, the present study ws initited to ssess the wter qulity of the downstrem river of the Bkun hydroelectric dm when the spillwy ws closed nd when it ws opened. The findings would provide vlule informtion for the opertion nd mngement of the dm for the enefit of downstrem qutic orgnisms. 2. Mteril nd Methods 2.1. Study re nd Smpling Sttions. The present study ws conductedtthebluiriver,downstrembkunhydroelectric dm in Srwk, Mlysi, from Long Bgu to elow Belg town (Figure 1) when the electricl power genertion ws ongoing. The river received wter dischrged from the reservoirofthedmfterthewterpssedthroughthe turines. Intke for power genertion ws t out 10 m depth from the surfce. totl of five sttions were selected long the downstrem river up to distnce of 32.1 km from the dm (Tle 1). The first smpling ws conducted on 6 Novemer 2013 when the spillwy ws closed. The second smpling ws conducted in 26 Ferury 2014 where dditionl wter ws dischrged from the spillwy with intke t depth of 15 m. t the end of the spillwy, the wter hits the concrete rrier efore entering downstrem Blui River. The downstrem river flow during second trip when dditionl wter ws dischrged from the spillwy of the dm ws fster thn first trip. It rined in the morning during the first trip wheres no rin ws recorded for two weeks efore the second trip Field Collection nd Lortory nlysis. Both in situ nd ex situ prmeters were studied. ph nd dissolved oxygen (DO) were mesured using n Orion 3-str Plus Portle ph meter nd Milwukee DO meter, respectively. Turidity ws mesured using YSI 6820 Multiprmeter Sonde nd HnnInstrumentinthefirstndsecondtrips,respectively. Wtersmpleswerecollectedintriplicteforthenlysis of five-dy iochemicl oxygen demnd (BOD 5 ), chemicl oxygen demnd (COD), totl mmoni nitrogen (TN), totl phosphorus (TP), nd totl sulphide (TS). ll smpling ottles were cid-wshed, clened, nd dried efore use. Wter smples were preserved using zinc cette for TS nlysis wheres wter smples were cidified to ph < 2for TN nd TP nlysis. ll wter smples were plced in n ice ox nd trnsported to the lortory for further nlysis [21]. Prior to the nlysis, the triplicte wter smples were composited. ll the nlyses were conducted ccording to stndrd methods [21, 22]. For BOD 5 nlysis, it egn in the field. s DO vlues in the first trip were low, wter ws erted y shking in 2 L ottle efore initil DO ws mesured. Finl DO ws mesured fter incution of the smple in the drk t 20 C. Susequently, BOD 5 ws clculted using stndrd methods. COD ws determined y closed reflux titrimetric method [21] where FS concentrtion used ws

3 Journl of Chemistry 3 Tle 1: The detils of the smpling loction nd smpling regime in the present study. Sttion (distnce 1st trip ( ) 2nd trip ( ) GPS coordinte Description from Bkun dm) Time Depth (m) Time Depth (m) St 1 (4.3 km) N E Long Bgu 6.20 pm pm 10.7 St 2 (9.9 km) N E Right ove Metjwh (Luok Metjwh ) 5.30 pm pm 5.4 St 3 (17.5 km) N E Right elow longhouse Lhnn Long Semung 4.00 pm pm 4.1 St 4 (24.9 km) N E Right ove longhouse Kejmn Neh 3.00 pm pm 5.9 St 5 (32.1 km) N E Below Belg Town 1.30 pm m M. TN ws determined y Nessler s method fter distilltion [22]. TP ws determined y scoric cid method fter sulfuric-nitric cid digestion of smples [21]. TS ws nlyzedusingthemethyleneluemethod[22].clirtion curve ws prepred for ech chemicl nlysis. Blnk nd stndrdsolutionsweretretedinthesmewysthesmple Sttisticl nlysis. When dt were tested for normlity nd equl vrince with Shpiro-Wilk test nd Levene s test, respectively, it ws found to e significntly different from norml distriution nd unequl in vrinces. Thus, nonprmetric tests were used in the susequent sttisticl nlyses. To determine if there ws ny significnt difference in the results etween the five smpling sttions of ech smpling trip Kruskl-Wllis test ws used. Wilcoxon Signrnktestwsusedtocomprethewterqulityofthe downstrem river etween opened nd closed spillwy. ll the sttisticl nlyses were conducted y using SPSS Version Results nd Discussion Figure 2 shows tht the wter dischrged from the Bkun hydroelectric reservoir hs gret impct on the in situ wter qulity t the downstrem river. Low ph vlue ws oserved t sttions ner to the dm which is most likely due to the low ph wter of the reservoir from depth of etween 10 nd 15mthtwsrelesedintothedownstremriverfterpssing through the turines [3]. However, the ph vlue stedily incresed from 6.0±0.0 to 7.7±0.0 long the downstrem river due to the dilution from the triutries in the first smpling. However, when wter ws lso dischrged from the opened spillwyinthesecondsmpling,thephvlueisreltively constnt long the downstrem river, rnging from 6.1 ± 0.0 to 6.2 ± 0.0. In ddition to the impct of the high volume of low ph reservoir wter, no precipittion for two weeks efore the second smpling could lso contriute to the low ph vlue up to distnce of 32 km from the dm in the present study. Overll, the ph vlue of the downstrem river is mostly clssified s Clss II ccording to Ntionl Wter Qulity Stndrd (NWQS) for Mlysi except sttions 4 nd 5 in the first trip which re clssified s Clss I [23]. The men vlue of DO long the downstrem river ws 4.3 mg/l nd 9.2 mg/l when reservoir wter is dischrged Tle 2: Men difference in wter qulity prmeters etween closed nd opened spillwy when the Bkun hydroelectric dm is in opertion (N =5). Prmeters Men difference p vlue ph DO, mg/l Turidity, NTU TS, mg/l BOD 5,mg/L COD, mg/l TN, mg/l TP, μg/l Positive vlue of men difference indictes wter qulity prmeter ws higher during closed spillwy, wheres negtive vlue indictes wter qulity prmeter ws higher during opened spillwy of the Bkun hydroelectric dm. The significnt difference t p vlue 0.05 ws indicted in old. with the spillwy closed nd opened, respectively. ccording to the NWQS, DO is clssified s Clss III long the downstrem river when wter is dischrged from the dm during power genertion with the spillwy closed. The DO content improved considerly when the spillwy ws open where the DO is clssified s Clss I. Tle 2 shows tht the DOvluelongthedownstremriverissignificntlyhigher when dditionl wter ws dischrged from the spillwy of the dm (p vlue 0.05) ut decresed stedily long the downstrem river s illustrted y Figure 2. On the other hnd, when spillwy ws closed nd the only wter ws dischrged through the turines, DO vlue is the lowest t sttion 1 which is the nerest sttion to the dm ut stedily incresed long the downstrem river indicting the DO content ws first impcted y the low DO content from the reservoirutwsthendilutedyriverwterwithhigher DO content long the downstrem river. Despite the dilution long the downstrem river, sttion 5 which is the furthest sttion from the dm still showed DO of less thn 5 mg/l. Besides the low DO content in the downstrem river tht rises environmentl helth concerns, the high DO when the wterisdischrgedfromthespillwymylsoposeecologicl risks to the downstrem river. The high oxygen level cused y the rpid ertion when wter plunged from the spillwy hitting the rrier my cuse the totl dissolved gs (TDG)

4 4 Journl of Chemistry 8.0 C 10.0 ph c B BC BC c DO (mg/l) B BC BC C Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy () () Turidity (NTU) B C BC BC Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) TS (mg/l) B B B c c Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy (c) (d) 4.5 c c c B BOD 5 (mg/l) B B COD (mg/l) c c c 2.0 Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) 0.0 Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy (e) (f) Figure 2: Continued.

5 Journl of Chemistry TN (mg/l) TP (μg/l) Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) 0.0 Distnce from Bkun hydroelectric dm (km) Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy Wter dischrged during power genertion Wter dischrged from spillwy (g) (h) Figure 2: In situ nd ex situ wter qulity prmeters of () ph, () DO, (c), turidity, (d) TS, (e) BOD 5, (f) COD, (g), TN, nd (h) TP t sttions of downstrem Bkun hydroelectric dm when the spillwy ws closed (dsh line) nd when it is opened (solid line) when the dm is inopertion. Different letters indicte significntdifference tp vlue 0.05 long the downstrem river (uppercse spillwy closed; lowercse spillwy opened). supersturtion in the downstrem wter which could led to ule disese on fish living downstrem of dms [17, 24, 25]. The turidity vlue ( 40 NTU) t sttion 1 when wter is dischrged from the dm during power genertion with closed spillwy is similr to the turidity vlue of the Bkun reservoir which rnged from 22 to 40 NTU t depth of m [3]. The highest turidity vlue (74.5 ± 0.6 NTU) ws oserved t sttion 3 nd the high turidity vlue t sttions 4 nd 5(>60 NTU) indicting the possile nthropogenic influences of suspended solids from djcent re esides the impct of the dm. Turidity vlue incresed significntly (p vlue 0.05) when the spillwy ws opened with men vlue of 75.2 mg/l. The high turidity vlue hd extended up to distnce of 32 km from the dm in the present study. When wter is dischrged from the spillwy in ddition to turine outflow, resuspension of deposited sediments under highflowrteincresesthesuspendedsolidsdownstrem. Besides the impcts of the reservoir wter dischrged from thespillwy,thehighturidityvluecouldlsoeduetothe low dilution from the triutries long the downstrem river s there ws no precipittion for two weeks efore the second smpling ws conducted. Overll, most of the turidity vlue t oth trips (>50 NTU) hd exceeded the Clss II of NWQS for Mlysi [23] except sttions 1 nd 2 in the first smpling. When wter is dischrged from the dm during power genertion when spillwy ws closed, TS ws very high t sttions 1, 2, nd 3 ( 0.22 mg/l) up to distnce of 17.5 km from the dm. The high TS concentrtion t the downstrem river ner to the dm indictes tht it is most likely due to the reservoir wter tht contins high TS concentrtion [26]. Strong rotten egg smell indicting the presence of hydrogen sulphide hd een detected t Bkun reservoir during the fillingphse[2].however,tsconcentrtionwsfoundmuch lower t sttions 4 nd 5 most likely due to degssing nd oxidtion of hydrogen sulphide when the neroic wter ws erted [27]. When the spillwy is opened, the wter ws erted y the plunge nd impct on the concrete wll resulting in degssing nd oxidtion of hydrogen sulphide nd this wter diluted the higher sulphide wter from the turine outflow leding to significntly (p vlue 0.05) lower TS long the downstrem river. The men TS concentrtion long the downstrem river decresed from 0.14 mg/l to 0.01 mg/l, where the TS vlue chnges from noncomplince to complince with the 0.05 mg/l stndrd [23]. The highest concentrtion of TS in oth smples ws found t sttion 3 indicting tht sttion 3 which is locted elow the longhouse my hve contriuted sustntil TS esides the reservoir wter. The BOD 5 concentrtion fluctuted long the downstremriverwiththehighestvlueloctedtsttions3 nd 5 ( 4.0 mg/l) when the spillwy ws closed. BOD 5 concentrtion t the two sttions is lso significntly higher (p vlue 0.05) thn the BOD 5 concentrtion t sttions 2 (3.0 ± 0.1 mg/l) nd 4 (3.1 ± 0.2 mg/l). The higher concentrtion of BOD 5 t the two sttions indictes tht high BOD 5 concentrtion is most likely ttriuted to the domestic dischrge nd runoff s sttions 3 nd 5 were locted elow longhouses nd Belg town, respectively. When the spillwy ws opened, the BOD 5 concentrtion incresed significntly (p vlue 0.05) compred to when closed ut significntly decresed from 4.2±0.0 mg/l to 3.5±0.1 mg/l (p vlue 0.05) long the downstrem river s distnce increses s shown in Figure 2. The BOD 5 concentrtion long the downstrem river ws clssified s Clss III t ll sttions except sttion 2 (Clss II) in the first smpling. Figure 2 illustrtes tht the highest COD concentrtion ( 85 mg/l) ws oserved t sttion 1 which is the nerest sttiontothedminothtrips.thevlueliesetweenthe

6 6 Journl of Chemistry COD concentrtions ner to the Bkun dm in the reservoir t depth etween 15 m nd 30 m [3]. In the present study, COD concentrtion decresed significntly (p vlue 0.05) from 80.0 ± 8.0 mg/l to 18.7 ± 4.6 mg/l long the downstrem river when dditionl wter ws dischrged from the spillwy. The clssifiction of COD shows improvement with incresing distnce from the dm, tht is, from Clss IV to Clss II. Besides, the men COD concentrtion ws lso significntly lower (p vlue 0.05) when the spillwy ws opened compred to closed spillwy. When the spillwy ws closed, COD concentrtion ws not significntly different (p vlue > 0.05) long the downstrem river, lthough the COD concentrtion decresed from 90 mg/l t sttion 1 to 63 mg/l t the susequent sttions s illustrted in Figure 2. When thespillwywsopened,thehighvolumeofreservoirwter ws erted resulting in high DO in the river which lowered the COD concentrtion sustntilly long the downstrem river. The TN concentrtion rnged from ± mg/l to ± mg/l nd ± mg/l to ± mg/l when the spillwy ws closed nd opened, respectively. Similr to COD concentrtion, the highest vlue of TN ws oserved t sttion 1 nd the vlues re comprle to the TN concentrtion in the Bkun reservoir ner to thebkundmtdepthof15mnd30mwhichws reported to e 0.14 mg/l nd 0.35 mg/l, respectively [3]. In the present study, the TN concentrtion when the spillwy ws closed is similr to the reservoir TN concentrtion ner to the Bkun dm t depth of 15 m wheres TN concentrtion when the spillwy ws opened lies etween 15 m nd 30 m depths of the reservoir TN concentrtion. No significnt difference of TN concentrtion (p vlue > 0.05) ws oserved long the downstrem river when the spillwywsclosed;uttnshowssignofdecreselongthe downstrem river when the spillwy ws opened where TN concentrtions t sttions 3 nd 4 were significntly lower (p vlue 0.05) thn TN concentrtion t sttion 1. The men TN concentrtion incresed significntly (p vlue 0.05) when wter ws dischrged from the spillwy (0.15 mg/l) compred to the dm (0.085 mg/l) nd the clssifiction of TN chnged from Clss I to Clss II t ll sttions except sttion 1 where it ws clssified s Clss II t oth smples. The result indictes tht reservoir wter nd the dm opertion gretly influence the TN concentrtion in the downstrem river of the dm. Figure 2 shows tht no significnt difference of TP (p vlue > 0.05) ws oserved s we moved long the downstrem river sttions in oth opened nd closed spillwy conditions. However, TP concentrtions were higher when spillwy ws opened, nd vlues rnged from 24.2 ± 0.6 to 45.1 ± 5.0 μg/l nd ± 7.9 to ± 2.4 μg/l when the spillwy ws closed nd opened, respectively. The men vlue of TP incresed significntly (p vlue 0.05) from 38 μg/l to μg/l when the spillwy ws opened compred to closed spillwy (Tle 2). The result indictes tht reservoir wter contriutes sustntil TP to the downstrem river nd the impct extended up to distnce of 32 km in the present study. Nevertheless, TP concentrtion long the downstrem river is clssified s Clss I for oth trips indicting tht the TP concentrtion is still of cceptle stndrd ccording to Mlysi Ntionl Wter Qulity Stndrd [23]. 4. Conclusions The present study indictes tht Bkun hydroelectric dm plys significnt role in regulting the downstrem wter qulity. The downstrem river ws low in ph nd DO ut high in turidity, TS, BOD 5,COD,TN,ndTP.Nevertheless, the ph nd DO grdully incresed long the downstrem river. Opening the spillwy incresed the men DO, turidity, BOD 5,TN,ndTPsignificntlywheresitdecresesmen TS nd COD significntly in the downstrem river. The low ph nd high turidity nd TP remined long the downstrem river up to distnce of 32 km from the dm wheres the DO, BOD 5, nd COD decresed significntly with incresing distnce from the dm. Besides the influence of the reservoir wter, the wter qulity of the downstrem river ws lso sujected to nthropogenic ctivities prticulrly t sttion 3 nd sttion 5 which re locted elow longhouses nd township. High turidity, TS, nd BOD 5 were oserved t sttion 3 wheres high turidity nd BOD 5 were oserved t sttion 5. Even though opening the spillwy incresed DO nd reduced toxic sulphide in the downstrem river,furtherstudiesneedtoeconductedtoseetheeffect of the totl dissolved gs supersturted wter on the qutic orgnisms especilly fish in the re. Competing Interests The uthors declre tht there re no competing interests regrding the puliction of this pper. cknowledgments The uthors pprecite the finncil support provided y the Ministry of Higher Eduction through Grnt no. FRGS/STWN01(04)/991/2013(32) nd the fcilities provided y Universiti Mlysi Srwk. References [1]. M. Ltifh nd L. Met, n ecologicl evlution pproch for dm project development in Mlysi, Life Science Journl, vol. 11, no. 7, pp , [2] L. Nynti, T. Y. Ling, nd J. Grinng, Physico-chemicl chrcteristics in the filling phse of Bkun hydroelectric reservoir, Srwk, Mlysi, Interntionl Journl of pplied Science nd Technology,vol.2,no.6,pp ,2012. [3] T. Y. Ling, L. Nynti, T. Mun, J. Grinng, S. F. Sim, nd. Mujhid, Physicochemicl prmeters of kun reservoir in Belg, Srwk, Mlysi, 13 months fter reching full supply level, Sins Mlysin,vol.45,no.2,pp ,2016. [4] Y. Yi, Z. Yng, nd S. Zhng, Ecologicl influence of dm construction nd river-lke connectivity on migrtion fish hitt in the Yngtze River sin, Chin, Procedi Environmentl Sciences,vol.2,no.5,pp ,2010.

7 Journl of Chemistry 7 [5] M. W. Beck,. H. Clssen, nd P. J. Hundt, Environmentl nd livelihood impcts of dms: common lessons cross development grdients tht chllenge sustinility, Interntionl Journl of River Bsin Mngement, vol.10,no.1,pp.73 92, [6]X.Li,S.Dong,Q.Zho,ndS.Liu, ImpctsofMnwn Dm construction on qutic hitt nd community in Middle Rech of Lncng River, Procedi Environmentl Sciences, vol. 2, no. 5, pp , [7] W. Wildi, Environmentl hzrds of dms nd reservoirs, Ner Curriculum in Nturl Environmentl Science, vol. 88, pp , [8] Q.G.Wng,Y.H.Du,Y.Su,ndK.Q.Chen, Environmentl impct post-ssessment of dm nd reservoir projects: review, Procedi Environmentl Sciences,vol.13,pp ,2012. [9] P. McCully, Rivers no more: the environmentl effects of dms, in Silenced Rivers: The Ecology nd Politics of Lrge Dms, P. McCully,Ed.,pp.29 64,ZedBooks,London,UK,1996. [10] Q. Lin, Influence of dms on river ecosystem nd its countermesures, JournlofWterResourcendProtection, vol. 03, no. 01, pp , [11] R. Preece, Cold Wter Pollution elow Dms in New South Wles, Deprtment of Infrstructure, Plnning nd Nturl Resources, Sydney, ustrli, [12] Q. Zho, S. Liu, L. Deng, S. Dong, Z. Yng, nd Q. Liu, Determining the influencing distnce of dm construction nd reservoir impoundment on lnd use: cse study of Mnwn Dm, Lncng River, Ecologicl Engineering, vol.53,pp , [13] N. D. Gillett, Y. Pn, J. Eli srin, nd J. Knn, Sptil nd temporl vriility of river periphyton elow hypereutrophic lke nd series of dms, Science of The Totl Environment,vol. 541, pp , [14] Y. Zhng, J. Xi, T. Ling, nd Q. Sho, Impct of wter projects onriverflowregimesndwterqulityinhuiriverbsin, Wter Resources Mngement, vol. 24, no. 5, pp , [15] L. Feng, X. Sun, nd X. Zhu, Impct of floodgtes opertion on wter environment using one-dimensionl modelling system in river network of Wuxi city, Chin, Ecologicl Engineering, vol. 91, pp , [16] Q.Zho,S.Liu,L.Dengetl., Lndscpechngendhydrologic ltertion ssocited with dm construction, InterntionlJournlofppliedErthOservtionndGeoinformtion, vol.16,no.1,pp.17 26,2012. [17]H.Guo,Q.Hu,Q.Zhng,ndS.Feng, EffectsoftheThree Gorges Dm on Yngtze River flow nd river interction with Poyng Lke, Chin: , Journl of Hydrology, vol , pp , [18] G. L. Wei, Z. F. Yng, B. Cui et l., Impct of dm construction on wter qulity nd wter self-purifiction cpcity of the Lncng River, Chin, Wter Resources Mngement, vol. 23, no. 9, pp , [19] M. Witkowski, Influence of słup dm reservoir on flow nd qulityofwterinthenysszlonriver, Polish Journl of Environmentl Studies,vol.20,no.2,pp ,2011. [20] S. F. Sim, T. Y. Ling, L. Nynti, N. Gerunsin, Y. E. Wong, nd L. P. Kho, ssessment of hevy metls in wter, sediment, nd fishes of lrge tropicl hydroelectric dm in Srwk, Mlysi, Journl of Chemistry, vol.2016,rticleid ,10pges, [21] D. Jenkins, J. J. Connors, nd. E. Greenerg, Stndrd Methods for the Exmintion of Wter nd Wstewter, mericn Pulic Helth ssocition, Wshington, DC, US, 21st edition, [22] Hch, Hch Wter nlysis Hndook, Hch Compny, Lovelnd, Colo, US, [23] Deprtment of Environment, Mlysi Environmentl Qulity Report 2014, Deprtment of Environment, Kul Lumpur, Mlysi, [24] S.-C. Chen, X.-Q. Liu, W. Jing et l., Effects of totl dissolved gs supersturted wter on lethlity nd ctlse ctivity of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus siticus Bleeker), Journl of Zhejing University: Science B,vol.13,no.10,pp ,2012. [25] R. Ling, B. Li, K. Li, nd Y. Tuo, Effect of totl dissolved gs supersturted wter on erly life of Dvid s schizothorcin (Schizothorx dvidi), Journl of Zhejing University. Science B, vol. 140, no. 7, pp , [26] T.Y.Ling,D.P.Deie,N.Lee,I.Norhdi,ndJ.J.E.Justin, Wter qulity t Btng i hydroelectric reservoir (Srwk, Mlysi) nd implictions for quculture, Interntionl Journl of pplied Sciencce nd Technology, vol.2,no.6,pp.23 30, [27] J. Nix, Sptil nd temporl distriution of sulfide nd reduced metls in the tilwter of Nrrows dm (Lke Greeson), rknss, Tech. Rep. E-86-14, US rmy Corps of Engineers, Wshington, DC, US, 1986.

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