Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture

Transcription

1 Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture ECASA ECASA Planning Meeting IFREMER Paris 6 th -8 th April 2005 J.G. Ferreira A. Sequeira A. Newton IMAR Portugal

2 Topics Overview Role of IMAR IMAR Research models IMAR - Screening models and coupling Synthesis (Loch Creran Scotland) Slides

3 ECASA - Overview General Objectives ECASA is an interdisciplinary project which has the following objectives: 1. To identify quantitative and qualitative indicators of the effects of aquaculture on th environment and vice-versa, versa, and to acess their applicability; 2. To develop operational tools, including models, to establish and describe the relationship between environmental conditions and aquaculture activities over a range of ecosystems and aquaculture production systems; 3. To develop effective environmental impact assessment and site selection methods for coastal area management.

4 ECASA Role of IMAR Data handling and database development; Geographic information systems; Biogeochemical modelling at the ecosystem scale, supported by appropriate field and laboratory studies; Application of screening models, testing and validation. Contributor in WP3, Principal contributor in WP4 and WP5

5 IMAR Workpackages and Topics 52% WP5 3% WP6 9% WP3 36% WP4 Workpackage WP3 WP4 WP5 Topic (Person-months) Identification of driving forces of ecosystem changes ( 3) Development of indicators and models (12) Testing and validation for EIA and site selection, in cooperation with other partners (17) WP leader UOC NUE Haifa WP6 Dissemination (1) Akvaplan

6 Workpackage 3 - Description Review the existing published information on water quality of marine coastal areas; Compile information from existing sources and models to address the relative importance of different sources of pressure in a series of typical coastal environments; Identify the concerned areas in a scoping workshop and target a subsequent effort on major importance issues; Gather additional data to document interactions using time- series analysis, as well as economic valuation techniques.

7 ECASA WP3 deliverables Number Deliverable name Month due D6 D11 Report on the scoping meeting on pressures and interactions and the methodology to be used Results of analyses for interactions and associated costs to specific users 6 12

8 Workpackage 4 - Description Identification of the most appropriate indicators (taken from WP2 e WP3) and models for testing with the available data; Allocation of testing tasks to the most appropriate partners or groups of partners; Testing of indicators and models against pre-agreed criteria of scientific robustness and practical utility; this will include comparisons of models with similar aims and scales; Development of a consensus on which set of indicators and models should be proposed for field validation in WP5; this will include new and hyrid models developed from those tested in step 3; A re-iteration of the testing procedure using newly collected data from WP5; Publication of a full report on the sets of best indicators and best models.

9 ECASA WP4 deliverables Number Deliverable name Month due D18 Toolpack report Merits of the chosen indicator set including best methodologies for collection, analysis and interpretation; Recommended set of models, included criteria for choice of models depending on spatial scale and farm size; Guidance on the use of models to estimate site and water body assimilative capacity and sustainable production, and on the reliability of model predictions. 36

10 Workpackage 5 - Description Brief intense field investigations will be undertaken by most of the partners to allow testing of selected tools and indicators at selected sites: Adriatic; Eastern Mediterranean; Western Mediterranean; Atlantic coast of mainland Europe; West coast of Scotland. Covering a wide range of aquaculture types, including shellfish extensive bottom cultures and high density mussel culture rafts; Results of these studies will be utilized in WP4 to test the predictive models and to evaluate the choice of indicators and tools.

11 ECASA WP5 deliverables Number Deliverable name Month due D8 D9 Selection and description of study sites 15 with existing background information Handbook of protocols for field studies 15 D15 Report on results of field studies 27

12 Workpackage 6 - Description Strong interaction with WP1 to ensure effective external relations; Development of the internal website as a key information medium for the participants; Organise and participate in national stakeholder meetings to ensure: Maximum uptake by the user community; That appropriate bodies including regulators and producer representative organisation have the opportunity to influence the research trajectory; The outputs of these meetings will be disseminated both internally ly (discussed at Steering Group and WP levels) and externally. Organisation of an international meeting (near the end of the project).

13 ECASA WP6 deliverables Number Deliverable name Month due D2 Commissioned, functional Public Website D3 Commissioned, functional Partner Website D4, D13, D17 Publication of Newsletters 1, 2 and D16 Organisation of International Meeting 30

14 ECASA workplan Approach 1. A description of water circulation and stratification-mixing dynamics adequate for upscaling detailed hydrodynamics to larger-scale, integrated ecosystem models: For Ria Formosa, this will be done with MOHID (follow-up from the EU OAERRE project), for Loch Creran with Delft3D (with WL Delft in the EU KEYZONES project); 2. Explicit resolution between phytoplankton and organic detritus as separate food sources, and their variation in time and space, both due to production and exchange; 3. Detailed modelling of the key physiological processes at the individual level for the target organisms, enabling simulation of environmental impact (with PML and others in ECASA, SPEAR, KEYZONES and SMILE projects); 4. Integration of biogeochemistry, population dynamics and cultivation practice, allowing a focus on target cohorts, which is essential for management; 5. Application of screening models for aquaculture and eutrophication assessment, using a data-driven approach for standard conditions and a combination with research models for scenario analysis

15 Polyculture in Chinese bays - March 2005

16 Sanggou Bay polyculture - Kelp and scallop kelp 3m Kelp yield - 5kg dw per double rope inside the bay, 10kg outside the bay g dw/ m 2. All harvested. Data calculated for inside the bay. 4.5m Longline. In some cases the ratio of kelp ropes:scallops is 1:1, others 1:2, others 2:1 Kelp rope- 2.5m, plants X 2 for double rope Nets: 3m 8-10 layers per Chinese lantern, 30 scallops per layer, 120 nets per culture Mu, i.e. 120 culture nets/ m 2, / net: scallops/ m 2. Scallop nets are 2-3m long. 6 longlines per culture Mu, 30 longlines per block, then 8m channel for navigation.

17 EcoWin 2000 Sanggou Bay model Culture practice first approach (May 2001) Scallop seeding Day Scallop harvest Day Source: Culture practice data from FIO, YSFRI and SMCI (pers. com., May 2000) Oyster seeding Day Oyster harvest Day Seed weight: 0.05 DW (1.7g TFW, Gazeau, 2000) Harvestable weight: > 65 g TFW (Tentative value)

18 Sanggou Bay cultivation areas 1993/94 GIS determination Aquaculture areas: Oysters Scallop Kelp 391 ha 3400 ha 4400 ha Scallop Scallop & Kelp Kelp

19 Maputo Bay Mangrove habitat classification Boer Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol. 10 Mangrove Degraded mangrove Dwarf mangrove Paula, J. et al, J. Plank. Res. Vol 20 Remote sensing classification Detail for Inhaca Island Remote sensing classification

20 Ria Formosa land uses Drainage basin land uses Dense vegetation 0 10 km Open vegetation Agriculture Tree cultures Greenhouses Exposed soil Urban Sand Saltmarsh Water Clouds

21 Hours hours Hydrodynamic coupling approach EcoWin Ria Formosa ecological model Water exchange box-box and box-ocean ocean Simulated with water flux results from the MOHID hydrodynamic model (cells: 350x400). Box definition Water fllow (m 3 s -1 ) Box 9 water fluxes (from MOHID) Timestep (days) in from box 8 out to box 8 ocean in ocean out Water volume variation in E2k Volume (10 6 m 3 ) Tidal height (mm) Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 Box 4 Box 5 Box 6 Box 7 Box 8 Box 9

22 Object interactions Effluent inputs and top-down control Effects of land inputs and grazing pressure on phytoplankton in the Ria Formosa. Results from EcoWin2000, with nine boxes µg chl a L -1 No land inputs, no bivalves µg chl a L -1 Land inputs and bivalves Julian day OAERRE project, 2003 Julian day Tett, P., Gilpin, L., Svendsen, H., Erlandsson, C.P., Larsson, U., Kratzer, S., Fouilland, E., Janzen, C., Lee, J., Grenz, C., Newton, A., Ferreira, J.G., Fernandes, T., Scory, S., Eutrophication and some European waters of restricted exchange. Continental Shelf Research, 23,

23 Dissolved oxygen in the Ria Formosa Channels and intertidal areas D.O in the channels D.O in the tide pools Frequency Cumulative % No effluent loads (only ocean inputs) Frequency More Frequency Cumulative % Cumulative % O 2 (mg L -1 ) 2X standard model (580 ton N y-1) More Dissolved Oxygen (mg l -1 ) 0 Julian day

24 Growth of Ulva sp. in the Ria Formosa Percentile 90 values for different DIN loads Total biomass m -2 (g DW) DW 20% DW (>0-20g) m -2 DW (16-20g) m -2 X 2 X 1 (standard model) X 0.5 No effluents X 10 DW5 92% Class 5 biomass (16-20g) m -2 (g DW) DIN (µmol L -1 ) Results from EcoWin2000 Box 1 Ancão area (Western Ria Formosa)

25 EcoWin 2000 Sanggou Bay model Chinese scallop individual growth under different conditions Single individual, all alone in the bay... Single individual, standard model Single individual, 10X seeding rate, Model 93-94

26 Comparison between standard model and scenario Phytoplankton ug Chl(a) L-1 x0.5 x1 x2 x5 x10 x15 x20 x25 x seeding pressure (X standard seeding) mgc m-2 y Phytoplankton concentration in the bay NPP Mortality Shellfish uptake Boundary exchanges Phytoplankton mass balance Nunes, J.P, Ferreira, J.G., Gazeau, F., Lencart-Silva, J., Zhang, X.L, Zhu M.Y. & Fang J.G., A model for sustainable management of shellfish polyculture in coastal bays. Aquaculture, 219/1-4,

27 Key aspects of the NEEA approach (OEC) External Nutrient Primary Symptoms Secondary Symptoms Inputs Decreased Light Availability Extreme Chl-a Concentrations Problematic Epiphytic Growth Problematic Seaweed Growth Loss of SAV SAV Spatial Coverage SAV Spatial Coverage Trends Nitrogen and Phosphorus Algal Dominance Changes Diatoms to Flagellates Benthic Dominance to Pelagic Dominance Harmful Algae Nuisance Blooms Toxic Blooms Increased Organic Decomposition Extreme Chl-a Concentrations Problematic Seaweed Growth Low Dissolved Oxygen Anoxia Hypoxia Biological Stress

28 Overall level of expression matrix Overall level of expression of eutrophic conditions High primary symptoms MODERATE Primary symptoms high but problems with more serious secondary symptoms still not being expressed MODERATE HIGH Primary symptoms high and substantial secondary symptoms becoming more expressed, indicating potentially serious problems HIGH High primary and secondary symptom levels indicate serious eutrophication problems Moderate primary symptoms MODERATE LOW Primary symptoms beginning to indicate possible problems but still very few secondary symptoms expressed MODERATE Level of expression of eutrophic conditions is substantial HIGH Substantial levels of eutrophic conditions occurring with secondary symptoms indicating serious problems Low primary symptoms 0.3 MODERATE HIGH MODERATE LOW High secondary LOW Moderate secondary symptoms indicate Level of expression of symptoms indicate serious problems, but eutrophic conditions is substantial eutrophic low primary indicates minimal conditions, but low other factors may also primary indicates other be involved in causing in factors causing may the be conditions involved conditions Low secondary symptoms Moderate secondary symptoms High secondary symptoms Bricker, S.B., J.G. Ferreira, T. Simas, An Integrated Methodology for Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status. Ecological Modelling, 169(1),

29 ASSETS Ria Formosa

30 Combination of research and screening models using EcoWin2000 and ASSETS Divide the system into the zones defined by the research ecological model boxes Use of statistical criteria for some of the descriptors of state, such as chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen A - Determine primary and secondary symptom scores for each box based on a database; B - Determine primary and secondary symptom scores for each box based on the results of the research model for relevant parameters; C Determine primary and secondary symptom scores for different research model pressure scenarios; Determine the pressure metric in ASSETS for A, B and C Calculate an overall ASSETS index based on PSR for different management scenarios A.M.Nobre, J.G.Ferreira, A.Newton, T.Simas, J.D.Icely, R.Neves, Management of coastal eutrophication: Integration of field data, ecosystem-scale simulations and screening models. Journal of Marine Systems, In Press.

31 Ria Formosa ASSETS validation & model scenarios Index Overall Eutrophic Condition (OEC) ASSETS OEC: 4 Methods PSM Field data SSM Parameters Value Level of expression Chlorophyll a 0.25 Epiphytes Macroalgae 0.96 Moderate Dissolved Oxygen 0 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Low Nuisance and Toxic 0 Blooms Index MODERATE LOW Overall Eutrophic Condition (OEC) ASSETS OEC: 4 PSM Research model SSM Chlorophyll a 0.25 Epiphytes Macroalgae 1.00 Moderate Dissolved Oxygen 0 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Low Nuisance and Toxic 0 28% lower Blooms MODERATE LOW Overall Eutrophic Condition (OEC) PSM ASSETS OEC: 4(5) SSM Model green scenario Chlorophyll a 0.25 Epiphytes Macroalgae 0.50 Moderate Dissolved Oxygen 0 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Low Nuisance and Toxic 0 Blooms MODERATE LOW

32 Final comments A detailed research model already exists for the Ria Formosa, combining hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and population dynamics for target t species The model was calibrated with data from the historical data set and validated with the EU OAERRE project data The research model was used to examine the response of different primary producers (phytoplankton and seaweeds) to changes in top-down control and human influence (nutrient pressure) Improvements to the physiological modelling are currently being made in ECASA, SPEAR, KEYZONES and SMILE The EcoWin2000 model has been used to provide a link between research earch and screening models, in combination with ASSETS IMAR is working on Loch Creran in KEYZONES, and very much looks forward to leveraging that work in cooperation with DML, NUE, PML and others