62 nd IEC Meeting & 21 st OCOD Congress on Irrigation and Drainage WG-SDTA Teheran, Iran, October 17 th, 2011

Transcription

1 62 nd IEC Meeting & 21 st OCOD Congress on Irrigation and Drainage WG-SDTA Teheran, Iran, October 17 th, 2011 Eun Mi Hong *, Jin-Yong Choi, Seung-Hwan Yoo, Won Ho Nam, Jin Kie Yeo Rural Systems Engineering Department, College of Agr. and Life Sci., Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Contents 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods Conclusions 1

2 Contents 1. Introduction Introduction Backgrounds of the tidal land reclamation project (1) 13C 19C 15C 20C Reference: National land and life cycle (Choi, 1997) 2

3 Introduction Backgrounds of the tidal land reclamation project (2) Reference (Statistics Korea, 2010) Introduction Backgrounds of the tidal land reclamation project (2) - arable land was limited - mega tidal land reclamation project has been progressed Reference (Statistics Korea, 2010) 3

4 Introduction South Korea Area: million ha (World ranking 108 th ) Total reclaimed land: -155,600 ha ko.wikipedia.org Tidal Reclaimed Land in Korea Sihwa (Naver map) Daeho (Karico.co.kr) Seosan (Karico.co.kr) 4

5 Introduction Self-sufficiency rate of rice in Korea Recently, land-use in tidal reclaimed land Reference (Statistics Korea, 2010) has been suggested to change from paddy to upland, fruit or biomassplants(sohnet al., 2010) Introduction Some tidal reclaimed land has not been utilized Land use plan has not been implemented leaving the reclaimed land as the barren land Primary constraints for crop cultivation in reclaimed land Soil salinity High water table Poor drainage Low fertility Soil chemical composition (Selim, 2004; Jung and Yoo, 2007; Yang et al., 2008) 5

6 Introduction Poplar tree -one of the Bio-energy crop - can endure and thrive in extreme situation - have a positive effect on desalinization Recent plans for developing reclaimed land - making poplar forest for green space creation - typical problems not only desalinization but also nutrient supply Poplars on the Epte (Monet, 1980) Introduction Applying organic fertilizer in tidal reclaimed land Improve their physio-chemical and biological properties Can ameliorate soil organic matter, soil microorganisms activities, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil moisture holding capacity and salinity of soil (Ashman et al., 2003; Ghoname and Shafeek, 2005; Shon and Cho, 2009; Jo et al., 2010). Low Concentration Liquid Manure (LCLM) Provide nutrients Have odorless and homogeneous quality Can minimize crop damage due to high salt and over nutrients concentration CanimprovepH,C,NandCEC (Chiudhary et al., 1996; Park et al., 2008) 6

7 Early Studies Plant growth and salinity in tidal reclaimed lands - the effects of salinity on the growth and production of rice (Lee and Kim, 1997) - the relation between crops growth and soil salinity (Lee et al., 2003) - the physio-chemical properties of saline soils in 10 different tidal reclaimed lands in 2000 and 2004 (Yang et al., 2008) Application of fertilizer or livestock manure in tidal reclaimed lands - the changes of EC by the fertilizer treatment (Son et al., 2004) - the effects of SCB (Slurry Composting Biofiltration) liquid fertilizer on poplar growth (Park et al., 2008) - productivity of summer forage crop applying SCB liquid manure (Jo et al., 2010) Objectives In this study, to investigate the effectiveness of LCLM (Low Concentration Liquid Manure) application in tidal reclaimed land in terms of desalinization shallow groundwater and soil water were sampled and analyzed from poplar field cropped in Gimpo tidal reclaimed land NO 3 -N, T-N, and T-P are also analyzed to estimate the effect in the leaching of LCLM 7

8 Contents 2. Materials and Methods Study Area Gimpo tidal reclaimed land Gimpo tidal reclaimed land Gimpo South Korea north latitude and east longitude reclaimed during 1980s Before constructing monitoring sites After constructing monitoring sites Soil type EC (ds m -1 ) Exchangeable cation (cmol + kg -1 ) K + Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ silt loam

9 Characteristics of study area Meteorological characteristics in Study area Shallow groundwater monitoring Monitoring points of soil water and shallow groundwater GW (Control (drained)) GW (Control (undrained)) Monitoring points Monitoring points with drainage system without drainage system Analysis items ph, EC (Electrical Conductivity), Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Cl -, SO 4 2-, HCO 3-, CO 3 2-, NO 3 -N, T-N and T-P Monitoring period Twice a month from May to October in

10 LCLM application LCLM application From May to August 20 times (5 L per plant stand each time) The chemical properties of LCLM ph T-N (mg L -1 ) T-P (mg L -1 ) NH 4 -N (mg L -1 ) NO 3 -N (mg L -1 ) EC (ds m -1 ) Before plantation Control (drained) LCLM Contents 3. 10

11 EC and ph concentration results of shallow groundwater - parameter of salinity - high correlation with salinity - moderately alkaline - satisfied with the national agricultural water standard of groundwater (6.0 ~ 8.5) Piper and stiff diagram of shallow groundwater To investigate the type of shallow groundwater quality Piper diagram Stiff diagram (Na, K) Cl type Saline 11

12 Na concentration results of shallow groundwater - major toxic and saline cation -interfere on plant growth by blocking K absorption and causing the K accumulation in soil Increasing tendency Before LCLM application - depending on precipitation and drainage Average, maximum and minimum of Na concentration - improve soil structure composition and ion exchange capacity - promote growth of poplar providing nutrients - salt in soil and leaching into GW was decreased - poor drainage caused slow leaching into GW 12

13 K concentration results of shallow groundwater By increasing Na concentration, the K tended to increase Almost similar tendency compared with Na results Cl concentration results of shallow groundwater - the lowest in LCLM - the highest in Control (undrained) 13

14 In Control (undrained) plot contained higher salinity in 40 cm soil depth than other experimental plots showed less fluctuation of shallow groundwater salinity having high average salinity concentration and low desalinization tendency In Control (drained) plot salinity showed lower concentration than Control (undrained), it is considered that salt in soil was leached into shallow groundwater depending on precipitation and drainage LCLM (Low Concentration Liquid Manure) plot lower than other plots showing implications in between LCLM application and soil water/groundwater salinity fertility of LCLM provides nutrients to poplar tree the growth of poplar trees active poplar growth roles salinity absorption in additional part Drainage system can be considered as one of positive parts for lower salinity concentration in LCLM plots comparing to other plots. Applying LCLM in tidal reclaimed land has effect supplying nutrient and mitigating salinization. 14

15 NO 3 -N, T-N, and T-P concentration in shallow groundwater - Less than 1 mg/l - Lower than the national drinking water standard of groundwater Contents 4. Conclusions 15

16 Conclusions The salt concentration in upper soil water depth was lower than Control (undrained) and variation of shallow groundwater in Control (drained) was significantly high due to precipitation. Even though Tidal reclaimed land is infertile and barren, supplying of nutrient through LCLM application can be considered positively in terms of plant growth and the desalinization of tidal reclaimed land. However, because of high groundwater level in reclaimed land, applying LCLM can cause shallow or soil water quality problems before desalinization. Therefore continuous monitoring is necessary during applying LCLM. Hong, Eun Mi 16

17 Multiple Utilization of Tidal Reclaimed Farmland for Advanced Agriculture (2008) Tidal Reclaimed Land in Korea Saemangeum (isaemangeum.co.kr) Saemangeum (google) 17

18 NO 3 -N, T-N, and T-P concentration in soil water Treatments NO 3 -N (mg/l) T-N (mg/l) T-P (mg/l) 40 cm 80 cm LCLM Control Control LCLM Control Control plot (drained) (undrained) plot (drained) (undrained) average Std Max Min. ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND average Std Max Min average Std Max Min. ND 0.08 ND ND 0.04 ND Characteristics of study area Soil chemical properties of tidal reclaimed land Daeho Soil depth (cm) ph EC (ds m -1 ) Exchangeable cation (cmol + kg -1 ) K + Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Topsoil Subsoil Willow plantation Hwaseong No vegetation Hwaong Namyang Before experiment Saemangeum After experiment Gimpo (silt loam) Reference Lee et al., 2003 Kim et al., 2009 Yeo et al., 2010 Lee et al., 2010 Kim et al., 2008 Sohn et al.,