40 th Anniversary. Irma Khoirunissa MSc student UNU GTP

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1 40 th Anniversary Performance of AERMOD modelling of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) concentration from geothermal power plants in Ulubelu, Indonesia, and Hellisheiði-Nesjavellir, Iceland Irma Khoirunissa MSc student UNU GTP

2 Introduction Energy policy and H 2 S air quality policy Geothermal power in Indonesia (7,242 MW by 2025) and Iceland (energy consumption at 2.8% by 2020) H 2 S air quality policy (i.e., the standards of odor, ocupational health, and public health) Taking rightful decisions in the setting up and reviewing regulation policy and mitigation action (i.e., underestimation or overestimation) Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Colorless, heavier density than air, rotten egg smell (i.e. low concentration), loss of smell (i.e. high concentration) Eyes, skin, and respiratory irritations AERMOD Viewtm Version 9.4,2017 Examined H 2 S concentration by seasons Model performance for the time scales at 1 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr, annual average

3 Project Location (Indonesia) NCG (H 2 S) NCG (H 2 S) Units 1&2 (2x55 Mwe) Units 3&4 (2x55 Mwe) NCG H2S Residential Area Workplaces Images Courtesy of PGE

4 Project Location (Iceland) Residential Area 120 MWe 303 MWe Residential Area

5 Input data simulations and model performance Ulubelu Power Plant (UBL case) Simulation of H2S concentration Met data; UBL met data (UBL)* Input; rural, elevated terrain option H2S flowrate; Units 1 and 2 (21.05 g/s) and Unit 3 and 4 (16.57 and g/s), Receptors in Ulubelu village, dry season, time scales of 1 hr,8 hr,24 hr, and annual average againts H 2 S legislations Model performance Observation points; Mekarsari, Ngarip and Karang rejo villages, PP units 3&4 (sources < 3 km) Sampling August 2017 Met data;ubl SD, RMSE, correlation (Taylor diagram) no background H 2 S concentrations, *site specific meteorological data Hellisheiði and Nesjavellir PP (HEL NES case) Reykjavik (REYK), and Hellisheiði met stations (HELS)* Urban, flat terrain option Hellisheiði (540 g/s) and Nesjavellir (358 g/s) Receptors in Reykjavik greater area and Hveragedi, winter season, time scales of 24 hr and annual average Grensasvegur (GRE), Hvaleyrarholt (HEH), and Norðlingaholt (NLH) H 2 S stations, data obtained; 1 st March 2017 and 9 th November 2015 and Metdata; Straumvik (STRM), Reykjavik, and Hellisheiði met stations** (The distance of the sources < 4 km 30 km)

6 Simulation of H2S concentration from the Ulubelu power plants Annual season 24 hr during the dry season NORTH NORTH 10% 10% 8% 8% 6% 6% 4% 4% 2% 2% WEST WEST EAST EAST WIND SPEED (m/s) WIND SPEED (m/s) >= 11,10 >= 11,10 8,80-11,10 Resultant Vector 196 deg - 28% 5,70-8,80 SOUTH 3,50-5,70 2,00-3,50 0,50-2,00 Calms: 0,00% 8,80-11,10 Resultant Vector 212 deg - 29% 5,70-8,80 SOUTH 3,50-5,70 2,00-3,50 0,50-2,00 Calms: 0,00% H2S concentrations > The Icelandic public health limit (50 µg/m3 for 24 hour and 5 µg/m3 for annual period) H2S concentrations < The WHO air quality quideline (150 µg/m3 for 24 hour)

7 Simulation of H2S concentration from the Ulubelu power plants 1 hour during the dry season 8 hour during the dry season *The predicted H2S concentration < the Indonesian occupational health limit (1,400 µg/m3 for 8 hour averages)

8 Simulation of H 2 S concentration from the Hellisheiði and Nesjavellir power plants Annual averages period NORTH NORTH 10% 8% 6% 4% 10% 8% 6% 2% 4% WEST EAST 2% WEST EAST Resultant Vector 123 deg - 23% SOUTH WIND SPEED (m/s) >= 11,10 8,80-11,10 5,70-8,80 3,50-5,70 2,00-3,50 0,50-2,00 Calms: 2,14% Reykjavik met station The Icelandic public health limit (5µg/m 3 for the annual averages) Resultant Vector 65 deg - 18% SOUTH WIND SPEED (m/s) >= 11,10 8,80-11,10 5,70-8,80 3,50-5,70 2,00-3,50 0,50-2,00 Calms: 1,56% Hellisheiði met station

9 Simulation of H2S concentration from the Hellisheiði and Nesjavellir power plants 24 hr average during the winter season NORTH 10% NORTH 8% 6% 10% 4% 8% 2% WEST 6% EAST 4% 2% WIND SPEED (m/s) WEST EAST >= 11,10 8,80-11,10 Resultant Vector 118 deg - 42% 5,70-8,80 SOUTH 3,50-5,70 2,00-3,50 0,50-2,00 Reykjavik met station WIND SPEED (m/s) Hellisheiði met station >= 11,10 Calms: 1,99% 8,80-11,10 Resultant Vector 61 deg - 27% 5,70-8,80 SOUTH 3,50-5,70 2,00-3,50 0,50-2,00 Calms: 1,05%

10 Model performance A. UBL case B.1 HEL NES case for 1 hr averages A.1 (24hr, 8 hr) A.1 (24hr) Observation point Red square plus for the results model at 8 hr and 24 hr averages Green circle cross for results model at 24 hr averages HELS (red circled) REYK (triangle) STRM (green star)

11 Model performance B.2 HEL NES case (24 hr averages) B.3 HEL NES case (annual) Observation value HELS (red circle) REYK (triangle) STRM (green star)

12 Conclusions The models performed better for a long term period than a short term period (except UBL case model A.1 24 hr) the distance of the receptors and emission sources (i.e. UBL < 3 km, HEL HES; 30 km) weather conditions (i.e., wind direction of REYK and HELS met stations ) Evaluating the level of H 2 S concentration based on seasons HEL NES; the concentration is expected to be higher during the winter season UBL case; the dry season Mitigations H 2 S air pollution regulation and methods to predict H 2 S pollutant integrating the policy of EIA (prior project started) with H 2 S air pollution guidelines (operation stage) combines the multi disciplinary approach

13 The only way forward, if we are going to improve the quality of the environment, is to get everybody involved R. Rogers Thank you