Technical Catalogue, Rural Water Supply & Sanitation. A Handbook for DIUs, POs, CBOs and Rural Communities. Guideline No. : NWSDB / RWS / GUI / 21

Transcription

1 Technical Catalogue, Rural Water Supply & Sanitation A Handbook for DIUs, POs, CBOs and Rural Communities For use by DIUs, POs and Rural Communities Guideline No. : NWSDB / RWS / GUI / 21 NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD 1

2 Table of Contents Preface Prime Responsibility of the Technical Assistant 6 List of Tables List of Figures List of Formats List of Guidelines 1 Introduction Purpose of the Document Main Policies of the Project Types of Facilities and Service Levels Cost Contributions Parties Involved and Roles & Responsibilities 13 2 The Process Sub Project Cycle Village Participatory Planning Process (VPP Process) 17 3 Identification and Comparison of Options Identification of Options Evaluation of Options for the Community Comparison of Options for the Community 39 4 Important Technical Aspects Verification of Need Investigations for Potential Water Sources Assessment of Existing Water Supply Schemes Preparation of Maps and Plans Surveys Demarcation of Service Areas and Household Coverage 59 2

3 4.7 Assessment of Water Demand and Comparison with Availability Hydraulic Designs Pipe Borne Water supply Schemes - Gravity Preparation of Cost Estimates 69 5 Preparation of Final Designs Piped Schemes 6. Sample Calculations Preparation of Final Designs List of Appendices: Appendix 1: Appendix 2: Appendix 3: 3

4 List of Tables Table Typical Water Supply facilities - Village Sub Projects Table Table Typical Sanitation Facilities - Village Sub Projects Subsidy ceilings for Water Supply by the Project Table VPP Process - Investigation Stage Table VPP Process - Feasibility Study stage Table VPP Process - Final Design Stage Table Table Table SLS Standards for Quality of Drinking Water Design Criteria for Village Schemes Subsidy Ceiling for Water Supply List of Figures Figure Figure Sub Project Cycle for Village Communities Village Participatory Planning Process 4

5 List of Formats Format Format Format Format Format Need Assessment for Water Supply Need Assessment for Sanitation Assessment of the Condition of Existing Schemes Recording Sheet for Clinometer Level Survey Recording Sheet for Level Survey with Levelling Instruments Formats for preparation of BOQs and Estimates List of Guidelines Guideline 4.A - Test Pumping of Wells Guideline 4.B - Sampling for Bacteriological Water Quality Testing Guideline 4.C - Typical Symbols used in the Preparation of maps Guideline 4.D - Collecting Data for Pump Selection Sample Calculation Preparation of Cost Estimates 5

6 Prime Responsibility of the Technical Assistant The GOAL of the project is To Improve the health and well being of about one million people living in the selected six districts through improvement of facilities of water supply and sanitation and through hygiene education In order to achieve the project objective, beneficiary community should have technically sound and affordable facilities in existence, providing the intended benefits to them for a long period of time. It is your duty and prime responsibility as a technical officer to ensure the above by facilitating the community in; Good planning Sound designing High quality construction. Also remember that the facilities are: For the community, with their investment Owned by them And hence should be according to their wish The genuine and unrelenting effort with dedication in discharging your responsibility as the Technical Assistant will help achieve the project objective, thereby relieving the sufferings of a million people. 6

7 Preface This document is prepared for the purpose of guiding the Technical Assistants (TA) of the Partner Organizations (PO) in the process of planning and design of the facilities in the village sub projects. These facilities include water supply and sanitation in villages and also school water supply and sanitation. The project has already provided training to the TAs of the POs on the relevant matters contained herein. Further, a separate Guideline has been prepared ( Guidelines for Project Development ) which presents the steps to be followed in the process of planning and designs. Hence, this document does not provide extensive details on all areas, but describes important technical aspects in the process. Further, it also contains the formats, which are frequently used in the field and those, which need to be submitted for reporting purposes. As there is a manual already available for design and construction of gravity water supply schemes ( Design, Construction and Standardization of Gravity Water Supply Systems in Rural Villages in Sri Lanka by Helvetas), this aspect is not elaborated here. This document addresses aspects with respect to village schemes. Although there are certain similarities between the processes adopted in village sub projects and small town sub projects, this document does not cover the aspects for small towns. The field manual is prepared in two volumes: Volume 1 Planning and Designs of Village Schemes Volume 2 Formats of Reports to be Used during Planning and Designs This, being a field manual, should be reviewed with the experience gained from the implementation. To this effect, the feed back from the users is very important. A close monitoring of the process by the users and suggestions for improvements to the PMU are very much appreciated in this respect. 7

8 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the Document The document provides guidance on technical aspects to the Technical Assistant (TA) of the Partner Organization (PO) in the field work in relation to the planning and design of village water supply facilities. The project addresses two types of communities: village level; and small town level This presents the aspects, which are pertinent to the village communities. This document does not present details of every step in the process. A separate document has been prepared describing each step in the process, indicating the responsibilities, outputs and target time and duration. (Refer Guidelines for Project Development ) This document concentrates on aspects requiring specific technical inputs from the Technical Assistant, and provides guidance on providing such technical inputs. The document is organized in the following manner. Section 1 - presents an introduction to the project, the policies of the project, stake holders and their respective roles and responsibilities. Section 2 - presents the village participatory planning (VPP) process in summary, where the Technical Assistant has to bear the main responsibility. The step by step process is described in another guideline. Section 3 - describes the identification and comparison of options which is a very important aspect in the VPP process. Section 4 - describes some important technical aspects which the TA has to address during the VPP process. Section 5 - outlines the aspects during the detailed designs. The examples, formats and short guidelines on specific subjects are also included within the relevant sections. 8

9 1.2 Main Policies of the Project The guiding policies of the project are presented below, which should be kept in mind when planning and designing of the facilities; The project is demand driven. The facilities are provided only if the community request for them. This applies for the provision of facilities to the individual beneficiaries within a community as well. The community decides technologies, service levels and costs; The process is participatory, where the community takes the decisions regarding the facilities to be provided. The Partner Organizations will assist the community and facilitate them in taking the decisions; The community contribute towards the cost of construction in the form of unskilled labour (and if needed, cash and/or materials ); and The community is entirely responsible for operation and maintenance of the completed facilities. 1.3 Types of Facilities and Service Levels The project will provide both water supply and sanitation facilities to the selected communities, if they demand. In both village communities and small towns, selected deserving institutions, particularly schools within the community will be provided with water supply and sanitation facilities, if there is a need. The type of water supply facilities provided to the communities will be either pipe borne or point sources. The typical facilities are listed in Table 1.1. The communities will decide the facilities to be provided during the VPP. 9

10 Table 1.1 Typical Water Supply Facilities Village Sub Projects (Insert the table here) 10

11 In the case of pipe borne water supply schemes: mixed service levels (combinations of stand posts together with yard taps or house connections) should be discouraged, especially in pumping schemes. The sanitation facilities provided to the beneficiaries are as presented in Table 1.2. This also will be based on the demand of the beneficiary. Table 1.2 Typical Sanitation Facilities Village Sub Projects No Type of Facility Level of Service Comments 1 Off set pit Water 1 latrine per household This is the desired type Sealed Latrine 2 Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine 1 latrine per household When the water is scarce, this type could be appropriate. 3 Direct Pit Latrine 1 latrine per household When the water is scarce, this type could be applicable. However, This should not be encouraged. 1.4 Cost Contributions The community and the project should share the cost of construction. Other costs of development (such as cost of community mobilization, cost of training etc. ) will be borne by the project Water Supply The minimum contribution by the community towards the cost of construction of water supply facilities will be 20%. 11

12 The entire cost of unskilled labour should be borne by the community. If the required community contribution cannot be met by the unskilled labour alone, then community will have to collect the balance in cash or materials. The contribution by the project for each type of facility will be subject to a maximum of the percentage of the cost of construction or a maximum ceiling, which ever is less, as indicated in the following table; Table 1.3 Subsidy Ceiling for Water Supply by the Project Maximum Project Contribution Dry Zone Districts Wet Zone Districts No Facility/Level of Service Max. Max Max. Max Amount % Amount (per % (per Rs/HH) Rs/HH) 1 Pipe borne water supply - Gravity 9, , Pipe borne water supply - Pumping 13, , Shallow wells Individual - New 8, , Shallow wells Individual - Rehab 2, , Shallow wells Common New 3, , (one per 5 HH) 6 Shallow wells Common Rehab (One per 5 HH) 7 Rainwater harvesting 9, , Tube wells New ( one per 15 HH) 6, , Tube wells Rehab (one per 15 HH) 100% by the project. (20% to be collected by community and deposited in a maintenance account) Notes: - Refer the above conditions in applying the subsidy levels. The figures above are subject to change. Hence, verify from DIU prior to applying. If CBO finds an outside agency to provide a cash / material contribution towards the cost of construction of water supply, then it should be deducted from the total cost of the scheme. (Refer also Section 4.10) 12

13 1.4.2 Sanitation The project will contribute a part of the cost of individual sanitation facilities. The balance of the cost will have to be borne by the beneficiary. The Project contribution is Rs 3,000/- per beneficiary household. This figure is subject to change without notice Institutional Water Supply and Sanitation The cost of institutional water supply and sanitation will be shared by the project by contributing a maximum of Rs.100,000/- per institution, subject to change without notice. Particularly, the schools will be addressed under this programme. 1.5 Parties Involved and Roles & Responsibilities In the process of sub project implementation, several main parties will be involved; The community will be the owners of the facilities to be provided, and the decision makers; The Community Based Organization(CBO), which will be formed by the beneficiary community and the PO will represent the community; The Partner Organizations (PO) will assist the community by providing organizational and technical support; The Rural Water Supply Section (RWS) of the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) will be the overall facilitator and representative of the funding agencies in sub project implementation, who will also monitor and coordinate the activities. Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) will facilitate and support CBO in operation and maintenance of the facilities provided. There are several other parties involved in the process, whose roles are not described below; The respective roles and responsibilities of each of the parties are briefly described below; The Community The community will: request for facilities; 13

14 organize themselves to form the CBO; contribute to the discussions and decide collectively on the facilities that they wish to receive through the Project; agree to contribute the due amount towards the construction of water supply and also sanitation facilities, (in labour and where necessary, in cash/ material); and contribute, as required, regularly towards the cost of operation and maintenance of the completed facilities; accept further institutional development of the CBO for future sustainability of the facilities The Community Based Organisation (CBO) The CBO will: truly represent the views of the beneficiary community; organize the meetings and facilitate timely decisions by the community regarding the water supply and sanitation facilities; coordinate the work between the Partner Organization and the community as required; select the beneficiaries for sanitation programme; take steps to collect and provide the community contribution (labour as well as cash/materials) towards the construction as required; organize labour inputs from the community to suit the construction programme; construct the common water supply facilities on payment basis by entering into a formal contract with the RWS section of the NWSDB; organize facilitate and monitor the construction of individual facilities by the beneficiaries; liaise with the DIU in progress monitoring and supervision; and take charge of the completed common facilities and operate and maintain them. 14

15 1.5.3 Partner Organisation (PO) The Partner Organization will: mobilize the community and carry out the duties specified under community development activities in the process, including the formation of the CBO; assist the community to identify the possibilities of improving their water supply and sanitation condition and organize these into options so that the community could choose the most desired; co-ordinate the sub project work with outside agencies as required, and resolve any problems pertaining to planning, design and construction that would emerge; perform the relevant investigations of sources, and assess the reliability of these in view of the proposed options; perform the field surveys as required; decide on the final option; perform the technical designs of the sub project, including the preparation of specific drawings, BOQs, material lists, compilation of contract documents and specifications, preparation of Engineer s estimates and assessment of cost contributions as required; supervise the construction of facilities in the village, and provide technical advises for construction; provide on the job training to the identified scheme care takers; and prepare O&M manuals as required, and take steps to commission the facilities of the sub project. As the PO will be assigned a cluster of communities consisting of several GNDs, one TA will be called upon to look after more than one GND at the same time Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) Although PSs will be involved during both the development and construction stages, their role will be prominent during operation and maintenance stage; taking part in decision making during project development and planning stage; 15

16 involving in supervision during construction stage and, Providing backup support to CBOs after the construction, in maintaining the facilities Divisional Implementation Unit (DIU) RWS Section of NWSDB In the process of sub project implementation, the DIU will; facilitate the implementation of the sub project by providing overall guidance, technical advise and coordination with outside agencies as required; monitor achievements of outputs; monitor the planning and design works of the PO and also check and certify payments; and monitor the progress of the construction of project work and certify payments 16

17 2 The Process 2.1 Sub Project Cycle The sub project cycle for village communities is presented in Figure 2.1 The sub project cycle can mainly be divided into 3 Stages; Project Development Stage Construction Stage O&M Stage. The project development stage consists of a community mobilization phase, planning and design phase and a pre-construction period. The emphasis in this document is placed in planning and design phase during the sub project development stage. The process that has to be followed during this stage - Village Participatory Planning Process (VPP Process) is outlined in the following section. 2.2 Village Participatory Planning Process (VPP Process) The Village Participatory Planning Process (VPP Process) is illustrated in Figure 2.2. The majority of the responsibilities in the VPP process lie with the Technical Assistant of the Partner Organization. The steps of the process are described in detail in a separate document, Guidelines for Project Development Volume 2. 17

18 Figure 2.1 Typical Sub Project Cycle (Insert) 18

19 Figure 2.2 Flow Chart - Village Participatory Planning Process (insert) 19

20 20

21 2.2.2 Investigation Stage The process to be adopted during the investigation stage is summarized in Ta ble 2.1. The purposes of investigations stage are; To identify all the possible options for providing water supply facilities to the community, including those requested by the community and those identified by the TA; To screen out the inappropriate ones from further consideration, by considering the coverage, reliability, quality, cost and O&M implications. The expected outputs from this stage are; Community agreement on a few options to proceed with, for further feasibility studies; Investigation Report detailing the originally considered options, evaluation and comparison of options, and factors considered for the evaluation. 21

22 Table 2.1 Steps in the Process Investigation Stage (Insert) 22

23 2.2.2 Feasibility Study Stage The summary of the process during the feasibility study stage is presented in Table 2.2. The purposes of the feasibility study stage are; To investigate and study the selected options in detail, including conducting the necessary surveys; and To select the most suitable option for the detailed designs. The expected outputs from this stage are; Community agreement on the most suitable option for final and detailed designs; The total agreement of the community and CBO to the selected option, and firm commitment towards construction and operation & maintenance, with the collection of 25% of the required cash contributions for the construction of common facilities; The Feasibility Report with description of the options considered during feasibility stage, and factors contributed to the final selection; A tentative cost estimate and required approximate cost contributions, especially the community cash contribution, if there is any. 23

24 24

25 Table 2.2 Steps in the Process Feasibility Stage (insert) 25

26 2.2.3 Final Design Stage The process to be followed during the final design stage are presented in the Table 2.3. The purposes of the final design stage are; To perform the final designs of the selected water supply facilities by the community; To prepare the cost estimates for the same, identifying accurately the cost sharing requirements by the community and the project; To prepare the documents needed, including the drawings, BOQ schedules of materials and labour for the facilities designed, and contract documents; and To facilitate the community in confirming the arrangements, including the firm commitments by the beneficiary community. The outputs expected from the final design stage are; The documents required for constructing the facilities selected by the community, including detailed drawings, BOQ schedules of materials and labour and contract documents; Accurate cost estimates and proposed sharing of costs by the community and the project; and The total commitment of the community; for the construction of the selected facilities by sharing the costs (including provision of labour); and for assuming the total responsibility in sustainable operation and maintenance of the facilities provided. 26

27 Table 2.3 Steps in the Process Final Design Stage (insert) 27

28 3 Identification and Comparison of Options In the Village Participatory Planning Process, the basis is to plan the water supply and sanitation for the community with the maximum participation of the beneficiaries in decision making. For this purpose, the beneficiary communities should be: encouraged to identify available options; made aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options in a comparative manner, so that they can take the correct collective decision. There are two types of options which are important to the community; Technological options; ( ie what type of facility is preferred by individual beneficiaries, whether wells or piped schemes etc.) Water supply options for the community. (i.e. How different combinations of technologies could be considered to supply water to the community) At the beginning, community will come out with a few water supply options. Through discussions, the TA should be able to identify additional options too, so that the community will have a wider array of options to choose from. 3.1 Identification of Options Technological Options Technological Options Water Supply There are several main technological options that are applicable to the village water supply schemes. More details on the technological options, their advantages and disadvantages, and costs etc could be found in the Technical Catalogue. In the dialogue with the community, this Technical Catalogue should be used to make the community more aware of the details of various technologies. Pipe borne water supply from a gravity source This could have different levels of service; 28

29 House connections Yard taps Stand posts The stand post option should not be encouraged, as the operation and maintenance will be a problem. Pipe borne water supply from a source requiring pumping Here also, there could be different levels of service; House connections Yard taps Stand posts The stand post option should be completely discouraged, as the wastage of water from stand posts would be high, and revenue collection also would be difficult, giving rise to operation and maintenance problems. Shallow wells Common Depending on the soil conditions, the wells could be half or fully lined. In loose soil formations, the wells will have to be lined fully. Shallow wells Individual household use The interested households could apply for and obtain individual household wells. Tube wells Tube wells with hand pumps for common use is an option, which could be suitable under certain conditions. Rainwater harvesting Where the other options are not favourable, this option could be considered, provided there is a sufficient rain experienced in the area. Initially, the following service levels can be considered: 5m3 ferrocement, 5 m3 brick or 2 m3 HDPE tanks. Other options such as Shallow bore holes with locally made hand pumps for individual household use, spring boxes or wind power driven motors, solar power in pumping schemes could be considered in particular situations. There options are suitable only in areas where the specific conditions are satisfactory. 29

30 Technological Options Sanitation There are mainly three options available; Off set pit water sealed latrine; This is suitable where the water supply is available adequately. Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine; This is suitable under situations where plentiful water is not available Direct pit latrine with water seal; This is suitable where water supply is very poor. However, this type should not be encouraged. More details on the technological options, their advantages and disadvantages, and costs etc could be found in the Technical Catalogue Water Supply Options for the Community The alternative ways of supplying water to the beneficiary community are regarded as Water Supply Options. One option may contain several technologies. Example: There are 254 households in the GN Division Udagama. 230 of them are in need of improved water supply, and CBO has made proposals to cover them in following manner; Option HH to be covered with a gravity pipe borne water scheme, and 5 HH with a shallow well. Option 2 -If water is not adequate in the above source, 175 HH to be covered with a gravity pipe borne water scheme, 40 HH with shallow wells, 15 HH with a tube well. Option HH to be covered with a gravity pipe borne water scheme, 30 HH with a pipe borne pumping water scheme using a well, 10 HH with shallow wells and 15 HH with a tube well. The TA could find more options than the communities suggest. For example, in the above, if there is a possibility of providing rainwater harvesting facilities to 15 HH instead of the tube well, 2 more options could be considered in parallel with option 2 and 3. 30

31 The identification of further options by the TA should be made with the following considerations: the field observations of the type of facilities already available in the vicinity; discussions with the knowledgeable personnel within the community and outside; consulting the relevant authorities; and referring to the water resources maps prepared for each district by the Project, which could be studied in consultation with DIU. 3.2 Evaluation of Options for the Community Comparison of options for the community are required at two stages; At the investigation stage. (Ref. Step 4, Table 2.1) This is carried out with the intention of screening out the in appropriate options from further consideration. At the feasibility stage. (Ref. Step 12, Table 2.2) This is done in order to select the most desirable option for final design. Investigation Stage At this stage, the preliminary evaluation of options is an important step, consisting of several activities; Identifying the options clearly, adding any more possible options to what has been suggested by the community; Assessing the demand for water with respect to each option and compare it with the availability of resources; Assessing technical aspects of each of the options identified; Assessing capital cost and O&M costs with respect to each option and each technology within the option; and Assessing O&M implications. Some of these are described further below Assessment of Technical Aspects The technical aspects that should be considered are; 31

32 Reliability and adequacy Quality of water Cost Acceptability Accessibility Assessment of demand with respect to pipe borne water supply schemes is discussed in section 4.7. Assessment of capital cost and O&M costs are presented in a separate guideline in more derail. (Ref. Guidelines for Preparation of Cost Estimates for Village Schemes.) The above aspects should be assessed with respect to each technology type within the option considered. Aspect Shallow Wells Method of Assessment Reliability - Observe the existing wells in the area. Check whether they go dry seasonally. - Ask the people from the area. - Check the existence of any water bodies nearby, which could recharge the ground water. - Ask the people regarding the rainfall pattern. Quality - Ref. also Para Look for evidence of the presence of high fluoride (children with brown teeth). - Check with the consumers for hardness of water or salinity. - Consult DIU to find out the typical water quality of the area. 32

33 Cost aspects - Observe the soil conditions from the existing wells. (loose and collapsing soils will need full lining. Rocky formations would need blasting and high cost excavations). - Check the depths of existing wells. Acceptability - Discuss with the people. - Find out reasons for any abandoning of wells. - Acceptability by the people. Deep Wells Aspect - Reliability Method of Assessment - Check whether there are any existing deep tube wells in the area, and find out their performance. - Find out whether there are any unsuccessful tube wells drilled in the past. - Consult the DIU to find out the feasibility of finding out groundwater in the area. Quality - Find out any ground water quality problems in the area from the Pradeshiya Sabha, and knowledgeable people. - Look for evidence of the presence of high fluoride (Children with brown teeth). - Check with the consumers for hardness of water or salinity. - Obtain the details from the DIU, regarding the groundwater quality in the areas in general. Cost aspects - Find out the usual depth of the deep wells. - Relate this with the costs from the Guidelines. 33

34 Acceptability - Discuss with the people. - Find out reasons for any abandoning of deep wells. - Request for assistance from the CF to find out the ideas of the people. Pumping Arrangements The aspects regarding the particular source should be considered as appropriate. In addition, following should be considered. Aspect Reliability Method of Assessment - Question the people regarding, and enquire the Aspect Method of Assessment yield of the source, any experience of previous de-watering, and recuperation. (A pumping test is not warranted at this stage) - Observe the possibilities of recharging from water bodies nearby. Cost Aspects - Availability of electricity, and the distance to it. - Calculate the quantity required for pumping and the pumping head. Affordability of O&M cost - Calculate the rough O&M cost, and the resulting per HH costs. - Find out roughly the level of affordability of the beneficiaries from the CF. O&M involvement - Find out the availability of the skills for O&M of the scheme. - Enquire the availability of the spare parts in the local market. 34

35 Rainwater Harvesting Facilities Aspect Reliability Method of Assessment - Study the rainfall pattern during the year, and check whether there are long dry spells. (If dry spells are longer than about 3-5 months, rainwater harvesting may not supply all the required quantity of water, which is necessary for the general household needs. But, this will certainly improve the water supply situation and will relieve the people to a great extent).. - Obtain further details from the DIU regarding the suitability of the technology for the area. Acceptability - Discuss with the people. Aspect Method of Assessment - Observe the existence of any form of collection and usage of rainwater. - Request the CF to find out from the people and make his observations. 35

36 3.2.2 Assessment of O&M Implications The O&M implications should be assessed in the options considered. This should be done in relation to the different technologies within each option. Some of the important implications of technologies are indicated below as a guidance; Technology Piped Schemes from Stream sources O&M Implication Regular cleaning of intake to remove debris. Periodic flushing of the intake weir/chamber to remove mud. Keeping the source protection well maintained. Regular monitoring and precautionary measures to prevent any future pollution upstream, in liaison with the authorities concerned. 36

37 Technology Piped schemes with spring intakes O&M Implication Keeping the source protection well maintained. Regular cleaning of the intake structure. Prevent any clearing, development work, agricultural work using agrochemicals etc. in the catchment area in liaison with the relevant authorities. Pumping schemes Need of a care taker in continuous manner. Regular maintenance of the pumps. Payment of electricity charges regularly or purchase of fuel. High amount to be collected regularly from the beneficiaries. Roughing filters in piped schemes Occasional cleaning by overhauling, which involve large amount of labour. Regular cleaning. Slow sand filters in piped schemes Regular scraping of the filter surface, the frequency depending on the flow and water quality. Occasional overhauling the sand and cleaning, which requires large amount of labour. Chlorination Requirement of attending to the work everyday including preparation of chlorine solutions and administering it. Good and reliable arrangement of purchasing the chlorine, transporting and storing. High cost of operation due to the 37

38 Technology O&M Implication cost of chlorine and payment for full time caretaker. Rainwater Harvesting Facilities (Individual) Cleaning of the tank regularly. Steps to prevent mosquito breeding Prevent entry of sunlight Cleaning out the first flush. The cost of O&M of the facilities need to be assessed. In doing so, following considerations should be made; Need of Caretakers A full time caretaker is required; - If there is a pumping scheme serving considerable number of households (say, more than 20 HH); - If there is a gravity scheme serving a large number of households (say, more than 100), or if it is complicated (eg. having roughing filters or slow sand filters, need of regular chlorination, having a long transmission main) A part time caretaker may be sufficient; - If it is a pumping scheme serving a small group of households close to each other; - If it is a gravity scheme with no treatment and no other complications as mentioned above. Trained voluntary caretakers are needed for each well in the case of deep tube wells, preferably selected among the users; No regular caretaker is needed in case of common shallow wells or individual facilities. Regarding the assessment of payment to the caretakers, the ideas of the CBO should be sought. In case of a full time caretaker, the monthly payment should be equivalent to the monthly income of a villager. 38

39 Need of Chemicals When there is a need of regular treatment of water with chlorine, the cost of chlorine and the cost of transport should be considered. Cost of Spare Parts and Repairs Cost of spare parts and repairs could be a considerable amount in case of pumping schemes. If there is a piped scheme with long pipe lines, the cost of repairs of leaks, replacement of taps in stand posts, repairs and replacements of valves will have to be taken into account. If there are slow sand filters or roughing filters, cost of cleaning and overhauling should be included in the O&M cost estimates. In the case of deep tube wells, the cost of repairs and replacements should be accounted in the O&M cost estimates. O&M costs of common shallow wells will be low, and is assumed to be borne by the particular consumers. Hence, a specific consideration is not necessary. A guidance is provided in the Guidelines for Preparation of Cost Estimates for Village Schemes Assessment of Capital and O&M Costs are described elsewhere in this guideline separately. Feasibility Stage In case of the comparison of options during feasibility stage, the assessment should be made based on more accurate and comprehensive details, in the same manner as described above. 39

40 3.3 Comparison of Options for the Community During Investigation Stage The options for the community considered should be compared with respect to different aspects. The purpose is to make the community aware of the advantages, disadvantages, costs, long term implications etc of different options, enabling them to take correct decisions in selecting a few, Box 1 for further considerations. Out of the options considered, a maximum of three options (preferably two) may be selected for further studies. The aspects which should be compared are; Extent of coverage of the community Level of service Reliability Quality Total cost (as the total cost and per HH cost) Community contribution required (Total and per HH in labour and cash) Possible project contribution ( Total and per HH) Community Meeting When the comparison of options are completed, the findings have to be presented to the community so that they can make a decision of selection. These could be similar to the formats indicated in the Investigation Report. (Ref Volume 2) Following could be discussed at the meeting; options considered, with the use of maps to illustrate; comparison of options, based on the evaluation, using comparison charts; 40

41 advantages, disadvantages, complications etc; and any clarifications required or queries raised by the community. It also could happen that the community will prefer to consider a slightly modified version of an option that was presented. If it does not alter the condition drastically, such a change may be accommodated without repeating an investigation stage all over again. During Feasibility Stage The purpose of comparison of options for the community at this stage is for the community to take the decision as to what option is the most appropriate for them, so that they agree to pursue that further. The options considered and analyzed should be compared with respect to the important aspects. This is similar to the comparison of options, which was done during the investigation stage. The O&M implications should be compared more critically. A guidance for this purpose is already given in the section. (Ref. Para 3.2.2) Comparison tables should be prepared in order to make the community aware of the findings, analysis and comparison. These could be similar to the formats indicated in the Feasibility Report. (Ref. Volume 2) Community Meeting to Select Option A community meeting should be held in order to explain and discuss the findings and results of the analysis, thereby facilitating them to take the appropriate decision in selecting the option for final designs. The charts and maps should be displayed at the meeting, so that it is easy to understand. The instructions presented in Technical catalogue could be extensively used at this stage too. The representatives of the communities are expected to obtain any clarifications on the analysis, discuss them, and to arrive at a decision regarding the selection. 41

42 4 Important Technical Aspects 4.1 Verification of Need The verification of need assessment is required during the Investigation Stage in the VPP Process. (Ref. Step 2 in Table 2.1) The need for water supply and sanitation of the village, is supposed to be assessed by the community during the Village Self Assessment (VSA) during the mobilization phase. It is important to understand the assessment of Need in the case of water supply and sanitation. The households, who do not have satisfactory water supply or sanitation conditions, are regarded as having a Need for improved water supply and sanitation respectively. The above statement warrants further clarification regarding Satisfactory conditions Satisfactory Water Supply A household could be regarded as having satisfactory water supply, If it is having a source of water, which is protected, which has adequate water throughout the year, with acceptable quality, within 250 m distance and having free access to it, which is used by not more than 20 households in the case of tube wells, or 10 in the case of public dug wells or stand posts. 42

43 4.1.2 Satisfactory Sanitation A household could be regarded as having satisfactory sanitation; If it is having a latrine for it s exclusive use, which is either: An off-set pit latrine with well built sub structure; or A direct pit latrine with a device to prevent fly breeding, with a well built sub structure; and, A reasonably built superstructure Formats which could be used to quantify the above within the community are shown as Format 4.1 and Format 4.2. As this assessment is done during the village participatory survey by the CF, it is adequate for the TA to summarise the survey details into these records. Comprehensive field verification is not required. 43

44 Format 4.1 Need Verification Format - water supply (insert) 44

45 Format 4.2 Need Verification Format - Sanitation 45

46 4.2 Investigations for Potential Water Sources The investigation of potential water sources, is required in two occasions during the VPP process: During Investigation Stage (Refer Step 3 in Table 2.1) During Feasibility Stage (Ref Step 8 in Table 2.2) The investigation of potential water sources include the assessment of; Yield of sources; Quality of water; and Water Rights and Land ownership of sources. The level of details required during these two stages are different. The details needed at investigation stage is less, whereas during feasibility stage, it has to be more comprehensive Yield of Source Yields of different types of sources need to be assessed in different manner. The sources identified for village schemes could be, spring sources streams rivers wells During Investigation Stage The method of yield measurement of sources is described in a separate booklet named Let us construct a water supply scheme for our village (The printed booklet in Sinhalese) given to the Animators who is responsible to take the flow measurement The TA should refer to this. The records of flow data; Check the consistency of records Accompany the animators and let him take the flow measurement and observe the correctness. 46

47 Discuss with him about his method of measurement. Check for any water escaping from the place of measurement. The flow measurements of any gravity sources is supposed to be carried out by the Animators of the village, commencing from an early stage. The TA should check the records of these source yields, with at least one measurement taken by himself. It is important to arrange the period of the flow measurement during the driest period of the year, as far as possible. He should assess the variation of weather during the period of yield records by inquiring from the people, relevant authorities and, by studying the rainfall records, if available. The views of the local residents should also be obtained regarding the yield, but should be assessed with caution. The observed minimum yield should be multiplied by a factor of safety to arrive at the safe yield of the source. If a better assessment is not possible based on more accurate and long term yield records, a multiplication factor of 0.5 shall be used as the factor of safety, on the lowest observed flow, to the value of safe yield. In case of wells requiring pumping tests, it is not necessary to perform pumping tests at this stage. Instead, enquiries should be made from the residents in the neighbourhood with questions leading to the assessment of the yield. In case of rivers and streams, a rough assessment by observation of flow is adequate at this stage. Use of V Notches or current meters would not be required. During Investigation Stage If Springs or streams are selected at the investigation stage as potential sources more frequent and regular monitoring of the flow should be initiated by the TA, until the construction activities commence. In case of springs or small streams, continue the measurement in the same way as described in the booklet. In case of larger streams, use a V Notch with the sand bags to barricade 47

48 and direct the flow. In case of rivers it may be relevant to: - obtain the available information from the local office of the Department of Irrigation, and Department of Agrarian Services and if relevant, Mahaweli Authority. - discuss with DIU to check whether flow records are available with them; - discuss with DIU and request the assistance to perform investigations with the current meter. In case of wells requiring pumping, arrange pumping tests to be performed. Follow the short guideline provided, Guideline 4A - Test Pumping of Wells at the end of this section Water Quality Water quality assessments are required at investigation stage as well as feasibility stage. During Investigation Stage At this stage, any laboratory tests need not be performed to assess the raw water quality from each source. Instead, inquiries should be made from the inhabitants and the users nearby, and TA should make his own observations regarding: the quality (whether people drink the water from the source, whether there is a taste, smell, colour); seasonal changes of the quality; incidence of diarrhoea or any other water borne disease by consuming the water from particular source; possibility of pollution (houses upstream, polluted water flowing into the source, human activities, agrochemicals, access to animals) In case of deep ground water, inquiries from the users of nearby deep wells should be made (if deep wells are present), and DIU should be consulted regarding the quality of water in the area. 48

49 During Feasibility Stage More comprehensive studies on water quality should be made at this stage. Generally, the acceptable quality of water should be taken as the SLS Standards. (Refer the guidelines presented in Table 4). Water samples should be collected from the identified potential water sources for the water supply scheme. These should be for testing of chemical quality and bacteriological quality. The collection of samples for chemical testing should be done in clean glass or plastic bottles. The collection of samples for bacteriological quality testing has to be done carefully, so that the sample is not contaminated during collection. The collection procedure for bacteriological quality testing is presented in guideline provided at the end of this section ( Guideline No B Sampling for Water Quality Testing ) In case of the shallow wells or other point sources, unless there is a very special reason, water quality testing in a laboratory is not required. Co-ordinate with the DIU; To ascertain the need of water quality testing; To obtain sterilized bottles required for collection of the samples for bacteriological quality testing; To arrange the dates to deliver the samples to the DIUs, so that DIU could deliver them to the regional laboratory, During Design Stage It may be necessary to repeat the water quality testing once again during the design period, for the confirmation of the quality of water Water Rights and Land Ownership Any possible conflicts arising from utilizing the water source should be identified. This has to be done at a fairly early stage, i.e. investigation stage, to be verified and confirmed later at the feasibility stage. 49

50 During Investigation Stage At this stage, Assess the present uses of water from the sources (for cultivation, for drinking water supply schemes, industrial activities); Find out the details of such usage (quantity of usage, type of usage, seasonal patterns, possibility of any alternative arrangement for them); Assess any possible effect to other sources of water nearby, and the uses from those sources; Find out any planned future uses from the source. The ownership of the land where the source is located should be verified. If there are doubts regarding the ownership or the future usage, the CBO should be informed so that they could take actions to clear the water rights if need arises. During Feasibility Stage It is necessary to verify the above details and confirm. In case that there is an issue of water rights or ownership within the community members, discuss with the CBO, and the village committee; If other organizations are involved regarding the ownership of land, discuss with the DIU, and consult the Divisional Secretary and Pradesiya Sabha. If water rights involve the Department of Irrigation, Dept. of Agrarian Services, Plantation Authorities or Forest Department, consult the DIU and act accordingly. It is necessary to obtain consent letters from the owners of lands at this stage, for vesting of land to PSs and for use of water sources for the common use. 50

51 Please See Guideline 4A Test Pumping of Wells and Guideline 4B Sampling for Water Quality Testing 51

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53 4.3 Assessment of Existing Water Supply Schemes Surveys on existing water supply schemes are needed for the purpose of either rehabilitation of the systems and providing better services, or obtaining an extension from a nearby water supply scheme, to serve the community concerned. This has to be done in two stages: During Investigation Stage (Ref. Step 3); and During Feasibility Stage. (Ref. Step 8) During Investigation Stage During the investigation stage, a short visit to the scheme would be sufficient. The aspects which need to be looked into at this stage include; The sufficiency of the capacity of the existing scheme; Views of the maintenance authority in expansion / extension of the scheme; Rough assessment of work which needs to be done in such an expansion; and Rough cost involved in such an expansion, which could be prepared in consultation with the maintenance authority. During Feasibility Stage More comprehensive studies have to be done at this stage. A visit has to be made in order to assess the present condition of the scheme. A sample format which could be used for this purpose is provided at the end of this section. (Refer format 4.3 Assessment of the condition of Existing Schemes ) With this information, following aspects have to be assessed; the yield of presently utilized source. The records may be available with the O&M authority of the existing scheme. the possibility of augmentation of the existing source, by connecting other sources to it. the future demands. This would involve the demand forecast of the existing scheme as well as the areas identified for coverage by extension. 53