Refrigeration in supermarkets Historic insight. November 2017

Transcription

1 Refrigeration in supermarkets Historic insight November 2017

2 Content Advansor s history in brief Natural refrigerants- the alternatives Historical system designs and why CO 2 had to win in the end! Developments and improvements on TC CO 2 Parallel compression Ejectors Conclusions and questions

3 History DKK 250 M Turnover Torben Hansen and Kim Christensen established Advansor in It has since progressed rapidly in terms of technology and an over-all growth x Advansor is sold to HillPhoenix, USA in 2011 but remains very Danish with its entrepreneurial roots and values

4 The history Ozone depletion and Green House effect 1834: Perkins mechanical vapour compression refrigeration with ethyl ether 1880s to 1920s 1930s ammonia, sulphuric acid carbondioxide and propane CFCs (R12) 1950s HCFCs (R22, R502) 1974 Ozone depletion theory (Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland) 1987 Montreal Protocol (phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs) 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) 1996 Gustav Lorentzen conference in DK 1997 Kyoto Protocol (reduction of emissions of HFC, PFC, CO 2, SF 6, N 2 0, CH 4 ) 3rd millennium... which refrigerants to use in the long term? 2001 Taxation on HFC s in DK (and other countries) kg ban introduced in DK 2015 F-gas directive (phase-down + other instruments), HFC prices

5 The closed refrigerant cycle CFCs R12, R s Natural refrigerants NH 3, CO 2, hydrocarbons 1980s Technical issues Local safety Montreal Protocol Ozone depletion Kyoto Protocol Global warming? HCFCs R s HFCs R404A, R134a, R507, R407

6 System configurations in supermarkets HFC-anlæg Tørkøler Kaskade-anlæg Tørkøler CO 2 anlæg Kølekompressor Kølekompressor Kondensator R404A Kondensator R134a Kølekompressor CO 2 Kondensator HT-ventil Kaskade veksler GBP-ventil Frostkom -pressor R404A Brine pumpe Frostkom -pressor CO 2 Frostkom -pressor CO 2 Køl Køl Køl Frost CO 2 - pumpe Frost Frost

7 Possible refrigerants Hydro carbons ODP = 0, GWP < 8 Non-toxic, but flammable Compatible, mixable, stabile Low density, low discharge temp High COP Ammonia ODP = 0, GWP = 0 Toxic and flammable Corrosive, not mixable with oil Low density and high discharge temps High COP New refrigerants HFO s Flammable (A2L?), toxic?, expensive Sugerør (-30 C) Væskerør (+30 C) R404R/Propan Ammoniak CO 2 28 mm mm mm 8 mm 5 mm 6 mm

8 Accidents in a refrigerated warehouse - propane Aarhus, 2008 Germany 2017

9 Supermarkets 3-step rocket Propan/ NH 3 Propane compressor Brine (-10 C) +5 C Propan/ NH 3 CO 2 (-10 C) +5 C Top: IHX Left: Brine cooler with ex. valve Right: Cascade HX with ex. valve and 4 pcs. stop valves CO 2 (38 C) CO 2 (-10 C) +5 C -10 C CO 2 (-30 C) CO 2 (-30 C) CO 2 (-30 C) CO 2 (-10 C) -18 C CO 2 (-10 C) -18 C -18 C CO 2 (-10 C) Odense-projektet, 2000 Beder-projektet, 2001 Schou Epa Roskilde, 1996 F&U-projekt, ENS, 1999 Sjapis-aktiviteter på køl, 2000 F&U-projekt, ENS, 1999 McD/Findan-projektet, 2002 Knudsen Køling-projektet, 2002 Carrier, 2002 Carrier, 2002/2003 Costan (2000) Carrier (2003) Linde (2004) Knudsen Køling (2005) Brine pumps CO2 compressor Ventilation duct Receiver Oil seperator + IHX Teknologisk Institut Køle- og Varmepumpeteknik 9

10 Supermarket rack development

11 COP [-] Challenges with CO2 High pressure Knowhow and education Understand the process How does it work? More complex 2 new valves Centralized/ remote Electronic controls EEV instead of TEV Electronic controllers needed Warmer climates New accelerating technologies Availability of components Compressors kw Price C 34 C 36 C 40 C 4 4 C P g,2 [bar]

12 Challenges with CO2 CO2 leaks Knowhow and education High pressure - components New accelerating technologies 0,5% CO2 (=5000ppm) is normal gas detector set point Don t do this: HT LT aircooler Tesco UK/ Migros Switzerland

13 Euroshop edge of break through

14 Advantages of CO 2 as refrigerant High level of security Reliable operation Easy installation Low installation and operating costs Safety valves and switches Production and assembly approved CE-labelled in accordance to PED cat. IV High level of documentation Well known tested components (compressors, exchanger, control) Optimal and easy controls and monitoring Resistant against compressor failure (oil handling, IHX, accu) Secure handling of stand still pressure High safety at service (pump-down, easy access) Only one refrigerant CO 2 / DX and copper piping Optimized design: cobber, small pipes, hoses, and oil handling No brine nor water pipes Can be installed anywhere, no limits to the loc. of the condenser Low energy consumption Low cost refrigerant Easy and quick service Availability of all components (standard) 200% extra heat recovery cooling with termosyfon Stabile temperatures

15 1000 compindustri XL 6000x2150x1200 mm compsuper S/L 6000x2150x800 mm 100 MT LT AC MiniBooster XXS 800 x 100 x 2100 mm ValuePack XS 2500x1900x800 mm CDU XXS 1350 x 1000 x 800 mm 10 1 Small single weatherproof compressor unit Small compact multicompressor unit Medium multi-compressor unit Medium + Large multi-compressor unit Large + XL multicompressor unit Retail/Pharmaceutical 5 evaporators Discount/Convenience Supermarket/Convenience Supermarket/Hypermarkets Industrial

16 Growth Pricing and rack efficiency improvement over time Overall, TC CO2 technology have improved its competitiveness Prices per kw have been reduced by more than 30% since 2006 Energy effciency has been improved by 25% since 2006 Pressure on price and technology

17 CO 2 evolution Advansor solutions Gas cooler Heat recover HX Sub-cooler Adiabatic Oil separator IHX Ejector Parallel comp MT comp HP GBP Gas-by-pass EEV EEV EEV MT EVAPORATORS AC LT compres LT comp MT load Heat recovery EEV EEV EEV LT EVAPORATORS False load evaporator Heat pump function LT load Adiabatic Heat pump Air condition Sub-cooler CO2 cassette Parallel comp Ejector gas Ejector liquid

18 Energy and hot climate tech Parallel compression, adiabatic, sub-cooling, ejector CO 2 Booster solutions Enhanced CO 2 Booster solutions Ejector CO 2 Booster solutions CO 2 Booster solutions

19 Big growth in the market for CO 2 Reference: Shecco

20 Trends in Supermarkets Consumer/ shopper do change behavior! Digitalization: Robots, sensors, amusement Trends Online shopping Small store locally Eat out! Physical store or on-line? E-tail/ online shopping Local collect Cash & Carry / Drive Thru Employee free stores