Superconducting technology for Wind-powered Thermal Energy System to realize economic base load power

Transcription

1 ALCA Superconducting technology for Wind-powered Thermal Energy System to realize economic base load power Toru Okazaki, Ph.D. ISTEC (International Superconductivity Technology Center) 1

2 Right Tech. at Right Time & Place Needs support (FIT, Back-up thermals) Independent RE must emulate bio-diversity to crop energy from nature 2

3 Which is preferable? Conv. Wind 100W Needs thermal plant forever Wind + Battery 100W High efficiency, High Price WTES 100W Low Efficiency, Low Price 3

4 Subjects of Wind Power Breakdown Accelerating Gear is the most issue Direct Drive (DD), Hydraulic system Weight Saving of Rotating Machine DD push up the total cost of 40% But DD has the same energy cost Fluctuation of Output The Biggest Issue Superconducting Generator Back-up thermals (Now), Pumped Hydro, CAES, Battery, Thermal Energy Storage, Effective Use of Land (especially Japan) High-Density Deployment of Wind Tower Wind-powered Thermal Energy System 4

5 Basic Concept of WTES 1Heat Generator Light & Budget 5Most Economical Electric Power 2HTF Circulation Turbine Generator Low Efficiency 3Thermal Energy Storage Budget, Compact 5

6 Concept of Wind Heat Power Direct Heat Generator Heat specialized type Adjust with Wind to keep high temp. Adjust with Demand 6

7 Wind Response Operation 560 Molten Salt Molten Salt 290 7

8 Demand Response Operation 560 Molten Salt Steam 290 Water 0.5% Loss / Day 8

9 Facts and Records 9

10 Theory and Practice Wind energy can meet up to 20% of electricity demand on a large network without technical or practical problems. Action taken by RED, Spanish Grid Operator, is analyzed. 10

11 3.0 Statistic of Spain Spain has few electricity exchange capacity between other countries. So, it is easy to understand. Reserve Margin All Capacity Conventional Capacity Almost Wind

12 RE = CCGT in Spain Installed capacity (MW) Wind CCGT CCGT; Combined Cycle Gas Turbine 12

13 Plan of Germany: Grid Study II 160 Capacity (GW) Volatile Capacity PV Onshore Wind Offshore Wind Biomass, Waste, Geo Thermal Pumped Storage Energy consumption is reduced to -8% in this period Wind & PV cannot reduce conventional plants 13

14 Cost Prediction by Wind Penetration Wind OPEX Wind CAPEX Fuel OPEX CAPEX 14

15 2012/10/18 Actual Wind Power System LNG 1 : 1 To Maintain Stability of Power Network Many studies have DIFFERENT CONCLUSION. But, Statistics is the FACT. 15

16 Conservativeness of Infrastructures Conservativeness Internet Telephone Railway Cell-phone Water, Sewage Hospital Electricity Grid 16

17 Why so conservative? N-1 Standard N-1 Standard; Redundancy of Transmission System Transportation of Transformer Differ from time, location, operators 17

18 Cost of RE (until now) Wind Harvest Huge Loss? Energy E-Energy α kwh Power Cost β$ This condition is early stage 18

19 Cost of RE (from now) Wind Harvest Huge Loss? Energy E-Energy Cost Stabilize, Transmission Loss α kwh β$ Valued Energy $/kwh 19

20 Change of Energy storage should be dedicated to supply backup to wind. Given an ideally grid, this capacity is not Energy storage systems will play a significant role. 20

21 By Matthew Wald, APRIL 21, 2014 Ice or Molten Salt, Not Batteries, to Store Energy Energy efficiency was not the point: dollar efficiency was. The chairman of the Energy Storage Association 21

22 Proved Advantages of Thermal Energy System (TES) 22

23 ESS under operation in USA Technology Specification No. of MW MWh plants Total 21, , Pumped Hydro 20, , Thermal Storage 280 1,680 1 battery Comment From 2013 Solana Max 32MWh/Plant 23

24 Solana, 280MW 1,680MWh 100m 24

25 TES vs Battery Φ23m Torresol Energy, 2011~ ABB 2004~ 19m 5m TES 300MW-h 20MW-15h 60kW-h/m3 NiCd 5MW-h 40MW-7min. 0.3kW-h/m3 120m These technologies must be used for different purpose 25

26 Required Area for Energy Storage Yards Creek 2,400MW-h Upper Pond Lower Pond 200m Solana 1,680MW-h T=60 Crescent Dune 1,100MW-h T=270 26

27 If TES effective, then Why not TES for wind power? It is absurd because Rotating energy to electric energy =100% Thermal cycle < Carnot efficiency Above facts do not include stabilizing cost. TES becomes feasible because of its low cost. Then, what is the most effective way to utilize TES to wind power? 27

28 Energy Cost Estimation 28

29 Assumptions Three cases are calculated. Wind blows periodically by 6, 24, 48 hours. Stable output is mandated to power unit. Wind capacity factor (C.F.) is kept the same of 30%. Wind Electricity Every 6 hours Every 24 hours Every 48 hours 29

30 Economic Analysis Compared Wind Wind Foss. Fuel Thermal Elec. Wind Elec. Battery Elec. Elec. Separately Wind Elec. Thermal Elec. 30

31 for Stable Output p (kw) Electric Generator Efficiency η1 AC/DC X/η3 a hours DC/AC Output X(kW) Thermal Plant (24-a) hours p (kw) Heat Generator a hours p-x/η2η3 a hours X/η2η3 Efficiency η2 Turbine 24 hours Efficiency η3 E. Gen. Output X(kW) Efficiency η1 T. Storage (kwh) (p-x/η2η3) a (p-x/η2η3) a η1 (24-a) (24-a) hours 31

32 Energy Flow p (kw) Electric Generator Efficiency η1 AC/DC a hours a hours 24 hours Efficiency η3 DC/AC Output X(kW) Battery (kwh) Efficiency η2 (24-a) hours p (kw) Heat Generator a hours a hours Efficiency η2 Turbine 24 hours Efficiency η3 E. Gen. Output X(kW) T. Storage (kwh) Efficiency η1 (24-a) hours System Cost( ) X(kW) Life (hour) is calculated 32

33 Employed Values Wind Wind + Battery WHP Component Cost Efficiency Capacity Factor Tower / Blade (Common) 90M /2MW Not counted 30% Electric Generator - 15rpm 40M /2MW 93% AC/DC. DC/AC 20k /kw 95% Transmission line 10% of kw-h Not counted 30% Electric Generator - 15rpm 40M /2MW 93% AC/DC 20k /kw 95% 30% Battery (NaS) 40k /kwh 83% 70% DC/AC 20k /kw 95% Transmission line 10% of kw-h Not counted 100% Heat Generator 20M /2MW 96% 30% Thermal Storage 2k /kwh-t 93% 70% Steam Turbine 38% Electric Generator 3600rpm 100k /kwh 96% Transmission line 10% of kw-h Not counted 100% Life is set to 10 years since some LCOE element such as maintenance, finance is not counted 33

34 Calculated Results(C.F.30%) 25 エネルギーコスト Energy Cost ( /kwh) % Depreciation cost of Backup Thermal 待機火力 Battery 電池 タワー / ブレード Wind + Backup 風力 + 待機火力 Thermal Wind 風力 + + Battery 電池風力熱発電 WTES Tower / Blade 蓄熱 Back Ups Network Curtailment Turbine Gen. H.Storage DC/AC Batt. AC/DC Generator Tower/Blade 34

35 Electric Gen. & Heater System Advantages: Nothing New Direct Electric Power Output Disadvantages: Expensive D.D. Generator Low Capacity Factor of Expensive Elements 35

36 Cost Dependence on Capacity Heater Superior Region 70 System cost / kw Heater cost does not change by capacity HTF system cost depends on capacity 0.6th Power Case th Power Case Capacity (MW) 36

37 Heat Generator 37

38 Principle of Heat Generation IH cooking heater utilizes time varying magnetic field Forced rotation by wind AC current is fed to coil 38

39 Brake for heavy Vehicle 500Nm 45kg Motor 318Nm 335kg 650 Brake does not have complicated bulky electric wire. So, it is light in nature. NSSMC 39

40 Superiority of Direct Drive Wind Direct drive wind has 40% higher utility cost Caused by such as heavy generator and strong tower Widely employed in German Energy cost becomes the same as conv. wind Because less downtime WTES becomes more economical since WTES employs light & robust heat generator. 40

41 Usage of Super Conductivity 2. Higher Temperature Higher temp. realizes higher efficiency Red Hot Metal 41

42 Higher Temperature, Better Increase of Thermal/Electricity Conversion Efficiency 700, 50%, 10MW is feasible Reduction of Energy Storage Medium Latent heat storage Fuel Production Ability 42

43 Progress of Thermal Machine 43

44 Superconducting Heat Generator Structure of Rotating Superconducting Exciter 55mm 200mm 44

45 Dimensions Item Parameter Capacity 2MW Rated Speed 15rpm Outer Diameter 4m Axis Length 1.5m Number of Poles 60 Minor Outer Axis of HTS Coil 200mm Major Outer Axis of HTS Coil 1500mm Cold Thermal Insulation 25mm Room Temperature (R.T.) Gap 5mm Hot Thermal Insulation 25mm 45

46 Heat Calculation Item Thermal Insulation Thermal Conductivity Parameter Microtherm TM W/mK Hot Area 19 m 2 Thickness 25 mm Thermal Flow 10,123 W Heat Loss 0.5% Thermal Flow Density 530W/m 2 46

47 Example of Required SC Magnet Item Value Required Magnetic Field 0.3T Operation Temperature 20K Operating Current 250A No. of Turns 120 Required Wire Length 22km Future Wire Cost 2,000JPY Wire Cost 44,000,000JPY Does this cost meet the total energy cost reduction? 47

48 Energy Cost Reduction by SC -1 2MW Wind costs 150k /kw (EU) D.D. wind costs 40% expensive but resulted energy cost is the same. Weight of D.D. heat generator is 1/5 of D.D. electric generator. Total construction cost will be the same as geared type. This cost saving can be counted Normal WTES also have to realize within this cost. 2MW 150k /kw 40%= 120,M 48

49 Energy Cost Reduction by SC -2 Efficiency increase of Thermal/Electrical energy from 40% to 50% allows 25% increase of energy cost. 2MW 150k /kw 25%= 75M 120M +75M 200M This is the maximum cost allowance for higher temperature including SC. 49

50 One Example 10-2MW wind turbines, 100M /2MW of 10 towers 1,000M (Original) + 1,000M for 10MW-e Generator, which has 50% efficiency (Normal steam turbine generator costs 100k /kw) 50

51 Small Thermal Machine Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle of 700 is under development by arpa-e program. (560 25% is existing technology) 51

52 Principle of Turbine 1 Uniform Pressure 2 v 1 Shaft v1<v2 v 2 Prepare pressurized container. Make holes with different size. Gas drive both blades. 3 v 1 v 2 Shaft Connect both blades by shaft. Then small blade turns backward. Both blade stop turning when gas pressure dropped. Blades keep turning if v 1 gas is expanded to v 2 by some heat source. Heat source can be placed both inside and outside. 52

53 Further Energy Cost Reduction Energy storage cost becomes serious for longer timescale. Larger T makes energy storage cost small for latent thermal storage. Many possibilities and combinations must be considered. Not counted for higher temperature effect. 53

54 Thermo-Chemical Reaction for Fuel Production Over 800 is required for these reaction. 54

55 Other Benefits (not counted in cost estimation) 55

56 Conv. Wind 200MW Towers Grid Integration Issue 200MW 時間 200MW Transmission line C.F. 30%, +10 /kwh Backup Thermal 200MW C.F. 70% WTES 200MW Towers Thermal 200MW 23MW 時間 C.F. ; Capacity Factor 23MW Transmission line No-Backups C.F. 100%, +3 /kwh 56

57 Transmission Issue Fair wind area is far from demand area. Transmission costs much because of low capacity factor. 10 /kwh under 25% Capacity Factor WTES realizes 100% capacity factor and enables innovative low transmission cost of 2.5 /kwh or less Suitable for SC cable 57

58 For Local Community Now Wind Backup Thermal Energy Cost Depreciation cost O&M = Job Opportunity for Locals Depreciation cost O&M = Job Opportunity for Locals Time WTES Energy Cost Depreciation Cost Lowest Energy Cost Incl. Energy Security O&M = Job Opportunity for Locals 9 /kw-h During Depreciation EPC: Engineering, Procurement and Construction 58

59 Higher Capacity Factor Curtailed because no load Fluctuation is disposed Power Wind Electricity Time WHP can cultivate all wind energy =High Capacity Factor 59

60 Right Technology for Each Conditions There is no all-mighty technology RE-diversity is required like bio-diversity Do not cut butter by chain-saw By Amory B. Lovins 60

61 Intellectual Properties There are chances of creating Killer Patent. This is the important difference from CSP, PV and wind, which have long history. Even if the killer patents are created, all patents should be licensed to anyone to realize imaginal society. 61

62 Thank you for your attention 62