Impact of Domestic Waste water on Ground water Quality at Junrejo Settlement Area, Batu

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1 Impact of Domestic Waste water on Ground water Quality at Junrejo Settlement Area, Batu Erwin Endriawan #1, Eddy Setiadi Soedjono *2 1#) Post Graduate Program, Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia 2*) Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia Abstract The treatment of domestic wastewater (sewage) at Junrejo was considered poor since only 1% of them which used septic tank. Poor domestic wastewater treatment could cause an increase in the bacteria concentration in groundwater near the local wastewater treatment system. Prior testing on the quality of Community Based Water Supply (HIPPAM) at Junrejo showed that in bacteriology, the number of coliforms had exceeded the total quality standard set. To confirm the contamination of groundwater, a test on 1 water sample from HPPAM out of 50 samples from artesian well was conducted in this study. The testing parameters were TDS, color, the Total of Coliform and E-Coli, as well as Nitrate. The assessment of the impact of groundwater quality on the treatment of domestic wastewater was analyzed from some aspects such as latrine access, human waste treatment and the distance between domestic wastewater treatment and domestic water supply. From 51 samples taken, 5 samples of well water contained high melting material. Meanwhile, 49 samples were contaminated coliform total and 44 by samples were contaminated by e-coli bacteria. Meanwhile, all samples meet the standards for color and nitrate parameter. Water samples with high coliform and e-coli parameter were located near to or were less than 25m from human waste disposal that has not periodically disposed of. Keywords Impact of domestic wastewater, groundwater, Settlement Area, Junrejo, Batu I. INTRODUCTION Ninety percent (90%) of Junerjo and Batu society currently use Aqua Privy (Final Report on The Application of Scheduled Mud Feces Service Set Up), as much as 3% Junerjo society still practice open defecation ( meanwhile 1% Junrejo society used septic tank and only 6% of them got Communal Sewage Treatment Plant access (Technical Implementation Unit of Domestic Waste Water Treatment in Batu, 2017). A study regarding the impact of wastewater treatment system on groundwater quality had been conducted in India and China by Pujari et al. (2012) which stated that there was an increase in the bacteria concentration in groundwater near local wastewater treatment system. 121

2 A study conducted by Afandi Andi Basri (2013) showed that physically and chemically, most of the tested water samples met the quality requirement set. However, those tested samples bacteriologically did not meet the requirements of drinking water quality due to bacteriology contents in the samples which were 110 MPN/100mL and 22 MPN/100mL. A review of the impacts of domestic wastewater treatment on groundwater was conducted in Junrejo subdistrict through this study. Besides several statements mentioned above, the topography condition of Junerjo subdistrict which was the lowest area compared to Batu and Bumiaji subdistricts indicates the direction of wastewater led to Junerjo subdistrict. It was supported by the river current which leads to Junerjo. The samples of this study were taken in 5 villages in Junerjo subdistrict which are Beji, Torongrejo, Junrejo, Pendem, and Dadaprejo. Meanwhile, there were not any review of the impact of domestic wastewater on groundwater in the other 2 villages which are Mojorejo and Tlekung. That was because, in Mojorejo, 100% of the society have served Water Utilities (PDAM) and 42% out of 100% used Community Based Water Supply (HIPPAM). Meanwhile, 55% of society in Tlekung has served PDAM and 88.68% of them used HIPPAM. Whereas, the rest villages in Junrejo, 30% of the society still use well water as the sources for their drinking water.the above-mentioned statements were the background of the importance of a review on "The Impact of Domestic Waste Water on Ground Water Quality at Junerjo Settlement Area, Batu. II. DATA AND METHOD Data Collection In this study, the data collected were primary data and secondary data. The concerned data were as follows: 1) Primary Data: Primary data were directly obtained from the data sources through an interview. Those data were as follows: The existing condition of domestic wastewater The information on the existing condition was obtained from direct field observation. The scopes of observation were: Latrine Access Human Waste Treatment The Distance between Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Domestic Water Supply The existing quality of groundwater Samples of water were taken by grab sampling conducted once at each spot. Sampling withdrawal spot based on SNI :2008 Water and Wastewater Part 58 Method of Ground Water Sample Withdrawal, which is: Confined ground water (confined aquifer) Confined water sample withdrawal was located at the artesian well that served as well for the fulfillment of urban and public utilities. Water samples from HIPPAM were taken from HIPPAM in Dadaptulis Utara, Dadaprejo village because its location was near the settlement (Figure 1 & Figure 2). Meanwhile, the other HIPPAM located in Beji, Mojorejo, Torongrejo, Pendem, Tlekung, Junrejo, and Dadaprejo were not conducted water sample testing because they were far away from the settlement. It can be assumed that water inside those HIPPAM was not contaminated by domestic wastewater treatment activities. 122

3 Fig. 1 The settlement in the upper part or the south of HIPPAM Fig. 2 The location of HIPPAM at Dadaptulis Utara, Dadaprejo Village Unconfined ground water Unconfined ground water sample withdrawal spot from the well or artesian well was at upstream and downstream conforming to the direction of groundwater flow from the monitored location. The locations for groundwater testing were determined to take into account the following matters: 1. The settlement with drinking water services has not reached 100%, either service from PDAM or by HIPPAM. 2. The well location was in a crowded settlement area and its location was by the river From the above-mentioned data, there were 50 samples for laboratory testing which consisted of 7 samples from Beji, 7 samples from Torongrojo, 5 samples from Pendem, 25 samples from Junrejo and 6 samples from Dadaprejo (Figure 3). There were not sample withdrawal conducted in Mojorejo and Tlekung because all resident there had been facilitated by water from PDAM and HIPPAM (Table 1). Moreover, the result of the survey in those two villages, Mojorejo and Tlekung, showed that residents' wells were used only for laundry and washing vehicles while for drinking and cooking, the residents used water from PDAM and HIPPAM. 123

4 Fig. 3 The location of water sample withdrawal at Junrejo, Batu (Survey, 2018) TABLE I DRINKING WATER SERVICES BY PDAM AND HIPPAM AT JUNREJO No Village Drinking Water Services PDAM* HIPPAM** Total 1. Beji 27% 10% 37% 2. Mojorejo 100% 42% 100% 3. Torongrejo 2% 64% 66% 4. Pendem 16% 38.87% 55% 5. Junrejo % 74.58% 6. Tlekung 55% 88.68% 100% 7. Dadaprejo % 69.29% *The data of PDAM services per subdistrict in Batu, December 2017 **Main Drinking Water Supply Development Plan of Batu, 2014 Source: the analysis result, 2018 After the withdrawal of water samples, a test was conducted using a method which referred to SNI :2008 Water and Wastewater Part 58 Method Ground Water Withdrawal Sample. Samples were tested on the same day with their withdrawal to maintain the water quality during the withdrawal and the result of the testing in a laboratory. The water quality testing was conducted by Jasa Tirta 1 a laboratory in Malang. The testing parameters were important parameters which refer to some theories of groundwater quality caused by domestic wastewater such as coliform, e-coli, color nitrate and TDS. The quality standards of the testing result refer to the Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia Number 492 Year 2010 Regarding the Requirements of Drinking Water Quality. 124

5 TABLE III PHYSICAL PARAMETER IN QUALITY STANDARDS OF DRINKING WATER No. Required Parameter Unit Quality Standards (maximum level) 1. TDS mg/l Color TCU 15 TABLE IIIII BIOLOGY PARAMETER IN QUALITY STANDARDS OF DRINKING WATER No. Required Parameter Unit Quality Standards (maximum level) 1. Total coliform CFU/100ml 0 2. E. coli CFU/100ml 0 TABLE IV CHEMICAL PARAMETER IN QUALITY STANDARDS OF DRINKING WATER No. Required Parameter Unit Quality Standards (maximum level) 1. Nitrate mg/l 50 Documentation Documentation was conducted in the study location related to domestic wastewater and drinking clean water source. The documentation was used as visualization material of the existing condition in the study location. 2) Secondary Data: Data needed are as follows: The condition of Batu area including the condition of geography, topography, and the width of the study area as well as a map of the study area. The data were obtained in Regional Development Planning Board, Public Works Services, and Central Agency on Statistics of Batu. Demographic Data consisted of the data on population, population density, and the number of heads of households. Those data could be obtained from the Central Agency on Statistics of Batu. The condition of wastewater treatment. Those data were obtained from the Regional Development Planning Board, Public Works Services, Environment and Forestry Services, and Technical Management Unit of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Batu. The condition of drinking water. The data were obtained in PDAM, Regional Development Planning Board, Public Works Services, and irrigation services. National and Regional Laws and Regulation. The data were obtained from the Legal Board of Batu. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Technical analysis was conducted to know technically the treatment of domestic wastewater in the area of groundwater where the samples were taken. A review conducted by interview and observation on the existing condition of the domestic wastewater which well water was taken for the testing of water quality. The determination of the house location was based on high population density in the settlement of each village by the river. Each parameter had the answer or criteria of observation which later was concluded in accordance with the result of the most answer. This method used ratio scale. The analysis conducted including (Table 5): 125

6 TABLE V TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF ANALYSIS PARAMETER No. Parameter Category 1. Latrine access Personal latrine (near) Public latrine (far) No access 2. Human waste treatment septic tank aqua privy other media 3. the distance between domestic wastewater treatment and domestic water supply more than10 m less than 10 m Source: researchers analysis result, 2018 III. DISCUSSION A. The Analysis of Groundwater Quality The result of the testing of 50 samples of well water and 1 sample of water from HIPPAM suggested that 5 samples contained high melting material which supported the living of organisms such as plants and microbe if that material was in form of a nutrient such as phosphate, nitrate, et cetera. Meanwhile, 49 water samples had contained enteric pathogens microorganism due to high level of total coliform. Whereas, 44 water samples had been declared contaminated by e-coli and indicated that the water was contaminated with human waste (Purbowarsito, 2011). B. The Analysis of Technical Aspects From the result of filed observation and interview, it is known that 50 respondents had used personal latrine. From those 50 respondents who used personal latrine, 36 or 72% of them used septic tank as their human waste treatment while the rest, 14 or 28% respondents, used aqua privy as human waste treatment. From 36 people who used septic tank, 16 respondents or 29% of them had done depletion but it was more than 8 years ago. Meanwhile, the rest of them, 22 respondents or 61% of them had not done any depletion on their septic tank. Meanwhile, 14 respondents who used aqua privy, 1 respondent stated that he did depletion more than 8 years ago while the rest, 13 respondents, stated that they had not done the depletion. From 36 people who used septic tank, 24 units of respondents human waste treatment were 10 meters away from the clean water source used while the rest 12 septic tanks were 10 meters away. Meanwhile, 14 aqua privies owned by respondents, 13 aqua privies were 10 meters away from the clean water sources and 1 unit of aqua privy was 10 meters away. From 15 respondents who did depletion for more than 8 years ago, 8 units of human waste treatment were located 10 meters away from clean water source used and 7 units were 10 meters away. meanwhile, our of 35 respondents who had not depleted their human waste treatment, 29 human waste treatment unit were 10 meters away from the clean water source and 6 units were 10 meters away. 126

7 TABLE VI THE RESULT OF THE OBSERVATION ON THE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT EXISTING CONDITION No. The Observation on the Existing Condition The Number of Samples/ Respondents 1. Latrine Access Personal latrine (near) 50 Public latrine (far) No access - 2. Human Waste Treatment thrown to septic tank 36 thrown to aqua privy 14 thrown to other media such as river 0 Depletion period for septic tank or similar things drained less than once a year 0 drained more than once per 8 year 15 never applied The distance between human waste treatment to clean water source more than 10 m 37 less than 10 m 13 IV. CONCLUSION From the water samples with high coliform and e-coli parameters caused by the short distance or less 25 m between the water samples and human waste treatment with no regular depletion. Thus, depletion is very important. Some previous studies (Baars 1957; Dzwairo et al. 2006; Vinger et al 2012) supported that the concentration of microbiology has an impact on groundwater in the radius of 25m from the on-site system. Meanwhile, a good depletion period is 2 5 year (Sudarmadji and Hamdi, 2013). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researchers would like to send their gratitude to Batu Municipal that has supported this study. REFERENCES [1] Afandi and Nieke, The Evaluation of HIPPAM Drinking Water Quality in Batu, in Proc. National Seminar of Technology Management XIII, Surabaya, [2] Baars, J.K, Travel of pollution, and purification en route, in sandy soils, Bull World Health Organ, vol. 16, pp , [3] Batu in Numbers, Central Agency on Statistics [4] Final Report on The Application of Scheduled Mud Feces Service Set Up. Regional Development Planning Board of Batu

8 [5] Purbowarsto, H, Bacteriology Test of Well Water in Semampir, Surabaya, B. Bio. thesis, Airlangga University, Indonesia, [6] Water and Wastewater Part 58 Method of Groundwater Samples Withdrawal, SNI :2008 [7] Sudarmadji and Hamdi, Septic Tank and Its Drainage System of Dirty Water in Residential Family, Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 9, no. 2,