Possibilities of modern greenhouse technology and cooperation for establishing sustainable and high quality greenhouse production in Taiwan and beyond

Transcription

1 Possibilities of modern greenhouse technology and cooperation for establishing sustainable and high quality greenhouse production in Taiwan and beyond Round table discussion April 20 th 2011, Taichung, Taiwan Dr. S. Hemming, Wageningen UR Greeenhouse Horticulture Trends world-wide Decrease of availability natural sources (water, gas/oil, fertilizers) Increase world population till 2050 from 6 to 9 billion heads Consumers more critical Strong economic development new countries Internationalisation of trade source: 1

2 Trends world-wide greenhouse production New production areas are coming up From open field production to more protected systems Low tech and mid tech growing systems have biggest areas, but move to high tech Modern greenhouse industry in Western Europe and US develops more and more to year round production with high quality source: Sustainable greenhouse production in Taiwan Design greenhouse systems which combine (economic) production efficiency with minimal input of energy, water and nutrients High production, product quality, predictability High energy efficiency and use of sustainble energy Low pesticide use, high food safety High water use efficiency, low nutrient losses High ratio benefit costs of the production system 2

3 Technology for sustainable crop production sun radiation (MJ/m 2.month) July July Lighting NL Heating January January Taiwan mean temperature ( o C) Cooling Technology for sustainable crop production Increasing degree of technology Heating CO 2 Cooling Light control Soil / Soilless culture Irrigation system Open / closed water cycle / desinfection Computer control greenhouse climate crop response economic result 3

4 Trends world-wide - technology increasing control of production factors Methodology to improve greenhouse production Dynamic greenhouse climate and crop models input: local outside climate, crop parameters variables: greenhouse design, climate equipment, set points result: year-round inside greenhouse climate (temperature / humidity / CO 2 ) and crop performance at every hour of year Economic model input: local prices for products, materials and investments, local interest rates output: return of investment, yearly net benefit Expert view Industrial partners with long year experiences in different countries Greenhouse Technology 4

5 Food production: tomato Outside climate Taiwan - temperatures Temperature [ o C] Mean daily temperature Maximum daily temperature Minimum daily temperature Day of the year Efficient ventilation / cooling needed 5

6 Outside climate Taiwan - humidity Relative Temperature humidity [%] [ o C] Mean daily temperature 30 Maximum daily temperature Minimum Mean daily daily humidity temperature 20 Maximum daily humidity Minimum daily 300 humidity Day of the year Evaporative cooling not possible in all periods because of too high humidity Effect of different cooling techniques Daily maximum temperature [ o C] Natural ventilated Pad and Fan Active cooling Day of the year Evaporative cooling reduces maximum temperatures Effect of pad and fan in critical hot period not sufficient enough? Active cooling keeps temperatures in optimum range 6

7 Effect of different cooling techniques frame πλαίσιο cover υλικό κάλυψης fans ανεμιστήρες pad υγρή παρειά crop καλλιέργεια Adiabatic cooling: pad & fan result in temperature differences Sapounas, 2008 Effect of different cooling techniques Adiabatic cooling: fogging gives homogeneous temperatures 7

8 Effect of different cooling techniques Natural ventilated Pad and Fan Active cooling Daily mean temperature [ o C] Day of the year Active cooling is able to reduce temperatures Limit energy input by screening Daily maximum temperature [ o C] No outside screen 30% shading outside 50% shading outside Day of the year Outside screen does not reduce inside temperatures efficiently because of high outside temperatures 8

9 Dehumidification Possibilities of decreasing humidity in greenhouse with natural ventilation: Create air movement avoid condensation on crop Fans, sleeves above or under crop Water system avoiding high evaporation drip irrigation Heating & ventilation dry air Dehumidification water system 9

10 Dehumidification heating & ventilation heated not heated Daily maximum relative humidity [ o C] Day of the year Heating dry would be possible to reduce humidity, but will cost energy Dehumidification active cooling 100 Daily maximum relative humidity [%] Natural ventilated Pad and Fan Active cooling Day of the year With active cooling lower humidity levels possible 10

11 Effect of heating 30 heated not heated 25 Daily minimum temperature [ o C] Day of the year Heating useful in winter increase temperature, decrease humidity higher production, higher quality Effect of CO 2 Case Natural ventilation Natural ventilation with CO 2 Active cooling Biomass (dry matter) 3.9 kg 5.4 kg 7.9 kg CO 2 dosing kg 12.3 kg Depending on costs whether it is useful for tomato use of waste CO 2 form other processes? 11

12 Energy consumption Case Natural ventilation Pad and fan Active cooling and heat pump Biomass (dry 3.9 kg 5.0 kg 7.9 kg matter) Heating 141 MJ 187 MJ 462 MJ Cooling MJ Electricity use - 92 MJ 800 MJ (COP =3) Depending on investment and running costs whether it is useful for tomato Water use efficiency 250 Water use in l per kg dry matter production Pad and fan Natural ventilation Natural ventilation with CO2 Active cooling 12

13 Effect of soilless production Independent from soil quality High water use efficiency Saving nutrients, saving costs Water use efficiency Save water with right greenhouse design and climate equipment Collect rain water (rainfall in Taiwan ca mm, consumption mm depending on system and crop) Recirculate irrigation water Use water saving irrigation system 13

14 Greenhouse control Strengths Taiwanese greenhouse sector Production Varieties orchids Expertise orchid crop management Several innovative farmers Market Trade relations with US, Japan, NL... Relatively high/stable prices Research and knowledge Knowledge infrastructure available Knowledge of orchid physiology High tech oriented institutes Government supports horticulture 14

15 Weaknesses Taiwanese horticultural sector Production Small farming structure, low technology Monitoring greenhouse performance (technology, economics) Co-operation of suppliers missing (project development) Resources expensive or limited (energy, CO 2, water quality, capital) Market Value chain approach missing (producing not market demanded) Market Japan currently weak Research and knowledge Integral system approach missing Co-operation missing Identification of research needs of growers Opportunities and Threats Opportunities: Market recovering in US and Europe Market demand for higher diversity of flowers Consumer demand for local food Threats: Competition from other Asian countries 15

16 Major challenges Production and market Transition towards large scale production Introduction new technology for high quality and predictability Promotion of integrated system approach for design, construction, operation, plant-technology Development value chain approach Research and knowledge Improve multi-disciplinary research based on farmers needs Establishing discussion platforms for innovators and researchers Policy Facilitate easy access to necessary resources for growers Possibilities for co-operation Do not re-invent the wheel! Use best available technologies and knowledge Use expertise and models of WUR Use knowledge and long experience of Dutch industry Use Taiwanese expertise (COA, ITRI, others) Use knowledge of local conditions (growers, associations) Taiwan funded innovative demonstration greenhouse facility. Preferably at grower! 16

17 Possibilities for co-operation Form of co-operation: Matchmaking events for industry partners (in NL and in TW) Setup farm-based research program together Taiwanese fellowships for phd students (sandwich) Student exchange Capacity training Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture Wageningen UR Greenhouse Technology 17