Global Activities of the International Nitrogen Initiative

Transcription

1 Global Activities of the International Nitrogen Initiative A. Bleeker (ECN) February 2015 ECN-L

2 Albert Bleeker Director of Operations of INI Energy Research centre of the Netherlands

3 INI What is it? INI Nitrogen related activities CBD OECD UNEP / INMS

4 The International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) was established in 2003 as a joint SCOPE and IGBP Program. Network of scientists, with a strong sciencepolicy interaction. The overall goal of INI is to optimise nitrogen's beneficial role in sustainable food production and minimize nitrogen's negative effects on human health and the environment resulting from food and energy production.

5 INI is organized on a regional basis with an overall umbrella body (Steering Committe, supported by an Advisory Committee) to provide coordination. For more information about INI, its objectives, structure, etc., please look at initrogen.org.

6 March 1998: The concept for the INI had its initial beginnings at the First International Nitrogen Conference, held in The Netherlands. October 2001:The need for such an organization was further articulated at the Second International Nitrogen Conference, in Maryland, USA three years later. December 2002: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) agreed to be the founding sponsor of INI. January 2003: International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) agreed to sponsor INI as a Fast-Track Project. February 2003: The formation of the INI was formally announced.

7 Past Chairs James N. Galloway Current Chair Mark Sutton Cheryl Palm Kilaparti Ramakrishna

8 Jill Baron Xiaoyuan Yan Jean Ometto Wilfried Winiwarter Cargele Masso Nandula Raghuram

9 Noordwijkerhout (The Netherlands) Washington (USA) Nanjing (China) Costa de Sauipe (Brazil) New Delhi (India) Kampala (Uganda) Melbourne (Australia)

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12 EU Nitrogen Expert Panel EU-NEP INMS-TR GEF/UNEP/INI Targeted Research toward International Nitrogen Management System UNECE Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen TFRN GPNM UNEP/GPA Global Partnership on Nutrient Management OECD Nitrogen Indicators CBD N indicators

13 IGBP-SCOPE-Future Earth: science community Regional Centres European Nitrogen Assessment (2011) US Nitrogen Assessment (2012) Africa, South Asia, Latin America, East Asia (work in development/progress)

14 Nature 14 April

15 High temperature combustion & industry Greenhouse gas balance Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Stratospheric ozone loss Urban air quality Tropospheric ozone formation Particulate Matter Fertilizer manufacture Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) N r Ammonia (NH 3 ) Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH 4 NO 3 ) Further emission of NO x & N 2 O carrying on the cascade Crop biological nitrogen fixation Intended N flow Unintended N flows Crops for food & animal feed N r in manure Livestock farming for food Soil acidification Natural ecosystems Terrestrial Eutrophication Eventual denitrification to N 2 N form in the cascade Environmental concern from N r Leached Nitrate (NO 3- ) Freshwater Eutrophication Nitrate in streams, groundwater & coastal seas Simplified view of the Nitrogen Cascade Marine Eutrophication

16 The WAGES of too much nitrogen Water quality Air quality Greenhouse balance Ecosystems Soil quality

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18 EU Damage cost: billion / year Nature 14 April 2011

19 Atmospheric N 2 pool Net atmosph. export Net import of food & feed 6 Atmospheric NH 3, NO x, N 2 O Crop N 2 fix N 2 fix indust & traffic Nat N 2 fix 0.2 Wood exp. 0.2 Atm depos 3.8 Fertilizers Crop production Livestock farming 4.7 Human nutrit Semi-nat. soils NH 3,NO x & N 2 O emission agricult soils wwt Leaching & runoff 3.7 Denitrification Export by rivers to the sea

20 UNECE CLRTAP: Convention on Long range Transboundary Air Pollution N and air pollution but toward integrated approach Gothenburg Protocol, Annex IX, Ammonia Guidance Doc, Ammonia Framework Code, Guidance Doc N budgets NECD National Emission Ceilings Directive Framework Code revision and Annex III. ENA reporting, with input NEU, NinE and COST Nitrogen and Food, scenarios

21 (1=highest priority) 1. Low emission techniques for land spreading of cattle/pig/poultry manures and urea fertilizer 2. Animal feeding strategies, inc phase feeding 3. Covers on new slurry stores 4. Farm N balance on demonstration farms 5. Low emission new pig & poultry housing

22 2 INI Nitrogen (Pressure) Indicators ( Nitrogen Deposition Nitrogen Loss Nitrogen Deposition started as Exceedance of Critical Loads for Nitrogen Based on discussion of Jim Galloway with CBD Secretariat Problem was then: no critical loads available Indicator was converted into Nitrogen Deposition Now there is need for a target

23 Bleeker et al. (2011) Exceedance N deposition for G200 Ecoregions

24 Going from deposition to its sources: Based on Nitrogen Footprint (Leach et al., 2012) European Nitrogen Budget (ENA, 2011) Addressing different nitrogen sources / pathways / effects Careful: soon too difficult for audience

25 Inefficient use of fertilizer and/or fossil fuels results in loss of nitrogen to the environment Eventually, most of the lost nitrogen to the environment will end up close to the sources or in remote areas (e.g. through transport of nitrogen via air or water) located far from human activities often the dominant source of nitrogen in nitrogen-limited systems Once introduced to these systems, the increased nitrogen levels can severely impact the associated biodiversity

26 This indicator shows the nitrogen loss for different regions of the world Production and consumption of food Production of energy Expressed as the nitrogen loss per capita per year Does not make a distinction between losses to air, soil and water The loss is a measure of potential nitrogen pollution The actual pollution depends on Environmental factors Extent to which the waste flows at production and consumption of food and energy are being re used

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28 Information for individual countries available via:

29 Runs via the OECD Working Party on Environmental Information (WPEI) OECD has the nitrogen soil balance indicator in agrienv suite of indicators Now looking for more integrated (economy wide) indicator Green Growth indicator Nitrogen to complement the OECD Climate indicators Indicator again based on: European Nitrogen Budget Nitrogen loss work Slow process (3 years now)

30 2012 WPEI meeting *Discussion of proposed approach and calculation method 2013 WPEI meeting *Discussion of revised and expanded document *Mobilise volunteering countries to test method 2014 Workshop *31 March-1 April 2014 *Discuss calculation method and test results: relevance, interpretation 2014 WPEI meeting *Discussion of workshop outcome

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32 Using information from the Nitrogen Budget, indicators can be derived, e.g.: *Trend in emissions/release by compound/sector *Trend in application/deposition per area *Nitrogen Use Efficiency per country/production state *Nitrogen Loss per capita/km2/country *.

33 Focus on agriculture, linking N P and other nutrients Chaired by Greg Crosby (USDA) Emphasis on practice improvement, and sharing between stakeholders globally (industry, science, UN). Policy engagement with caution Now has a Task Team on Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)

34 18 Feb 2013: Independent, Guardian, Herald Tribune, Times of India and 300 articles worldwide

35 Nutrient Resource N&P Fertilizer & Biological Nitrogen Fixation Manure & sewage fertilizer products Unintended N fixation in combustion NO x capture & reuse NUE feed crop Crop NUE N,P NUE food crop 1 Feeds harvest 1 NUE animal 3 NUE manures 4 N r input by combustion 8 NUE combustion 5 Full Chain NUE N,P 2 Food harvest Livestock production NUE sewage Humans NUE food supply 6 7 Energy Consumption & Transport Choices 9 Humans Food Consumption & Diet Choices 10 Spatial optimization & integration

36 20:20 for % better NUE: saving 20 Mt N per yr by 2020 Benefits expressed here as N saving / ha per year (Full-chain NUE) Bottom line for the Green Nutrient Economy ($billion/year) Net Benefit 170= Fert Saving 23 + Env+Health 160 Implementation 12

37 Key policy forum: UNEP Global Programme of Action for the protection of the marine environment from land-based activities (GPA). Other forums: CBD, FCCC, Montreal Protocol, CLRTAP, linking regional efforts, links to IPBES, IPCC. What science support should be provided...

38 Track 1: International governance involving countries and linking nitrogen challenges of too much and too little. Track 2: A better coordinated science-policy support process gathering evidence to support decision makers (INMS) Track 3: Basic and applied field research Track 4: Extension, training, action etc.

39 Outline proposal ($6M + $40M partner contribs) Targeted Research on Global nitrogen cycle, toward the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) Opportunities -Indicator refinement, moving to operational delivery to support countries, inc benchmarking -Sharing and development of mitigation and management practices understanding barriers -Regional demonstration on contrasting challenges, e.g. Lake Victoria basin, East Asia, South Asia, East Europe

40 Toward an International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) GPA: Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Landbased Activities

41 Data need & concepts Components Diagram for INMS Improved management practices, Mitigation, Adaptation Informing modelling requirements C1: Tools and methods for understanding the N cycle Opportunities, Local/region priorities, Policy context, Local data, Barriers-to-change C3: Regional demonstration & verification C2: Global & regional quantification of N use, flows, impacts & benefits of improved practices C4: Awareness raising & knowledge sharing Options & Scenarios, including Cost-Benefit-Analysis Development of policy homes, Public awareness, Consensus building, Improved basis for transformational actions on N management

42 Gaining an understanding of the nitrogen issues specific to a region Implementing management plans (during project lifetime) to address the problems Charting progress made Sharing best practice and knowledge gained, across the project Will also connect with regional modelling activities

43 Should cover the four cases outlined in the PIF Existing activities *maximise achievement *develop sustainability 3 or more countries - knowledge exchange Network - scientific through to extension organisations Core team of director and 1-2 post-doctoral personnel Reasonable budget for travel for the network

44 South Asia India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Lead: INI South Asia Policy: SACEP Developing countries: Excess nitrogen South America Brazil, tbc Implementation: INI South America Policy: Links to GPA East Asia (western Pacific seaboard) China, Japan, S. Korea, Philippines Network: INI East Asia, GPNM, OECD Policy: PEMSEA, GPA

45 Dniester. Dnieper, (part of) Danube Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Belarus Implementation: EPN-EECCA, TFRN Policy: UNECE -CLRTAP & Transboundary Waters, Black Sea Commission, Danube River Basin Commission Dniestr Dniepr Danube basin area km² runoff mm/yr pop density inhab/km² %agricultural area % Net Inputs to wtshd kgn/km²/yr N delivery at outlet kgn/km²/yr Dniepr Dniestr Economies in transition Danub e Black Sea

46 Lake Victoria Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi Lead: INI Africa Policy: Lake Victoria Commission Developing countries: Insufficient nitrogen Developed countries: Excess nitrogen Western Europe, Atlantic Seaboard France, Spain, Portugal Unfunded supported through existing projects, adding value to the global network.

47 Many regional/global activities ongoing on the subject of nitrogen Not always integrated, but still rather segmented Upcoming INMS project will address global nitrogen in a more integrated way Foreseen to start in early 2016 Regional Demonstrations way of providing a more diverse view on challenges and their possible solutions

48 More information:

49 ECN Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box LE Petten 1755 LG Petten The Netherlands The Netherlands T F info@ ecn.nl ECN-L Fout! Geen tekst met de opgegeven stijl in het document. 3