Swedish experience of gas upgrading, gas injection and transport fuel

Transcription

1 Swedish experience of gas upgrading, gas injection and transport fuel

2 Swedish Gas Centre SGC is the Swedish energy gas industries development agency with the task of coordinate research, development and demonstration project on behalf of industrial partners and the Swedish Energy Agency.

3 Swedish Gas Centre

4 Vehicle gas Upgraded biogas used as vehicle fuel Natural gas used as vehicle fuel

5 Vehicle gas in Sweden 1992

6 Vehicle gas in Sweden 2010 Vehicle gas = natural gas or biogas used as a vehicle fuel In Sweden 2010: vehicles, of these: buses 500 heavy trucks 169 filling stations, of which 122 are public ton carbon dioxide less per year

7 Anaerobic digestion

8 Biogas cleaning and upgrading Raw biogas Propane Upgraded biogas

9 Gas Composition Biogas Landfill gas Natural gas Other hydro carbons (vol-%) Hydrogen (vol-%) Carbon dioxide (vol-%) Nitrogen (vol-%) ~ Oxygen (vol-%) ~100 ~ Compounds Methane (vol-%) Hydrogen sulphide (ppm) Ammonia (ppm) Lower heating value (kwh/nm3)

10 Swedish Standard for biogas as fuel for otto engines Particles < 1 μm Methane 97+/- 2 % Water < 32 mg/nm3 CO2, O2, N2 < 5% Oxygen < 1 vol % Sulphur < 23 mg/nm3 N (except for N2) expressed as NH3 <20 mg/nm3 Odorised Compressed to 200 bar For grid injection: Addition of propane (around 7-9 vol%)

11 Cleaning of biogas Water Hydrogen sulphide Oxygen Nitrogen Ammonia Siloxanes Particles

12 Formula Molecular weight Molecular diameter Density (S.T.P.) Boiling/sublimation point Water solubility 20 C Methane Carbon dioxide CH4 CO g/mole g/mole 4Å Å kg/m kg/m C C Bunsen coeff Bunsen coeff.

13 Biogas upgrading technologies Upgrading, i.e. increasing the energy content by removing carbon dioxide from the energy rich metane gas. Different characteristics are used: Size PSA, membrane Solubility Water scrubber, organic physical scrubber Boiling/sublimation point Cryogenic Chemical characteristics Chemical absorption

14 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Adsorption on a surface under elevated pressure Absorbing material usually activated carbon or zeolites Regeneration by sequential decrease in pressure Several vessels working in parallell

15 Water scrubber Biogas meets a counter flow of water in a column filled with plastic packing Carbon dioxide dissolves in the water Methane dissolves to a much lower extent Dissolved methane is recovered in flash tank Water is regenerated in a desorption column where it meets a counter flow of air

16 Chemical absorption Biogas meets a counter flow of an amine solution Carbon dioxide is bound chemically to amine It is a very selective reaction Low methane losses MEA (mono ethanol amine) or DMEA (di-methyl ethanol amine) in the liquid Regeneration by heating

17 Cryogenic Seperation by cooling The biogas is cooled down to a temperature where carbon dioxide condenses or sublimates and can be removed as liquid or solid Methane accumulates in the gas phase If cooled further liquid methane gas is formed

18 Biogas upgrading in Sweden In Sweden today: Water scrubber (33) PSA (8) Chemical absorption (6) Cryogenic (1)

19 Utilization of biogas in Sweden (2008) Data missing 2 % Electricity 4 % Biogas utilization 2008 Flaring 14 % Heat 53 % Vehicle gas 26 %

20 Vehicle fuel consumption

21 The Swedish gas grid Source: Swedish Gas Association

22 Support system for vehicle gas Tax reduction and some other benefits Investment support Biogas (and other biofuels) has a tax exemption until 2013 (will probably be extended) Natural gas used as vehicle fuel has a lower tax rate The lower tax on natural gas used for vehicle fuel is phased out from 2011 to 2015 Reduced benefit tax for company gas cars Benefits for environmental cars Support to build filling stations ( ) KLIMP och LIP ( ) investeringsstöd för miljöinsatser via kommun Now support system for farm plants and industrial plants Production support (suggested) 2 Euro cents / kwh for biogas produced from manure Compared to other countries: more technical-neutral support system using market forces.

23 Supply of energy to Sweden in TWh 2009

24 The challenge

25 Total final use of TWh oil per sector 2009

26 Final energy use in the transport sector

27 Biogas produktion in Sweden 2009

28 Biogas potential in Sweden

29 Biomethane potential in Sweden

30 Upgrading of landfill gas The worlds largest plant for upgrading of landfill gas and biogas to liquid biogas will be built at NSR in Helsingborg, Sweden. Liquid biogas will be produced for heavy vehicles Production of 15 million litres of liquid biogas per year Source:

31 Some related SGC projects Measurements of methane slip Development of siloxane analysis Impurities in biogas Evaluation of the Swedish standard for upgraded biogas Landfill gas as vehicle fuel LCA for biofuels Demonstration of dual-fuel-technology Injection of upgraded biogas without propane addition New cleaning and upgrading techniques for biogas Evaluation of upgrading techniques for biogas

32 Some publications (in English) Biogas from manure and waste products - Swedish case studies

33 Thank you for your attention!