Adult Foster Care and Assisted Living Onsite Sewage Treatment Systems in Chisago and Isanti Counties, Minnesota

Transcription

1 Comprehensive Evaluation of Adult Foster Care and Assisted Living Onsite Sewage Treatment Systems in Chisago and Isanti Counties, Minnesota April August 2013 Prepared by Onsite Sewage Treatment Program University of Minnesota Twin Cities 173 McNeal Hall 1985 Buford Ave. St. Paul, MN for Dept. of Environmental Services Chisago County, Minnesota and Karcher Foster Services, Inc. rth Branch, Minnesota

2 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary Background Concerns and Recommendations Methods... 3 Table 1 1: Summary of wastewater parameters, including acronyms, definitions, and units Future Research Expenditures Research Locations & Site Overviews... 2 A. Maple View... 3 B. Shady Lane... 7 C. Woods D. Jocelyn E. Upland F. Meadows G. Control Site Analytical Methods & Service Providers Table 3 1: Summary of analytical methods for wastewater characterization Table 3 2: Typical concentrations of raw wastewater and septic tank effluent Results & Discussion: Onsite Practices/Behaviors Water Usage Table 4 1: Summary of Water Usage Cleaning Products and Waste Disposal Results & Discussion: Common Wastewater Characteristics Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD/BOD 5 ) Table 5 1: BOD 5 Results Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Table 5 2: TKN Results Table 5 3: BOD 5 :TKN Ratios Total Phosphorus (TP) Table 5 4: TP Results Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Table 5 5: TSS Results ph, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Temperature Table 5 6: ph Observations Table 5 7: DO Observations Table 5 8: Temperature Observations Results & Discussion: Special Wastewater Characteristics Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) Table of Contents i

3 Table 6 1: HPC Results Anionic Surfactants Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) Table 6 2: Potential effects of anionic surfactants on septic tanks and soil treatment systems Table 6 3: MBAS Results Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) Table 6 4a: CEC Results Table 6 4b: CEC Results (Continued) Table 6 4c: CEC Results (Continued) References Appendix 1: Service Providers Appendix 2: Soil Maps from NRCS Web Soil Survey Table of Contents ii

4 1. Executive Summary 1.1 Background Adult foster homes provide assisted living services including nursing and 24/7 care for individuals requiring special medical and behavioral needs. Wastewater from these homes, and the corresponding effects on conventional onsite sewage treatment systems, likely differs from average residential sources but is not fully understood. Foster homes in Chisago and Isanti counties (MN) have reported various issues with their septic system operation and performance, including surface discharge of wastewater and premature system failure. When a system fails, repair or replacement can entail significant financial investment. Furthermore, dysfunctional systems are a human health hazard and may result in environmental degradation, aesthetic issues (including foul odors), and property damage. Chisago County Department of Environmental Services, in coordination with Karcher Foster Services, contacted the University of Minnesota Onsite Sewage Treatment Program (OSTP) regarding a short term study of six foster homes and one non foster system (for comparison). OSTP collected laboratory and field data from April through August This report summarizes project findings and recommends septic system management practices that may help prevent future problems. NOTE: Descriptions and data interpretation provided in this report have been adapted from the UMN Onsite Sewage Treatment Program Manual for Septic System Professionals in Minnesota (2011). Some text has been adapted, abridged, or edited where appropriate. Supplementary information from academic and professional sources, when provided, is cited in text with full citation located in the References. 1.2 Concerns and Recommendations Several issues were observed that likely contribute to decreased septic system performance and operation at the Karcher properties. Wastewater characteristics, onsite practices, and septic system attributes varied considerably between sites. netheless, common conclusions can be drawn and remedial actions recommended for improved system performance and stability at all sites. Waste characteristics are fairly difficult to change without fundamentally altering waste sources (and habits) in the home. Waste strength was generally normal at all sites, with the only notable exceptions of Woods and Upland, which had fairly high biochemical oxygen demand. All sites had slightly elevated nutrient ratios (carbon tonitrogen), which may be attributable to the unique nature of these homes namely, that many residents are on adult briefs (diapers) and do not contribute solid waste to the treatment system. Elevated carbon to nitrogen ratios are associated with excessive biological accumulation in the soil treatment zone. This may shorten the life expectancy of a mound or drainfield but may be an unavoidable characteristic of these systems. Some waste sources, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, are essential to the health and quality of living for residents. Four sites (Woods, Jocelyn, Upland, and Meadows) were analyzed for contaminants of emerging concern, and numerous drugs 1. Executive Summary 1

5 and synthetic compounds were detected. This likely is a unique and unavoidable characteristic of waste streams from assisted living homes. The amounts and types of certain products, however, such as hand soaps and detergents, could reasonably be addressed. Milder or more environmentally conscience alternatives (such as dye or perfume free and non antibacterial brands) are generally less stressful for septic system microbial communities. Overuse of these products may be an issue. For example, the presence of unusually strong fragrances/perfumes was observed, most notably at Jocelyn, on more than one visit. Likewise, surfactant concentrations (associated with soaps and detergents) were fairly high at all sites, with the exception of Shady Lane. Again, Jocelyn notably had the highest surfactant concentration. Another issue was the observed presence of wet wipes (disposable cloths) at three sites: Maple View, Woods, and Meadows. These cloths actually clogged OSTP sampling equipment on several occasions and pose a risk to septic system plumbing. Care should be taken when flushing anything down the toilet. A simple discussion about this issue with staff, as well as visitors, could prevent serious issues in the future. Water usage was an issue at several sites. Shady Lane, Jocelyn, and Meadows had notably high flows. A high flow, which is any flow greater than 70% of the design flow, can upset solids or prevent settling in the pretreatment tanks and contribute to ponding in the soil treatment area. Jocelyn, in particular, had flows near or above the design flow. Water conservation practices, including low flow showerheads and water efficient sideloading laundry machines, could substantially decrease water use at all sites. The homes reported abnormally high frequencies of laundry washing, which suggests that water patterns at assisted living homes are unique compared to typical residences. This could be a problem if septic systems are designed using normal flow estimates based on the number of bedrooms in a home. This is not a new observation. Upland, for example, had issues with high flow, which required the addition of an extra tank and a second mound in Septic system integrity was an issue or potential issue at several sites. Mounds should be mowed regularly and plants removed. Roots can grow into the soil treatment area and cause structural damage. Woods and Upland had notable vegetation growing on their mounds, although Upland was mowed mid summer. Maple View had holes from burrowing animals on the south side of the mound, which is also a cause for concern. There are several tank issues that need to be addressed. Manhole covers need to be secured at Shady Lane and Jocelyn. Shady Lane has significant soil intrusion in the pump tank, while Jocelyn manholes need to be brought to grade to prevent soil and water intrusion. Soil adds to the solids concentration of wastewater and can damage pumps, clog plumbing fixtures, and hinder soil treatment infiltration. Maple View, Shady Lane, and Jocelyn appear to have insufficient soil separation. These sites and Woods should be inspected for water tightness during their next maintenance visits. Shady Lane, in particular, appears to be leaking below designed operating depth, suggesting it is a risk to groundwater. Also, pump conduits and electrical work are a potential hazard and need to be sealed or reinstalled at all sites (except Maple View). 1. Executive Summary 2

6 In the future when systems are updated it is recommended that the following design attributes be added into the system: 1. The system be sized at a minimum of 200 gallons per bedroom, 2. Septic tanks have effluent screens and alarms, 3. Time dosing be incorporated, 4. Secondary/pretreatment be used to reduce the contaminant load prior to the soil treatment unit 1.3 Methods Water Usage Karcher Foster Services, Inc. onsite staff collected daily water readings for April August Onsite Practices and Behaviors Onsite Karcher staff provided feedback and assisted in completing a survey on 2 July Karcher also provided inventories for each site listing all pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Wastewater Characteristics Wastewater at all seven sites was characterized using both traditional and nontraditional laboratory methods. Table 1 1 below provides a convenient overview of the tests included in this study. The indicated acronyms are frequently used throughout this report; this table summarizes the pertinent analyses and is provided for convenience. More detailed information for all of these parameters is included in Section 3 (Analytical Methods & Service Providers) as well as Sections 5 and 6 (Results & Discussion sections). Table 1 1: Summary of wastewater parameters, including acronyms, definitions, and units Parameter BOD 5 5 day Biochemical Oxygen Demand Description Indicates waste strength; defined as the oxygen consumed by microorganisms over a 5 day period, in milligrams per liter (mg/l) Indicates waste nutrient strength; defined as the total content of organic nitrogen (N) and ammonia/ammonium, in mg/l as N TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TP Total Phosphorus Indicates waste nutrient strength; defined as the total amount of all forms of phosphorus (P), in mg/l as P TSS Total Suspended Solids Indicates waste strength and treatment efficiency; defined as the amount of solid matter suspended in a given volume of wastewater, as mg/l ph Acidity/Basicity Chemical characteristic; a measure of acidic reactivity DO Dissolved Oxygen Physical characteristic; the amount of oxygen in the wastewater Temp. Temperature Physical characteristic; a measure of how hot/cold the wastewater is HPC MBAS CECs Heterotrophic Plate Count Surfactants (Methylene Blue Active Substances) Contaminants of Emerging Concern Concentration of heterotrophic bacteria in the wastewater, reported as colony forming units (CFU) per ml Total (unfiltered) concentration of surfactants a group of chemicals used in soaps and detergents New and unusual compounds, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and antibiotics; this study 1. Executive Summary 3

7 looked at 26 different CECs at four sites 1.4 Future Research More research is needed regarding onsite sewage treatment systems at adult foster care homes and assisted living facilities. Recommended areas for further investigation include the following: Expand the study to twelve months (or longer) to gather more data and explore seasonal variations Study similar types of homes operated and managed by a different owner to compare onsite practices, wastewater characteristics, and treatment performance Assess the impact of implementing specific Best Management Practices, including (but not limited to) water conservation and septic system rehabilitation Analyze groundwater (including drinking/well water) to assess the environmental risks of wastewater contamination as well as treatment efficiency Increase the scope of the study to include other wastewater parameters, such as metals, other CECs, antibiotic resistance genes, viruses, and/or microbial diversity (metagenomics) 1.5 Expenditures The budget for the project was $5,736. At the conclusion of the project, the total expenditures came to $5, A line item summary is provided below. Karcher Foster Services covered travel expenses for OSTP ($500). Services, including many hours of travelling, sample collection, site inspection, and data interpretation, were provided in kind by the following: Kellie Strobel, Sanitarian (Chisago Co. Dept. of Environmental Services) Michael Waak, Research Assistant (OSTP) Sara Heger, OSTP Specialist Dan Wheeler, OSTP Soil Scientist Dave Gustafson, OSTP Specialist Invoice Date Agency Description Amount 30 Apr 13 Pace Analytical Services Laboratory services; 4/15/13 $ Jun 13 LabPlanet.com Field testing supplies (DO electrolyte) $ Jun 13 Pace Analytical Services Laboratory services; 5/16/13 $ Jul 13 Pace Analytical Services Laboratory services; 6/17/13 $ Jul 13 Pace Analytical Services Laboratory services; 7/2/13 $ Aug 13 Pace Analytical Services Laboratory services; 8/8/13 $ Aug 13 Amazon.com Glass Fiber Filters, 100 ct (x2) $ Sep 13 FedEx Overnight Air to Boulder, CO; 8/27/13 $ Sep 13 Pace Analytical Services Laboratory services; 8/27/13 $ Oct 13 UC Boulder CEMS Laboratory services; 8/27/13 $2, TOTAL $5, Executive Summary 4

8 2. Research Locations & Site Overviews Map of Research Locations A. Maple View B. Shady Lane G. Control Site F. Meadows C. Woods E. Upland D. Jocelyn A. Maple View th Ct NE Cambridge, MN B. Shady Lane 4933 Shady Ln rth Branch, MN C. Woods th St Stacy, MN E. Upland Upland Rd Taylors Falls, MN F. Meadows th St Taylors Falls, MN G. Control Site th St Lindstrom, MN D. Jocelyn Jocelyn Ave Chisago City, MN Research Locations & Site Overviews 2

9 A. Maple View th Ct NE Cambridge, MN Site Tel.: Isanti County Permanent Residents: 4 Ave. Onsite Staff: 2 Bedrooms: 4/5 Bathrooms: 2 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (5 bedrooms; 750 gpd max.) Year Built or Last Updated: N/A Pumping Frequency: Annually (Late Summer/Early Fall) Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 42 ±1 Soil Treatment System: Mound (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 3 ±2 Mound Area: Scum Layer Depth: 5 ±2 Treatment Area: Tank 2 Ave. Liquid Depth: 42 ±1 (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 2 ±1 Scum Layer Depth: <1 Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 20 ±2 (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 0 2 Scum Layer Depth: <1 2. Overview: A. Maple View 3

10 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Light brown to tan Effluent Temperature: 17.2 ±4.7 C (63.0 ±8.5 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 7.7 C (45.9 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 20.1 C (68.2 F) on 2 Jul 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.1 ±0.4 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.5 ±0.2 (neutral to slightly alkaline) Issues or Concerns: n paper wipes (e.g. sanitary wipes or disposable wet cloths) observed in Tank 1 scum layer and sludge; this is a risk to system components and overall performance Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 31.0 mg/l Acceptable ( mg/l) TKN 41.5 ± 6.9 mg/l as N Acceptable (30 60 mg/l as N) BOD 5 :TKN 3.44 : 1 (ratio) Elevated (>3.00:1) TP 5.1 ± 0.5 mg/l as P Good/Low (<7 mg/l as P) TSS 46.5 ± 2.7 mg/l Acceptable (45 65 mg/l) Special Wastewater Characteristics HPC 7.77 ± CFU/mL (75% confidence) Surfactants 2.0 mg/l MBAS Elevated (see Table 6 2) NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Hayden Silt Loam, 2 7% slopes Ames Silt Loam NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration Very Limited (depth to saturated zone; slow water movement) Very Limited (depth to saturated zone; slow water movement) 2. Overview: A. Maple View 4

11 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 08:00, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for seeping in yard/backup in home Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. Verification Method(s): 1. Probed tank(s) bottom 2. Observed liquid level below operating depth Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? N/A; likely after April 1, 1996 Built after April 1, 1996: Drainfield has a three foot vertical separation distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Inverted Elevation (i.e. DOWNWARD from Reference Point) A. Bottom of distribution media 6.9' (3.6' EL + 3.3' depth) B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 8.1' (6.8' EL + 1.3' depth) C. System separation 1.2' D. Required compliance separation* 2.6' (31") *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation a. 4 of ponding in rock bed b. Burrowing animals on south end of mound OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 08:00, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Plane Vegetation: Bluegrass Slope: 1% Soil Parent Materials: Outwash Slope Shape: Linear/Linear Location: N of mound Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 6 Sandy Loam 10YR 4/ Loamy Sand 10YR 4/ Sandy Loam 5 10YR 5/3 10YR 5/6 2. Overview: A. Maple View 5

12 Gallons Per Day Water Usage April May June July August Ave. Daily Water Use Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. (70% of Design Max.) Monthly reported water usage at Maple View (shown above) is below or within the design flow for a 5 bedroom Class I dwelling (750 gpd) and does not exceed the ideal maximum operating flow (525 gpd), which is typically about 70% of the design flow. The average retention time of water in the pretreatment tanks is 9.3 days, which should allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. Thirty days of daily water consumption (below) show a trend of consistent water usage below/within the ideal maximum operating flow. This is optimal for system performance and stability Gallons Daily Water Consumption Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max Day 2. Overview: A. Maple View 6

13 B. Shady Lane 4933 Shady Lane rth Branch, MN Site Tel.: Chisago County Permanent Residents: 4 Ave. Onsite Staff: 2 4 Bedrooms: 4 Bathrooms: 2 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (4 bedrooms; 600 gpd max.) Year Built or Last Updated: N/A Pumping Frequency: Annually (Late Summer/Early Fall) Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 48 ±1 Soil Treatment System: Drainfield (~1500 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 4 ±1 Total Area: N/A Scum Layer Depth: 7 ±3 Treatment Area: N/A Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 27 ±2 (~1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 6 ±2 Scum Layer Depth: <1 2. Overview: B. Shady Lane 7

14 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Black Effluent Temperature: 17.2 ±3.4 C (62.9 ±6.1 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 10.3 C (50.5 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 19.7 C (67.5 F) on 8 Aug 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.4 ±0.2 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.0 ±0.1 (neutral) Issues or Concerns: Significant soil intrusion into tanks due to unsecured manhole covers Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 12.4 mg/l Acceptable ( mg/l) TKN 27.8 ± 2.9 mg/l as N Good/Low (<30 mg/l as N) BOD 5 :TKN 4.65 : 1 (ratio) Elevated (>3.00:1) TP 3.1 ± 0.6 mg/l as P Good/Low (<7 mg/l as P) TSS 38.9 ± 16.9 mg/l Good/Low (<45 mg/l) Common Wastewater Characteristics HPC 9.41 ± CFU/mL (66% confidence) Surfactants 0.76 mg/l MBAS Good/Low NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Zimmerman Loamy Fine Sand, 1 6% slopes Isanti Loamy Fine Sand NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration t Limited Very Limited (ponding; depth to saturated zone) 2. Overview: B. Shady Lane 8

15 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 09:30, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for seeping in yard/backup in home Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Yes Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. Yes 1 Verification Method(s): Probed tank(s) bottom Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be Yes 2 structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? N/A, likely before April 1, 1996 Built prior to April 1, 1996: Drainfield has at least a two foot vertical separation distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Inverted Elevation (i.e. DOWNWARD from Reference Point) A. Bottom of distribution media 5.6' (3.6' EL + 2' depth) B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 5.5' (3.7' EL + 1.8' depth) C. System separation 0.1' D. Required compliance separation* 2' (24 ) *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation 1 Tank water tightness should be verified at next system maintenance visit 2 Dirt intruding into pump tank; manhole covers should be secured/replaced. OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 09:30, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Plane Vegetation: Grass Slope: 1 2% Soil Parent Materials: Outwash Slope Shape: Linear/Linear Location: E of STA Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 12 Loamy Fine Sand Mixed Topsoil Fine Sand 10YR 4/ Fine Sand 25Y 5/3 10YR 5/8 2. Overview: B. Shady Lane 9

16 700 Water Usage Gallons Per Day Ave. Daily Water Use Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. (70% of Design Max.) 0 April May June July August NOTE: Tank capacities and design flow are estimates due to incomplete information about the site and therefore could differ. Monthly reported water usage at Shady Lane (shown above) is below or within the design flow for a 4 bedroom Class I dwelling (600 gpd) but above the ideal maximum operating flow (420 gpd). This could result in system upsets or ponding in the soil treatment area. The average retention time of water in the pretreatment tanks was 5.4 days, which should generally allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. Thirty days of daily water consumption (below) show a highly variable water usage pattern, with water usage occasionally approaching or exceeding the design maximum. This is not optimal for system performance, and the flow instability could cause issues in the soil treatment area. Similarly, at the maximum observed flow (940 gal), the retention time in the septic tank was less than 3 days, which is inadequate for proper pretreatment. Gallons Day Daily Water Consumption Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. 2. Overview: B. Shady Lane 10

17 C. Woods th St Stacy, MN Site Tel.: Chisago County Permanent Residents: 4 Ave. Onsite Staff: 2 Bedrooms: 4 Bathrooms: 2 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (4 bedrooms; 600 gpd max.) Year Built or Last Updated: 2007 Pumping Frequency: Annually (Late Summer/Early Fall) Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 43 ±1 Soil Treatment System: Mound (1500 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 6 ±2 Total Area: Scum Layer Depth: 4 ±3 Treatment Area: Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 17 ±2 (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: <1 3 Scum Layer Depth: <1 2. Overview: C. Woods 11

18 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Black Effluent Temperature: 16.2 ±3.5 C (61.2 ±6.3 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 9.3 C (48.7 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 19.0 C (66.2 F) on 8 Aug 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.3 ±0.3 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.3 ±0.2 (neutral to slightly alkaline) Issues or Concerns: n paper wipes (e.g. sanitary wipes or disposable wet cloths) observed in Tank 1 scum layer and sludge; this is a risk to system components and overall performance Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 34.2 mg/l High (>170 mg/l) TKN 58.1 ± 4.0 mg/l as N Acceptable (30 60 mg/l) BOD 5 :TKN 3.88 : 1 (ratio) Elevated (>3.00:1) TP 7.2 ± 0.7 mg/l as P Acceptable (7 15 mg/l) TSS 39.6 ± 8.7 mg/l Good/Low (<45 mg/l) Special Wastewater Characteristics HPC 2.31 ± CFU/mL (75% confidence) Surfactants 3.8 mg/l MBAS Elevated (see Table 6 2) CECs 11 of 26 contaminants detected (see Section 6.3) NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Nebish Loam, 6 12% slopes NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration Very Limited (slow water movement; slope) 2. Overview: C. Woods 12

19 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 10:15, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for seeping in yard/backup in home Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. 1 Verification Method(s): Probed tank(s) bottom Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact 2 public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? 2007 Built after April 1, 1996: Drainfield has a three foot vertical separation Yes distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Inverted Elevation (i.e. DOWNWARD from Reference Point) A. Bottom of distribution media 6.2' (3.7' EL + 2.5' depth) B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 9.8' (8' EL + 1.8' depth) C. System separation 3.6' D. Required compliance separation* 2.6' (31 ) *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation 1 Tank water tightness should be verified at next maintenance visit 2 Conduit not sealed (pump tank) a. Ponded water full, ~9 OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 10:15, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Vegetation: Grass & Weeds Slope: 2% Soil Parent Materials: Outwash Slope Shape: Location: NE Corner Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 8 Loamy Fine Sand 10YR 3/ Fine Sand 2.5YR 5/ Fine Sand 2.5Y 5/3 10YR 4/6 2. Overview: C. Woods 13

20 700 Water Usage 600 Gallons Per Day Ave. Daily Water Use Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. (70% of Design Max.) 0 April May June July August Monthly reported water usage at Woods (shown above) is below or within the design flow for a 4 bedroom Class I dwelling (600 gpd) and does not exceed the ideal maximum operating flow (420 gpd). The average retention time of water in the pretreatment tanks is 7.7 days, which should allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. Thirty days of daily water consumption (below) show a trend of fairly variable water usage generally below the ideal maximum operating flow but occasionally exceeding it. While flow is more or less optimal for system performance, the variable flow pattern could contribute minor stress to system stability Gallons Daily Water Consumption Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max Day 2. Overview: C. Woods 14

21 D. Jocelyn Jocelyn Ave Chisago City, MN Site Tel.: Chisago County Permanent Residents: 4 Ave. Onsite Staff: 3 Bedrooms in Use: 4 Total Bedrooms: 7 Bathrooms: 2.5 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (originally 4 bedrooms; estimated 750 gpd max.) Year Built or Last Updated: 1993 (extra tank added to adjust for high flow) Pumping Frequency: Annually (Late Summer/Early Fall) Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 44 ±1 Soil Treatment System: Mound (1500 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 7 ±1 Total Area: Scum Layer Depth: <1 Treatment Area: Tank 2 Ave. Liquid Depth: N/A Additional tes (1500 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: N/A Tank 2 appears to be buried; no data Scum Layer Depth: N/A was collected regarding liquid, sludge, Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 21 ±1 and scum depths. (1250 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 2 ±2 Scum Layer Depth: <1 2. Overview: D. Jocelyn 15

22 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Yellow/tan, grey, or brown (variable) Effluent Temperature: 18.3 ±3.2 C (64.9 ±5.7 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 11.9 C (53.4 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 20.6 C (69.1 F) on 8 Aug 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.3 ±0.2 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.3 ±0.2 (neutral to slightly alkaline) Issues or Concerns: 1. Strong scent of detergent (artificial fragrance or perfume) observed on several visits indicates heavy use of cleaning products 2. or little scum layer in Tank 1 is atypical Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 41.5 mg/l Acceptable ( mg/l) TKN 23.8 ± 2.0 mg/l as N Good/Low (<30 mg/l as N) BOD 5 :TKN 6.05 : 1 (ratio) Elevated (>3.00:1) TP 2.8 ± 0.6 mg/l as P Good/Low (<7 mg/l as P) TSS 48.6 ± 10.5 mg/l Acceptable (45 65) Special Wastewater Characteristics HPC 3.20 ± CFU/mL (75% confidence) Surfactants 8.6 mg/l MBAS High (see Table 6 2) CECs 12 of 26 contaminants detected (see Section 6.3) NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Nebish Loam, 6 12% slopes Cathro Muck NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration Very Limited (slow water movement; slope) Very Limited (ponding; depth to saturated zone; slow water movement) 2. Overview: D. Jocelyn 16

23 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 10:50, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for seeping in yard/backup in home Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. Yes 1 Verification Method(s): Probed tank(s) bottom Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact Yes 2 public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? 1993 Built prior to April 1, 1996: Drainfield has at least a two foot vertical separation distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Inverted Elevation (i.e. DOWNWARD from Reference Point) A. Bottom of distribution media 6.8' (4.8' EL + 2' depth) B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 6.7' (6' EL + 0.7' depth) C. System separation <1' D. Required compliance separation* 2' (24 ) *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation 1 Tank water tightness should be verified at next maintenance visit 2 Manholes should be brought to grade, secured, and have electrical replaced OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 10:50, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Back slope Vegetation: Grass Slope: 5 10% Soil Parent Materials: Slope Shape: Location: NE Corner Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 8 Loam 10YR 2/2 8+ Loamy Sand 2.5Y 5/2 10YR 5/6 2. Overview: D. Jocelyn 17

24 Gallons Per Day Water Usage 600 NOTE: Design flow is an estimate from 1993 records and may be out of date. Tank 2, which is indicated in design plans (but was not inspected during site visits), appears to be buried but still in use and in series between Tank 1 and the Pump Tank; this tank should be inspected (and its existence verified) during the next maintenance visit. Monthly reported water usage at Jocelyn (shown above) is below or within the design flow (750 gpd) but above the ideal maximum operating flow (525 gpd). This could result in system upsets or ponding in the soil treatment area. The average retention time of water in the pretreatment tanks (assuming the presence of Tank 2) was 6.7 days, which should allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. Thirty days of daily water consumption (below) show a fairly variable water usage pattern, with water usage frequently approaching or exceeding the design maximum. This is not optimal for system performance, and the flow instability and high flow volumes could cause issues in the soil treatment area. At the observed maximum daily flow (995 gal), the septic tank retention time was 4.2 days, which is still adequate for proper pretreatment April May June July August Ave. Daily Water Use Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. (70% of Design Max.) Gallons Daily Water Consumption Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max Day 2. Overview: D. Jocelyn 18

25 E. Upland Upland Rd Taylors Falls, MN Site Tel.: Chisago County Permanent Residents: 4 Ave. Onsite Staff: 4 Bedrooms: 4/5 Bathrooms: 2 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (4 bedrooms; 1200 gpd max. after 2012 update) Year Built or Last Updated: 2012 update/repair (original construction in 2002) Pumping Frequency: Annually (Late Summer/Early Fall) 2012 Mound 2002 Mound (Repaired in 2012) Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 42 ±1 Soil Treatment System 1: Mound (2002) (1500 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 4 ±1 Total Area: Scum Layer Depth: 2 ±1 Treatment Area: Tank 2 Ave. Liquid Depth: 42 ±1 Soil Treatment System 2: Mound (2012) (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 6 ±3 Total Area: Scum Layer Depth: <1 Treatment Area: Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 16 ±3 Additional tes (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: <1 a. Effluent filter on Tank 2 Scum Layer Depth: <1 b. Alternating pumps feed two mounds 2. Overview: E. Upland 19

26 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Black or grey Effluent Temperature: 17.4 ±4.0 C (63.3 ±7.2 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 10.3 C (50.5 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 21.6 C (70.9 F) on 8 Aug 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.3 ±0.4 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.4 ±0.2 (neutral to slightly alkaline) Issues or Concerns: ne apparent Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 49.9 mg/l High (>170 mg/l) TKN 38.1 ± 3.5 mg/l as N Acceptable (30 60 mg/l as N) BOD 5 :TKN 4.77 : 1 (ratio) Elevated (>3.00:1) TP 4.2 ± 0.8 mg/l as P Good/Low (7 15 mg/l as P) TSS 51.1 ± 18.7 mg/l Acceptable (45 65 mg/l) Special Wastewater Characteristics HPC 2.63 ± CFU/mL (75% confidence) Surfactants 1.5 mg/l MBAS Elevated (See Table 6 2) CECs 14 of 26 contaminants detected (see Section 6.3) NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Baltrami Loam Talmoon Loam NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration Very Limited (depth to saturated zone; slow water movement) Very Limited (depth to saturated zone; slow water movement) 2. Overview: E. Upland 20

27 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 12:30, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for seeping in yard/backup in home Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. Verification Method(s): Probed tank(s) bottom Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact 1 public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? 2002/2012 Built after April 1, 1996: Drainfield has a three foot vertical separation Yes distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Inverted Elevation (i.e. DOWNWARD from Reference Point) A. Bottom of distribution media 3.7' 4.6' B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 7.2' 7.2' C. System separation 3.5' 2.6' D. Required compliance separation* 2.6' (31 ) 2.6' (31 ) *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation 1 Conduit needs to be sealed (pump tank) OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 12:30, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Plane Vegetation: Grass Slope: Soil Parent Materials: Till Slope Shape: Location: Btwn 2 mounds Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 11 Loam 10YR 3/ Clay Loam 10YR 4/3 10YR 5/2 10YR 4/6 2. Overview: E. Upland 21

28 1400 Water Usage Gallons Per Day Ave. Daily Water Use Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. (70% of Design Max.) 0 April May June July August Monthly reported water usage at Upland (shown above) is below or within the design flow for this system (1200 gpd) and below the ideal maximum operating flow (840 gpd). The average retention time of water in the pretreatment tanks is 6.7 days, which should allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. This system experienced surface discharge and ponding in the early 2000s. The original design flow of 600 gpd (4 bedroom Class I dwelling) was increased in 2002 with the installation of an extra tank, remediation of the existing mound, and addition of a second mound. Thirty days of daily water consumption (below) show a trend of consistent water usage below/within the ideal maximum operating flow. This is optimal for system performance and stability Gallons Daily Water Consumption Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max Day 2. Overview: E. Upland 22

29 F. Meadows th St Taylors Falls, MN Site Tel.: Chisago County Permanent Residents: 4 Ave. Onsite Staff: 2 3 Bedrooms: 4/5 Bathrooms: 2 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (5 bedrooms; 750 gpd max.) Year Built or Last Updated: 2005 Pumping Frequency: Annually (Late Summer/Early Fall) Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 43 ±1 Soil Treatment System 1: Mound (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 5 ±2 Total Area: Scum Layer Depth: 3 ±2 Treatment Area: Tank 2 Ave. Liquid Depth: 43 ±1 (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 6 ±1 Scum Layer Depth: <1 Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 21 ±2 (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: <1 2 Scum Layer Depth: <1 2. Overview: F. Meadows 23

30 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Dark brown, black, or gray Effluent Temperature: 18.0 ±4.4 C (64.4 ±7.9 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 9.6 C (49.3 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 22.5 C (72.5 F) on 8 Aug 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.0 ±0.4 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.5 ±0.1 (neutral to slightly alkaline) Issues or Concerns: n paper wipes (e.g. sanitary wipes or disposable wet cloths) observed in Tank 1 scum layer and sludge; this is a risk to system components and overall performance Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 64.9 mg/l Acceptable ( mg/l) TKN 34.9 ± 13.3 mg/l as N Acceptable (30 60 mg/l as N) BOD 5 :TKN 5.54 : 1 (ratio) Elevated (>3.00:1) TP 3.8 ± 1.2 mg/l as P Good/Low (<7 mg/l as P) TSS 24.7 ± 6.3 mg/l Good/Low (<45 mg/l) Special Wastewater Characteristics HPC 1.26 ± CFU/mL (75% confidence) Surfactants 3.4 mg/l MBAS Elevated (see Table 6 2) CECs 11 of 26 contaminants detected (see Section 6.3) NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Nebish Loam, 2 6% slopes Nebish Loam, 6 12% slopes NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration Very Limited (slow water movement) Very Limited (slow water movement; slope) 2. Overview: F. Meadows 24

31 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 13:00, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for seeping in yard/backup in home Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. Verification Method(s): Probed tank(s) bottom Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact 1 public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? 2005 Built after April 1, 1996: Drainfield has a three foot vertical separation Yes distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Elevation UPWARD from Reference Point A. Bottom of distribution media 5.7' (8.2' EL 2.5' depth) B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 3' (5' EL 2' depth) C. System separation 2.7' D. Required compliance separation* 2.6' (31 ) *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation 1 Conduit needs to be installed a. Ponding at both ends of mound OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 13:00, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Vegetation: Grass Slope: 1 2% Soil Parent Materials: Till Slope Shape: Location: E of mound Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 8 Loam 10YR 3/ Fine Sandy Loam 10YR 5/ Sandy Clay Loam 7.5YR 4/4 24 Sandy Clay Loam 10YR 5/6 2. Overview: F. Meadows 25

32 Gallons Per Day Water Usage April May June July August Ave. Daily Water Use Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max. (70% of Design Max.) Monthly reported water usage at Meadows (shown above) is below or within the design flow for this system (750 gpd) and near or below the ideal maximum operating flow (525 gpd). The average retention time of water in the pretreatment tanks is 6.1 days, which should allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. Thirty days of daily water consumption (below) show a trend of variable water usage generally at the ideal maximum operating flow but occasionally exceeding it. Flow was usually not recorded daily at this site, so volumes were averaged when measurement gaps existed (i.e. if there were several days between readings, total volume at the next reading was divided by the number of days since the last reading). While flow is more or less optimal for system performance, the variable flow pattern and occasional high flow volumes could contribute stress to system stability Gallons Daily Water Consumption Design Maximum Ideal Operating Max Day 2. Overview: F. Meadows 26

33 G. Control Site th St Permanent Residents: 3 Lindstrom, MN Bedrooms: 4 Chisago County Bathrooms: 2 Septic System Overview System Type/Design: Class I (4 bedrooms; 600 gpd max.) Year Built or Last Updated: N/A Pumping Frequency: Annually Pretreatment Treatment Tank 1 Ave. Liquid Depth: 40 ±2 Soil Treatment System 1: Mound (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: 3 ±1 Total Area: N/A Scum Layer Depth: <1 Treatment Area: ~10 50 Pump Tank Ave. Liquid Depth: 30 ±3 (1000 gal) Sludge Layer Depth: <1 Scum Layer Depth: <1 Observed Onsite Conditions Sludge Color: Brown to light brown Effluent Temperature: 15.6 ±5.0 C (60.1 ±9.1 F) from Apr thru Aug 2013 Low Temp.: 7.0 C (44.6 F) on 15 Apr 13 High Temp.: 22.0 C (71.6 F) on 8 Aug 13 Effluent Dissolved Oxygen: 1.2 ±0.2 mg/l (anaerobic) Effluent ph: 7.5 ±0.1 (neutral to slightly alkaline) Issues or Concerns: ne apparent 2. Overview: G. Control Site 27

34 Laboratory Analysis of Wastewater Effluent Average mean values are reported with 95% confidence, unless otherwise noted. See Table 1 1 (Executive Summary) for definitions. Common Wastewater Characteristics BOD ± 30.7 mg/l Good/Low (<120 mg/l) TKN 30.0 ± 8.7 mg/l as N Acceptable (30 60 mg/l as N) BOD 5 :TKN 2.14 : 1 (ratio) Good (2.00:1 3.00:1) TP 4.0 ± 1.0 mg/l as P Good/Low (<7 mg/l as P) TSS 40.3 ± 24.4 mg/l Good/Low (<45 mg/l) Special Wastewater Characteristics HPC 9.25 ± CFU/mL (75% confidence) Surfactants 2.7 mg/l MBAS Elevated (see Table 6 2) NRCS Soil Types and Rating (Web Soil Survey) Dominant Soil Types Nebish Loam, 2 6% slopes NRCS Rating for Disposal of Wastewater by Rapid Infiltration Very Limited (slow water movement) OSTP Soil Boring Log Date: 14:00, 7/2/13 Landscape Position: Vegetation: Grass Slope: 1 2% Soil Parent Materials: Slope Shape: Location: W side of mound Depth (in) Texture Coarse Frag. % Matrix Color(s) Mottle Color(s) 0 4 Loam 10YR 2/ Fine Sandy Loam 2.5YR 4/3 12 Fine Sandy Loam 10YR 4/3 10YR 5/6 2. Overview: G. Control Site 28

35 OSTP Inspection Summary Date: 14:00, 7/2/13 Impact on Public Health System discharges sewage to ground surface. System discharges sewage to drain tile or surface waters. System causes sewage backup into dwelling or establishment. Verification Method(s): Searched for surface outlet Tank Integrity System consists of a seepage pit, cesspool, drywell, or leaching pit. Sewage tank(s) leak below their designed operating depth. Verification Method(s): Probed tank(s) bottom Other Compliance Conditions Maintenance hole covers are damaged, cracked, unsecured, or appear to be structurally unsound. Other issues (electrical hazards, etc.) to immediately and adversely impact public health or safety. System is non protective of groundwater for other conditions as determined by inspector. Soil Separation Year Built? 2005 Built after April 1, 1996: Drainfield has a three foot vertical separation Yes distance from periodically saturated soil or bedrock. NOTE: Inverted Elevation (i.e. DOWNWARD from Reference Point) A. Bottom of distribution media 5' (2.1' EL + 2.9' depth) B. Periodically saturated soil/bedrock 7.8' (6.8' EL + 1' depth) C. System separation 2.8' D. Required compliance separation* 2.6' (31 ) *May be reduced by up to 15% if local ordinance permits Verification Method(s): Conducted soil observation(s) Comments/Explanation a. standing water in mound 2. Overview: G. Control Site 29

36 3. Analytical Methods & Service Providers Table 3 1: Summary of analytical methods for wastewater characterization Component Method Holding Time Service Provider 48 h (4 C) Pace Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 5 day (BOD5) Hach Rev 1.1 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) EPA d (4 C w/ H2SO4) Pace Total Phosphorus (TP) SM 4500 P E 28 d (4 C w/ H2SO4) Pace Total Suspended Solids (TSS) SM 2540D 7 d (4 C) Pace Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) SM 9215B 48 h (4 C) Pace ph SM 4500 H+B N/A UMN OSTP (onsite) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) SM 4500 O N/A UMN OSTP (onsite) Temperature SM 2550 N/A UMN OSTP (onsite) MBAS Surfactants SM 5540C 48 h (4 C) Pace Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) EPA d (4 C) UC Boulder CEMS Table 3 2: Typical concentrations of raw wastewater and septic tank effluent Septic Tank Effluent BOD5 mg/l TKN mg/l as N TP mg/l as P TSS mg/l HPC CFU/mL variable ph variable DO mg/l variable 0 2 Temp. C ( F) variable (59 86) Component Units Raw Waste MBAS Surfactants mg/l variable CECs variable variable variable Table 3 1: Summary of analytical methods for wastewater characterization Table 3 2: Typical concentrations of raw wastewater and septic tank effluent 3. Analytical Methods 30

37 4. Results & Discussion: Onsite Practices/Behaviors 4.1 Water Usage Background Septic systems are designed for a specific maximum daily flow. At normal operating conditions, the average flow should not exceed 70% of the design flow. Results and Best Management Practices Average water usage for the six Karcher properties (April August 2013) is presented in Table 4 1; mean values are reported with 95% confidence, and abnormally high flows have been indicated. Hydraulic retention time, or HRT, is the average length of time water spends in the pretreatment tanks and is directly linked to flow rates. HRT should be at least 3 4 days to allow adequate cooling, flotation, and settling. Table 4 1: Summary of Water Usage Site Flow, gpd Mean Ave. Operating Design HRT, days A. Maple View 321 ± B. Shady Lane 462 ± C. Woods 326 ± D. Jocelyn 630 ± E. Upland 521 ± F. Meadows 491 ± Flow was higher than the ideal operating maximum at Shady Lane and Jocelyn. ne of the sites exceeded the maximum design flow (on average). HRTs were greater than 3 4 days at all sites, thus suggesting there is adequate time for pretreatment in all six systems. Laundry. All sites reported using top loading washers. In the survey, onsite staff reported doing at least one load of laundry per day and up to 12 loads in a single day. Converting to efficient front loading laundry machines could substantially decrease the water usage at all sites. Efficient front loading washers typically use gallons per load compared to 40 gallons per load for a conventional top loading washer. Bathing, Washing, and Toilet Use. Staff reported that residents take both baths and showers. Showers are typically better at conserving water. Depending on the showerhead and the length of a shower, however, baths may be a less water intensive option for some patients. Low flow showerheads (<2.0 gal per minute, gpm), sink faucets/fixtures ( gpm), and toilets (<1.6 gal per flush) will also substantially reduce water consumption. There are many options for toilets, including dual flush toilets, which give you a choice: push one button for flushing liquid waste (0.8 gal) and another for solid waste (1.6 gal). 4. Results & Discussion: Onsite Practices/Behaviors 31