Storm-event-transport of urban-use pesticides to streams likely impairs invertebrate assemblages

Transcription

1 Storm-event-transport of urban-use pesticides to streams likely impairs invertebrate assemblages Kurt Carpenter 1, Kathy Kuivila 1, Michelle Hladik 1, Tana Haluska 1, and Michael Cole 2 1 U.S. Geological Survey 2 Cole Environmental, Inc. Tualatin River Watershed Council May 3, 2017 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

2 Talk Outline - Overview of USGS Pesticide Data from the Tualatin Basin - Importance of First Flush Storm Events - Crayfish Die-Off in Fanno Creek - Clackamas County MS4 Pesticide Study - Other USGS Studies Implicate Bifenthrin - Conclusions

3 USGS Pesticide Data from Tualatin River Basin Number of pesticide samples with detections Station Name 284 FANNO CREEK AT DURHAM, OR 11 EAST FORK DAIRY CREEK NEAR MEACHAM CORNER, OR 5 BAKER CREEK NEAR SCHOLLS, OR 4 BEAVERTON CREEK AT SW 216TH AVE, NR ORENCO, OR 4 SAIN CREEK NEAR GASTON, OR 2 BRONSON CREEK AT 185TH AVNR ALOHA, OR 2 DAIRY CREEK AT RT8 NEAR HILLSBORO, OR 2 ROCK CREEK AT QUATAMA ROAD NEAR HILLSBORO, OR 2 CHICKEN CREEK NEAR SHERWOOD, OR Data from USGS National Water Information System (NWIS)

4 USGS Pesticide Data from Tualatin River Basin 93 Compounds Detected: 2,4-D Chlorsulfuron Hexazinone Oryzalin 2,4-D methyl ester Clopyralid Hydroxymetolachlor Pendimethalin 2-Aminobenzimidazole Cyanazine Hydroxysimazine Permethrin 2-Chloro-4-isopropylamino-6-amino-s-triazine DCPA Imazamox Picloram 2-Chloro-6-ethylamino-4-amino-s-triazine DCPMU Imidacloprid Piperonyl butoxide 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropylamino-6-amino-s-triazine Demethyl hexazinonb Isoxaflutolacid metabolitrpa Prometon 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazineDemethyl norflurazon Lindane Propachlor 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol Desamino metribuzin Malaoxon Propiconazole 3,4-Dichloroaniline Desulfinylfipronil Malathion Propoxur 3,5-Dichloroaniline Desulfinylfipronil amide MCPA Propyzamide 4-Hydroxychlorothalonil Diazinon Metalaxyl Simazine Acephate Dicamba Methomyl Sulfentrazone Aminomethylphosphonic acid Dieldrin Methoxyfenozide Sulfometuron-methyl Atrazine Dimethenamid Methyl paraoxon Tebuconazole Azoxystrobin Dithiopyr Metolachlor Tebuthiuron Bifenthrin Diuron Metolachlor hydroxy morpholinone Tebuthiuron Transformation Product 104 Benomyl EPTC Metolachlor sulfonic acid Tebuthiuron Transformation Product 108 Bentazon Ethoprop Metribuzin Triallate Bromacil Fipronil Myclobutanil Triclopyr Carbaryl Fipronil amide N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-N'-methylure Trifloxystrobin Carbendazim Fipronil sulfide Napropamide Trifluralin Chlorantraniliprole Fipronil sulfone Nicosulfuron Chlorodiamino-s-triazine Fluridone Norflurazon Chlorpyrifos Glyphosate Omethoate Data from USGS National Water Information System (NWIS)

5 Pesticide USGS Pesticide Data from Type Tualatin River Basin Number of detections Max Concentration Location Simazine Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Prometon Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Atrazine Herbicide Dairy Creek at Rt 8 near Hillsboro Triclopyr Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Tebuthiuron Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd 2,4-D Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Diazinon Insecticide Fanno Durham Rd Diuron Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Propiconazole Fungicide Fanno Durham Rd Imidacloprid Insecticide Fanno Durham Rd AMPA Glyphosate degradate Fanno Durham Rd Glyphosate Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Carbaryl Insecticide Fanno Durham Rd MCPA Herbicide Fanno Durham Rd Data from USGS National Water Information System (NWIS)

6 USGS Pesticide Data from Tualatin River Basin Pesticide Type EPA OPP Benchmarks BQ (x lower) Carbaryl Insecticide Invert chronic Diazinon Insecticide Invert acute 1.07 Imidacloprid Insecticide Invert chronic Diuron Herbicide Invert acute Atrazine Herbicide Invert chronic Simazine Herbicide Invert acute Propiconazole Fungicide Invert chronic ,494 MCPA Herbicide Invert chronic ,914 2,4-D Herbicide Invert acute ,038 Glyphosate Herbicide Invert acute ,888 Triclopyr Herbicide Invert acute ,734 Prometon Herbicide Invert chronic ,395 Tebuthiuron Herbicide Invert chronic ,124 AMPA Glyphosate degradate Invert acute ,034,848 Data from USGS National Water Information System (NWIS)

7 Highest Pesticide Levels Occur Following Storms First Flush Events USGS SIR

8 First Flush Event September pesticides detected in 25 samples

9 Tributaries, Raw and Treated Drinking Water USGS SIR

10 Source Water / Treated Drinking Water Results Ø 27 pesticides detected at the Clackamas River Water intake Ø 15 pesticides detected in treated drinking water Ø 60 percent (9 of 15) drinking-water samples contained at least one pesticide, with up to 9 pesticides in a single sample Ø No exceedances of human-health standards Ø No standards exist for 12 of 15 pesticides USGS SIR

11 September 2016 Signal Crayfish Die-Off in Fanno Creek at Durham Road Numerous dead crayfish found 5 days after first flush storm event Photos by Steven Sobieszczyk, USGS

12 September 2016 Signal Crayfish Die-Off in Fanno Creek at Durham Road Tissue samples submitted for pathogens: all negative Water samples collected 5 days after the storm contained the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin plus 10 other pesticides Permethrin also found in crayfish organs (hepatopancreas) Copper levels not evaluated, but very high levels (6.3 ug/l) found during an earlier stormwater runoff event in June. so Cu may have contributed Pesticide Dissolved Conc (ng/l) Sediment Associated Conc (ng/l) Whole Water Conc (ng/l) Carbendazim 19.1 ND 19.1 Chlorantraniliprole 2.6 ND 2.6 DCPMU 2.9 ND 2.9 Dithiopyr 5.6 ND 5.6 Diuron 9.2 ND 9.2 Fluridone 12.3 ND 12.3 Imidacloprid 6.1 ND 6.1 Metolachlor 17.5 ND 17.5 PBO 27.1 ND 27.1 Permethrin Simazine 77.0 ND 77.0 USGS, unpublished data Data from USGS National Water Information System (NWIS)

13 Clackamas County MS4 Pesticide Study (Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System) Special Thanks To the Sampling Team: Chauncey Anderson, USGS Andrew Swanson, CCWES Ian Waite, USGS Andrew Arnsberg, Matthew Sullivan, City of Portland Project funded by: Clackamas County MS4 Co-permittees Clackamas River Water Providers USGS Cooperative Water Program

14 Study Area Ball Creek, upper Fanno Creek Basin

15 15 Bed-sediment samples 20 Stormwater runoff samples (15 streams and 5 outfalls) Analysis of pesticides and degradates SIFT sediment collection devices deployed in 3 outfalls 4 Media analyzed: Stormwater - Dissolved Stormwater - Suspended sediment Stormwater - SIFT sediment plus Streambed sediments 2013 Data Collection

16 Late Summer Storm First flush event produced ~1 rain on Sept 5 th Fanno Creek responded with initial turbidity pulse

17 33 Pesticides Detected Environ Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

18 70% of detections in stormwater were dissolved vs 30% on suspended sediment Pesticide Partitioning Water solubility and K oc (organic carbon partitioning coefficient) were good predictors of the dominant phase pesticides were found Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

19 SIFT Sediment Devices 9 pesticides detected in 5 SIFT samples 4 5 pesticides per sample Bifenthrin and pendimethalin occurred in all samples, and at the highest concentrations

20 Aquatic-Life Benchmarks Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

21 Bifenthrin in Streambed Sediments had the Highest Correlation with Benthic Invertebrate Assemblages Ordination Shows a Strong Gradient in Bifenthrin along NMDS Axis 1 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

22 Declines in sensitive insect species Declines in %EPT (mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies) Photographs by Rick Hafele Bifenthrin Toxicity Units (TUs) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

23 Outfalls Important Sources of Bifenthrin Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

24 Bifenthrin Mode of action: delays closure of Na + ion channels Low water solubility ( mg/l) High log-k oc (5.4) Long half-life in sediment (8-17 months) 600 Products Contain Bifenthrin

25 Predicting Bifenthrin Results of Random Forest Regression Streambed sediments 63% explained by Suspended sediments 37% explained by 1. % Columbia R basalts 2. Maximum basin slope 3. % Eroding banks 4. % Cascades 1. % Columbia R basalts 2. Median household income 3. Average basin slope 4. % Alluvium 5. % Boring Lava 6. Medium density development

26 Similar Results from Recent USGS Lab /Field Study Bifenthrin. ü Invertebrate taxa loss ü Altered adult insect emergence ü Declines in sensitive mayflies ü Declines in scraper abundance ü Increase in algal biomass (i.e. trophic cascade effects observed) Author s hypothesize that algal grazing could be an important exposure route Rogers et al Environmental Science and Technology

27 Abundance of Sensitive EPT Response in Aquatic Insect Larvae to Bifenthrin Exposed experimental streams Control experimental streams Environmental Science and Technology (2016) Abundance of Mayflies log(bifenthrin (ng/g OC)) Abundance of Scrapers Photographs by Rick Hafele

28 Environmental Science and Technology (2016) Bifenthrin and Adult Insect Emergence Emergence (deviance from control) ng/g OC 102 ng/g OC 135 & 235 ng/g OC 523 ng/g OC 532 ng/g OC Days

29 Field study Portland area (Carpenter et al 2016) Mesocosm study (Rogers et al 2016) Field study Midwestern US (Rogers et al 2016) Environmental Science and Technology (2016) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2016) 188:345

30 Conclusions Pesticides in stormwater runoff are likely harming aquatic insect populations in streams with relatively low bifenthrin concentrations While flashy hydrology and degraded habitat, and other pollutants may also contribute, bifenthrin appears to have a substantial impact Unclear what mechanism/pathway is most harmful: o Short-duration, acute exposures following storms o Long-term exposure to streambed sediments o Dietary, through consumption of algae and fine organic matter Bioswales and other sediment retention features could intercept pyrethroids, DDT metabolites, and other hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff

31 Conclusions Pesticides in stormwater runoff are likely harming aquatic insect populations in streams with relatively low bifenthrin concentrations While flashy hydrology and degraded habitat, and other pollutants may also contribute, bifenthrin appears to have a substantial impact Unclear what mechanism/pathway is most harmful: o Short-duration, acute exposures following storms o Long-term exposure to streambed sediments o Dietary, through consumption of algae and fine organic matter Bioswales and other sediment retention features could intercept pyrethroids, DDT metabolites, and other hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff

32 Conclusions Pesticides in stormwater runoff are likely harming aquatic insect populations in streams with relatively low bifenthrin concentrations While flashy hydrology and degraded habitat, and other pollutants may also contribute, bifenthrin appears to have a substantial impact Unclear what mechanism/pathway is most harmful: o Short-duration, acute exposures following storms o Long-term exposure to streambed sediments o Dietary, through consumption of algae and fine organic matter Bioswales and other sediment retention features could intercept pyrethroids, DDT metabolites, and other hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff

33 Conclusions Pesticides in stormwater runoff are likely harming aquatic insect populations in streams with relatively low bifenthrin concentrations While flashy hydrology and degraded habitat, and other pollutants may also contribute, bifenthrin appears to have a substantial impact Unclear what mechanism/pathway is most harmful: o Short-duration, acute exposures following storms o Long-term exposure to streambed sediments o Dietary, through consumption of algae and fine organic matter Bioswales and other sediment retention features could intercept pyrethroids, DDT metabolites, and other hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff

34 Thanks Time for Questions