Problems of Mediterranean Coastal Aquifers in Turkey. Prof. Dr. Habib Muhammetoglu

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1 Problems of Mediterranean Coastal Aquifers in Turkey Istanbul Prof. Dr. Habib Muhammetoglu Antalya TURKIYE Akdeniz University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Antalya, Turkey Sustainable Management of Hydrological Systems, May 2013, Karak-Amman, Jordan Sustainable Management of Hydrological Systems, May 2013, Karak-Amman, Jordan Sustainable Management of Hydrological Systems, May 2013, Karak-Amman, Jordan 1

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3 2500 mm 250 mm Turkey is a semi arid country: Precipitation varies seasonally and regionally (Source: Sensoy et al., 2008) Water use in Turkey 16% 72% 12% Annual water budget in Turkey (DSİ, 2009) 3

4 1. Decreased recharge 2. Increased Demand 3. Increased pumping Hydrological basins in Turkey, are the basis for water management (DSİ) Sea water intrusion was observed in: Çeşme Bodrum Marmaris Çanakkale Mersin-Erdemli 4

5 Water Supply Concerns Increasing demand Reduced supply Aquifer Pollution 1. Natural 2. Anthropogenic Aquifer Natural Problems hardness fluorides iron arsenic manganese Fractures in Limestone 5

6 Hardness in Groundwater mg CaCO3/lt Zaman Impacts of Agriculture KIRKGÖZLER BOĞAÇAY DURALİLER GÜRKAVAK HURMA MAĞARA MEYDAN 2 Agriculture coliform bacteria nitrate pesticides 6

7 Greenhouses In Antalya Province Study Area Mediterranean Sea Measurement and Sampling Stations in N i t r a t e C o n c e n t r a t i o n (mg/l) WHO Standards S t. 1 S t. 2 S t. 4 S t. 5 S t. 6 S t. 7 S t. 8 S t a t i o n s Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater stations in the year

8 Spe. Conductivity (µs/cm) S a l i n i t y (ppt) EC (us/cm) S t. 1 S t. 2 S t. 4 S t. 5 S t. 6 S t. 7 S t. 8 S t a t i o n s Salinity levels in the groundwater stations in the year S t. 1 S t. 2 S t. 4 S t. 5 S t. 6 S t. 7 S t. 8 S t a t i o n s Electrical Conductivity levels in the groundwater stations in the year 2000 Conductivity Levels In the Ground and Surface Water Stations Measured In May Salinity Levels In the Ground and Surface Water Stations Measured In May Shallow Well 1, MAC for Groundwater Deep Well Surface Water Salinity (ppt) 1 0,8 0,6 Shallow Well Deep Well Surface Water 0, , Sampling Stations Sampling Stations 8

9 Vulnerability of the stations to pollution Quantification of the parameters of SEEPAGE Index Numbers (SIN) Station Parameters of SEEPAGE No. Soil slope Depth to water table Vadose material Aquifer material Soil depth Attenuation SIN (High) (High) (Moder.) (High) (High) (Moder.) (Moder.) The results of nitrogen balance calculations ( in kg N/1000 m 2 /year). N sources N sinks N-uptake Station N Plant efficiency No. Fertilizer Manure Irrigation Total excess uptake (%) Clauses of Nitrate Directive ADAPTING NITRATE DIRECTIVE According to EU legislative alignment; Protection of Water Against Agricultural Nitrate Pollution Bylaw that corresponds to Nitrates Directive 91/696 EEC, came into force with the Turkish Official Gazette dated February 18, 2004 numbered Determination of Polluted Waters Determination of Vulnerable Zones Good Agricultural Practices Preparation of Action Plan Monitoring Results and Reporting Obeying Clauses of Legislation 9

10 Nitrate levels in ground waters in Nitrate monitoring points in 2005 (548 groundwater & 1026 surface water) The Rate of Population Serviced with Sewer System 13% Impacts of Sewage Population serviced with sewer system Population serviced without sewer system 87% 10

11 Housing Development coliform bacteria nitrate sediment quantity Septic Tank As a result of high immigration and population increase, Antalya City is rapidly urbanized. 11

12 Vulnerabilty Map of Groundwater in Antalya Nitrate Levels in Groundwater 12,0 10,0 Boğaçay Duraliler Gürkavak Hurma Magara Meydan-2 Topçular max allowable limit in drinking water NO3-N (mg/l) 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0, Years The trend of nitrate nitrogen concentration in groundwater Nitrat Azotu (mg N/l) Kasım Şubat Nisan Haziran Ağustos Ekim Aralık Aylar V VIII 7 VI IV I II III VII Konyaaltı Plajı Çalışma Bölgesi Nitrat Azotu (mg N/l) AKDENİZ 0 İstasyon I İstasyon II İstasyon III İstasyon IV İstasyon V İstasyon VI İstasyon VII İstasyon VIII İstasyonlar 12

13 Wastewater Collection in Antalya City Treated wastewater is discharged by a long and deep outfall 13

14 Industrial Activity Organics & Heavy metals Deep or Surface Mining Izmir (textile, leather, cement, paper, detergent, Olive-oil products) low ph metals sulfate quantity Conclusions Conclusions Tourism and agriculture are the main two activities along the Turkish Mediterranean coast. In Turkey, Water demand is increasing while water resources are decreasing. Overpumping caused salinity intrusion. Nitrate pollution of the aquifer exhibited wide temporal and spatial variations even within a small area. Turkey took solid actions to apply the EU nitrate directives. Lack of proper wastewater collection, treatment and disposal implies a pollution threat to the aquifer Regular monitoring of coastal aquifer is necessary. Vulnerability mapping is important tool for management but the results of vulnerability should be verified with field measurements. Karstic aquifers are very vulnerable to pollution Coastal aquifer should be sustainably managed in an integrated way taking into consideration quantity and quality beside other aspects. UNESCO-IHP Expert Meeting on risk and uncertainty to coastal aquifer management, Antalya, Turkey UNESCO-IHP Expert Meeting on risk and uncertainty to coastal aquifer management, Antalya, Turkey 14

15 Source Muhammetoglu, H., Muhammetoglu, A., Soyupak, S. Vulnerability of groundwater to pollution from agricultural diffuse sources: a case study, Journal of Water Science & Technology, Vol. 45 N0. 9, pp. 1-7, Muhammetoglu, H., Muhammetoğlu, A. and Soyupak, S. "Assessment of Nitrogen Excess in an Agricultural Area Using a Nitrogen Balance Approach, Water Science and Technology, 51:3-4, pp , 2005 Tugba O., Muhammetoglu H., Predicting Nitrogen Concentration in Groundwater Beneath Unsewered Areas : Case Study of Liman Region in Antalya Turkey, Environmental Forensics Journal, Vol: 9 Issue: 2-3 pp: , Muhammetoglu, A., Durmaz, S., Uslu, B. Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Pesticides by Application of Three Risk Indicators, Environmental Forensics, Vol.11, Issue:1-2, , Muhammetoglu, A., Uslu, B. Application of environmental impact quotient model to Kumluca region, Turkey to determine environmental impacts of pesticides, Water Science and Technology, 56:1, pp , Muhammetoglu, A., Yardımcı, A. A Fuzzy Logic Approach to Assess Groundwater Pollution Levels Below Agricultural Fields, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol 118, pp , THANKS Sustainable Management of Hydrological Systems, May 2013, Karak-Amman, Jordan 15