STANDORT HÖXTER FACHGEBIET ABFALLWIRTSCHAFT

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1 STANDORT HÖXTER FACHGEBIET ABFALLWIRTSCHAFT UND DEPONIETECHNIK International Workshop Waste Management in West Africa: Improvement of Waste Collection, Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Konzeption und wissenschaftliche Leitung: H.-G. Ramke, G. Gourene Internationaler-Workshop veranstaltet vom Fachgebiet Abfallwirtschaft und Deponietechnik, Fachbereich 8, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe und der Université Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, Côte d Ivoire Université Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, Côte d Ivoire Mai 2008 Konzeption und Wissenschaftliche Leitung H.-G. Ramke, K. J. Witt, W. Bräcker, M. Tiedt Anschrift des Erstautors Professor Dr.-Ing. Hans-Günter Ramke Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Standort Höxter An der Wilhelmshöhe 44, Höxter Tel / , hans-guenter.ramke@hs-owl.de

2 Workshop Waste Management, Côte d Ivoire, 2008 International Workshop on Waste Management in West Africa Results Prof. Germain Gourene University of Abobo-Adjamé Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Günter Ramke University of Applied Sciences Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Campus Hoexter Introduction Workshop Partners - Funding Institution: - VolkswagenStiftung - Universities: - Professor Germaine Gourene - Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe Professor Hans-Günter Ramke - NGO: - Contre la Faim Dr. Angelica Saavedra

3 Introduction Objectives - Identification of structural problems in waste management - Development of stepwise improvement programs - Identification of urgent tasks in waste management - Preparation of an overview of suitable practices - Definition of new research activities - Definition of new master programs Introduction VolkswagenStiftung - VolkswagenStiftung - support of science and technology - support of humanities and social sciences - in higher education and research - independent and autonomous - supporting international co-operation

4 General Part 1 - Description of Present Situation - During the three days workshop more than 50 experts have discussed most of the aspects of waste management. - Participants from 12 Sub-Saharan African states gave a detailed overview of the present situation in their countries. - The description of present situation does not only emphasise problems and technological gaps, but also a lot of interesting and important local solutions. - These solutions are a valuable tool for experts in other cities and states. General Part 2 - Presentation of - The University of Abobo-Adjamé and the University of Applied Sciences Ostwestfalen-Lippe will install a website of the workshop. - The presentations of the participants from Africa, Belgium and Germany will be shown on this website as pdf-documents in thematic order. - The website will also contain information on the structure of the workshops, on the participants and on the final results. - An open platform with information on waste management in Sub-Saharan Africa states is a mid-term objective.

5 General Part 3 - Co-operation in Sub-Saharan Africa States -1 - The experts in waste management participating at the workshop will found an international African working group. - Members of that network could be experts in all sections of waste management like administrations, consulting companies, public and private enterprises, and universities. - This group will start with the exchange of technical standards and experiences with technical solutions in Africa. - The mid-term objective of this working group is to establish an African Association of Waste Management Experts. General Part 4 - Co-operation in Sub-Saharan Africa States This Association can develop technical guidelines, organise training seminars and workshops. - A further important task is to advise the national governments in technical aspects of waste management. - Partnerships with Technical Associations in Germany are assessed to be helpful and could be initiated by the German participants of the workshop. - Other developments in Africa will be considered. - The University of Abobo-Adjamé will operate the working group and work as secretariat.

6 General Part 5 - Role of Universities and Research Institutes The universities do have the professional skills to advise the national governments and to deliver scientific services. - The universities could become a focal point of technical and scientific knowledge in the field of waste management. - In addition to their tasks in education they are the designated partner to perform research programs directly related to current problems in waste management and legislation. General Part 6 - Role of Universities and Research Institutes The university laboratories could and should act as national laboratories for monitoring and inspection. - The institutes and laboratories have to be equipped and funded by the national governments to ensure these future tasks. - The German members of the workshop will assist the African universities in creating partnerships with their home universities and research institutes. - Advice can be given in performing analyses. Analyses of samples can be performed in a reasonable scale.

7 General Part 7 - Network of Universities The members of universities among the participants of the workshop have founded a co-operation network in environmental research and education. - The secretariat of the network is the University of Abobo- Adjamé with the lead of Professor Gourene. - Details of the co-operation will be developed by a steering committee of the universities involved. General Part 8 - Network of Universities The first steps of co-operation will be the development of common research programmes and pilot projects. These programmes will be developed e.g. in co-operation with the universities from Germany involved the workshop. - Furthermore common bachelor and master programmes in the field of environmental engineering will be established.

8 Framework of Waste Management Results Part 1 - Legal Standards - Most of the African states have a system of laws and legal standards in the field of waste management. - The problem is less the non-existence of legal standards but more a serious lack of implementation of laws and enforcement of legal requirements. - Often the responsibility for enforcement of standards is not defined, and institutions responsible have a serious lack of manpower, experience and equipment. Framework of Waste Management Results Part 2 - Responsibilities - In most cases the responsibilities for waste management are not really clear in Sub-Saharan Africa states. - Sometimes national authorities are responsible for local tasks like waste collection without direct participation of local authorities. In other cases city governments, district authorities, local co-operatives (and private enterprises) offer the same services. - A clear definition of responsibilities and tasks is assessed to be one of the top priorities. - Municipalities should be responsible for waste collection, large cities and counties for waste disposal.

9 Framework of Waste Management Results Part 3 - Management of Hazardous Wastes - Most of the African states do not have an operating system of management, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. As as a consequence serious health and environmental damages can be seen quite often. - A first step could be the definition of responsibilities for and the requirements on treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. - One possibility is the construction and operation of national treatment and disposal plants in the ownership of the state. - A further possibility is the definition of disposal standards, which have to be fulfilled by waste generators or private disposal companies. Framework of Waste Management Results Part 4 - Financing of Municipal Waste Management - Sources of finance of municipal solid waste management are fees, local taxes, national taxes and incomes, profits from sales of recyclables, charges on products (producer responsibility). - The financial base of most of the African municipalities is insufficient due to the poverty of inhabitants, but improved systems of waste management require an increase of the incomes. - A solution might be in some cases, that the investment for new landfills and disposal plants are paid by national taxes and incomes, e.g. from export goods, and that operational costs are covered by fees.

10 Organisation of MSWM Results Part 1 - Present Situation and Main Gaps In most African cities waste collection is insufficient, which causes hygienic problems and health risks. - Poor cleanliness is to be observed in direct neighbourhood of residential houses, in the streets, at collection points, and in intermediate storages. - These problems of street cleaning and waste collection are often caused by an insufficient performance of municipal tasks and a lack of public awareness. Organisation of MSWM Results Part 2 Uncontrolled dump of waste in direct neighbourhood of residential areas in Abidjan

11 Organisation of MSWM Results Part 3 - Present Situation and Main Gaps Insufficient performance of MSWM is often due to unsolved questions of responsibilities and a lack of communication between different institutions. - The participants therefore recommend to improve the cooperation between institutions involved like ministries, municipalities, NGOs, and universities. - Apart from management problems missing equipment and limited knowledge of workers create additional difficulties. - The latter problems can be solved by improved financial resources of the municipalities or villages, and by training of workers and technicians. Organisation of MSWM Results Part 4 - Public Awareness Campaigns - Public awareness campaigns must explain the hygienic risks of littering in residential areas and the necessity of adequate waste disposal. - Inhabitants must feel responsible for the condition of the neighbourhood of their homes. - Public awareness campaigns must begin at school, and should also use media like movies, radio and television spots, flyers in addition to house-to-house campaigns.

12 Organisation of MSWM Results Part 5 - Collection of Municipal Waste Waste collection should be organised in close co-operation with the residential waste generators. - In Sub-Saharan Africa states solutions on the base of the Village Principle should be chosen, because this ensures the proximity to the residents. - Pre-collection (door-to-door collection) is an excellent method of waste collection in residential areas with many backyards, small lanes, unpaved streets and unorganised structures. - The co-operative of Petit Bassam in Abidjan demonstrates a very good practical implementation of these principles. Selling collection bags is a reasonable approach for fee collection. Organisation of MSWM Results Part 6 Door-to-door collection of waste in plastic bags with wheelbarrows in Petit Bassam, Abidjan

13 Organisation of MSWM Results Part 7 - Collection of Municipal Waste The system of pre-collection needs improvements to increase efficiency and improvements of the working conditions of the employees in many cases. This encloses matters of organisation, payment, equipment, and training of the workers. - In addition, the intermediate storages often have to be placed nearer to the collection areas, and are to be improved technically (roofs, ramps). Also waste haulage is to be optimised. - Separate collection of recyclables can be excellently embedded in the system of pre-collection. Organisation of MSWM Results Part 8 - Management of Particular Types of Waste - Disposal of medical waste is absolutely insufficient in most Sub-Saharan African states. Requirements and solutions documented in WHO-guidelines should be implemented. - Successful solutions for particular waste streams stimulate and support a self-supporting development. An example is the disposal of scrapped cars in Togo.

14 Waste Recycling Results Part 1 - Waste Generation and Waste Composition - Information on waste generation and waste composition in most Sub-Saharan African states is insufficient. - This database for planning all aspects of waste management needs to be improved. - Main components of household wastes in cities of Sub- Saharan African States are organics and sand. - Sand in household wastes has its origin from street cleaning. Its rate must be reduced for better waste utilisation. - Plastic materials should be labelled in order to simplify recycling and marketing. Waste Recycling Results Part 2 - Utilisation of Plastics - In some Sub-Saharan African states practical experience with plastic recycling exists which covers the whole process chain of recycling (separate collection, sorting, washing, crushing, melting, and extruding). - The company CIPLAST in Abidjan is an excellent example of plastic recycling by use of adapted technology and production of plastic products for the local market. - Plastic materials with higher technological requirements on production facilities should be sold on the global market until regional recycling facilities will be operated.

15 Organisation of MSWM Results Part 3 Plastic recycling at the company CIPLAST in Abidjan Washing of plastic foils and pellets Production of bowls Waste Recycling Results Part 4 - Utilisation of Organic Waste - Utilisation of organic waste by composting or biogas generation is practiced in some African States like Burkina Faso or Benin. - Composting is seen as quite expensive and of low benefit for agriculture in Côte d Ivoire. - Biogas generation suffers from low quantities and bad qualities of organic wastes (or residual wastes) in Côte d Ivoire. - Apart from these present problems studies and pilot projects are required to develop this source of material for utilisation.

16 Waste Recycling Results Part 5 - Steps of Improvement of Waste Recycling - The Sub-Saharan African states should co-operate in theory and practice of waste recycling. - Co-operation in theoretical aspects means exchange of experiences and technical guidelines, and the establishment of a network of experts and companies. - Co-operation in practice means cross-border exchange of recycling materials, common export of materials like PET (glass, scrap) on the global market, and installation of common recycling facilities in seaports. Waste Disposal Results Part 1 - Present Situation - In some African states engineered landfills exist. An example is the landfill of Yaoundé, Cameroon. - In most cases even large disposal sites are uncontrolled dumps without technical installations and with improper operation. - A typical example for a large dumpsite of a large city in a Sub- Saharan Africa state is the Akouedo landfill, Abidjan. - Very often these dumps cause serious health problems and environmental damages. - Serious problems are a lack of knowledge in landfill operation at the local level and very limited financial resources.

17 Organisation of MSWM Results Part 2 Landfill Akouedo in Abidjan Burning of tyres on-site Tipping edge operation without sufficient compaction Waste Disposal Results Part 3 - Improvement of Existing Dump Sites - Improvement of existing dump sites is more a question of landfill management than of technical measures. - First measures of landfill improvement are entrance control, fencing, thin layer operation, and bordering dams around the tipping areas. - Tipping areas should be kept as small as possible. - Stock farming and planting on landfills must be stopped. - A pilot project for improvement and rehabilitation of large dump sites will be developed in an international co-operation.

18 Waste Disposal Results Part 4 - Construction of Operation of New Landfills - In many African states standards exist for landfill design, but there is at present only little practical experience in landfill construction. - Future landfill design should consider simple methods of mechanical-biological pre-treatment of wastes. - Efficient and cheap methods for treatment of leachate must be developed for Sub-Saharan Africa states. - Those systems might consists of anaerobic and aerobic lagoons, followed by lowly loaded lagoons for denitrification, using plants. Waste Disposal Results Part 5 - Seminars for Professionals - Seminars for improvement of existing dump sites should be held in Sub-Saharan Africa states. - These seminars should include methods of investigation and risk assessment. - The seminars could be organised by universities involved in this field and the African group of technical experts. - Training needs and training matters can be developed in cooperation with the African group of technical experts.

19 Research Activities Results Part 1 - General Aspects - Research in the field of waste management should focus on the current and urgent needs of waste management in Sub- Saharan Africa states. - Research in Sub-Saharan Africa states must consider regional socio-economical, ecological, and technological circumstances. - Established methods of research in waste management have to be adapted to conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa states. - Existing worldwide knowledge should be compiled and utilised for regional research projects. - Research projects should be performed internationally. Research Activities Results Part 2 - International Co-operation Projects - Waste composition and waste properties in Sub-Saharan Africa states should be investigated in an international project in two or more countries. - Utilisation of organic wastes should be tested in some pilot projects, conducted under scientific guidance. - Landfill monitoring and risk assessment of landfills is a further urgent task of regional research. - All these projects include training abroad and the development of adapted methods for waste analyses, landfill monitoring and tests of waste utilisation.

20 Systems of Professional Education Results Part 1 - Bachelor and Master Programs - The curricula of bachelor and master programs have to be linked to the real needs of the population. - Subjects in the field of waste management should be waste collection, waste treatment and landfill technology. - The environmental engineers must be educated in a practical orientated manner to be able to start working immediately in the municipalities. - After gathering practical experience the next degree in environmental engineering (Master) can be acquired. Systems of Professional Education Results Part 2 - Vocational Training Programs - Technicians and engineers should be trained on a regular base and on demand. - The vocational training programs can be organised by the universities in co-operation with institutions and persons working in practice of waste management. - Particular seminars should be organised for decision makers on the national, regional and local level to assist them in preparation of legal standards and administrative measures. - Particular professional jobs should require the successful participation on specific training programs, which contents are defined by the Network of Experts.

21 Addresses Professor Dr.-Ing. Hans-Guenter Ramke University of Applied Sciences Ostwestfalen-Lippe Campus Hoexter Department of Environmental Engineering and Applied Informatics Professorship of Waste Management and Sanitary Landfilling An der Wilhelmshoehe Hoexter, Germany Phone: ++49/5271/ Fax: ++49/5271/ Internet: Waste Management and Landfilling Welcome May 2008 Sheet 39