Emissions of organic chemicals from consumer articles: ChEmiTecs research programme

Transcription

1 Emissions of organic chemicals from consumer articles: ChEmiTecs research programme How to estimate emissions of organic chemicals from articles the ChEmiTecs approach Emission modelling and results Indoor modelling and pathways Peter Haglund, Umeå University Jenny Lexèn, Anna Palm Cousins, IVL, Swedish Environmental Research Institute (Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere articles)

2 ChEmiTecs Research programme financed by the Swedish EPA Partners IVL: Eva Brorström-Lunden Tomas Rydberg SU: Åke Bergman Birgit Paulsson UmU: Peter Haglund Patrik Andersson KTH: Christina Rudén Misse Wester CTH: Sverker Molander

3 Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere articles: ChEmiTecs Overall aim To increase the scientific understanding of the magnitude of the problem regarding emissions from articles Questions raised How big is the problem? How dangerous is it? What can we do about it?

4 Integrating domains Chemicals Goods Chemical Policy - REACH Product policy - SCP Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology Environmental Systems Analysis & Engineering Analysis in Nature Technical System Modeling Risk assessment Life cycle assessment

5 ChEmiTecs research areas Flow & Stocks Chemicals Emissions from goods problem & actions? Reduction strategies & instruments Risk & Perception

6 Work flow, case studies & quantification Chemical stability Reseach on emission mechanisms Perception, attitudes Selection of cases Concept model Detailed case studies of 5-10 objects Emission factors Model to calculate emissions emission divers, exposure scen. etc Model verification monitoring Prediction about occurrence Quantification & Extrapolation Economy-wide Inventory

7 How big is the problem with emissions from articles relation to other sources and pathways? Screening studies Concentrations in the environment, fill data gaps Estimation of pathways and sources Selection of case studies Substance flow analysis (SFA) Dimensioning of sources, sinks and flows what is big and what is small Allows for source tracking Important information when suggesting management strategies

8 Generic emission modeling Can be used for all organic (neutral) chemicals Literature data used for material specific calibration Can be applied to any emission scenario

9 Conceptual model of emissions from products Product nomenclature Chemitecs concept model model Component structure P P P Incorporation PC Component Conjunction [%] PC P Co PC PC ALL PRODUCTS Productcategory Co Co Material M M M P Product [kg], [pcs] [ton] [ton] Quantity Q [ton] PC PC PC P Emission Product category properties * Average contents declaration * Average lifetime * Surface/volume *... Fate mechanism Product properties * Contents declaration * Lifetime * Surface material * Surface/volume *... Material properties * Chemical constitution * Density * Tensile strength * Surface/volume * Surface treatment? *... Environmental Concentration (PEC) Use Use time Use type (how?) * Human direct contact * Passive (e.g. storage) * Intentional emission * Abrasion *... Exposure mechanism (indirect) N a t u r e s y s t e m T e c h n o s p h e r e Dose Use environment (where?) * Indoor - home - office - industry - car cabin * Outdoor - rural - urban - road -... Emission drivers * Temperature * Light * Ventilation * Hydrology * Biofilm *... Eco-effect mechanism Human effect mechanism Receiving environment Outdoor air Fresh water Sea water Agricultural soil Natural soil Total emission Eco-toxic Effect Human toxic Effect Human direct exposure Direct dose Chemical Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Chemical properties * Formula * Molecular weight * Kow * Reaction half-life * LD50 *... Emission driver profile Emission velocity profile Product lifetime t

10 Choice of Case Chemicals (Umeå University: P. Andersson, S. Rännar) Emission? Case -studie Use Chemical Product

11 Prioritization Prio = Area Chemical content Emission drivers (various uses)

12 Area calculations 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Total area (km 2 )

13 Selected produkt categories (Custum stat, SCB; KN nummers) KN-nummer Description 39 Plastic 40 Rubber 44 Wood 59 Coated textiles 62 Clothes 64 Shoes 85 Electronics 87 Vehicles 94 Furniture 95 Toys Independent expert judgement

14 Selection of Case Chemicals Chemitecs m21.m9 (PCA-X), Produktionsobservationer, alla variabler transformerade t[comp. 1]/t[Comp. 2] Colored according to marked values No Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group t[2] t[1] R2X[1] = 0,37928 R2X[2] = 0, Ellipse: Hotelling T2 (0,95) SIMCA-P :10:30 (UTC+1) Cluster analys was used to create 10 groups of chemicals (with similar properties within group). Stefan Rännar och Patrik Andersson

15 5 case studies MBT

16 Emission modeling Holmgren, et al. A generic emission model to predict release of organic substances from materials in consumer goods Science of the Total Environment, 437:

17 Emission modeling Air velocity dependent Very compound dependent Very material dependent Holmgren, et al. A generic emission model to predict release of organic substances from materials in consumer goods Science of the Total Environment, 437:

18 1 m 3 chamber Temperature control Up to 100 ±1 C (air) Up to 300 C (walls) Sampling on adsorbent

19 Method validation Plastizicers in PVC flooring

20 Method comparison Emissions of plastic additives OECD ChEmiTecs x 70 0

21 Retrospective/furure time trends DEHP: Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate DINP: Di-iso-nonyl phthalate DEHA: Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate DINCH: Di-iso-nonyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid ester isdeh: Di-iso-nonylphthalate diethyl hexyl-iso-sorbide 2012 (kg) DEHP DINP DINCH

22 Further developments

23 First Comprehensive Test: One article/use, all chemicals 9,0E+09 8,0E+09 Total area /product group 7,0E+09 6,0E+09 Area (m 2 ) 5,0E+09 4,0E+09 3,0E+09 2,0E+09 1,0E+09 0,0E+00 Textiles Inner walls Pavements Furniture and fixed furnishing Books and papers Plastic films Ceilings Roofs Floors Outer walls Motor vehicles on wheels Consumer electronics Shoes Toys

24 Chemiclas in water based paint 71 polymerers What chemicals are included in calculations? Type of additive 103 additives 43 inorganic 43 organic To emission calculations 37 compounds in model domain 54 Solvents 17 organo-metalic 6 compounds outside model domain

25 Wall paint emissions, Sweden, per yr

26 Emissions kg/year of all organic compounds Sofas Beds Foam matresses Office chairs Computers Laptops Screens Cars Tyres Cotton jackets Rain jackets Wall paint

27 Input, total rows Article Material Chemical Use / Envi. Emission

28 Emitted amount, kg/yr Total emissions kg/yr 100, , Sofas Matrasses 1, Tyres Cars Screens Paint Computers Chairs Cotton jackets Rain jackets 0.01

29 kg/ år Emissions from soft furnitures Amines Organophosphates

30 Linked fate model gives levels in indoor and outdoor environments Properties SMURF Model Monitoring data Predicted concentrations Emissions Cousins, 2012 Cousins A.P Sci. Tot. Environ. 438, Emission optimization UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

31 Annual Economy Wide Emissions Prioritized goods Data collection Surface area Average material composition Average chemical composition Generic modeling Dimensioning Actions?

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